Simulation on projectile with high rotating speed penetrating into the moving vehicular door

The numerical program LS-DYNA, is used to simulate the process of the projectile with high rotating speed penetrating into the moving vehicular door. Because of the moving of the vehicular door, the projectile will turn, and the ballistic trajectory will migrate. The paper provides a method to calculate the projectile’s angle of turning’s curve. In the process of the penetration, the projectile’s moving speed is 300 m/s, rotating speed is 0, 3600 n/s and 6370 n/s. The vehicular door’s moving speed is 0, 40 m/s and 80 m/s. The projectile is the semi-sphere nose projectile whose diameter is 7.62 mm; the vehicular door’s thickness is 2 mm. The material model is the JOHN-COOK material model that can characterize strain, strain rate hardening and thermal softening effects. Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of the projectile’s final velocity, the angle of rotation and the ballistic trajectory’s migration with different projectile’s rotating speeds and the vehicular door’s moving speeds.     

高速旋转弹头侵彻运动金属薄板的数值模拟

提出了一种利用LS-DYNA程序计算弹头翻转角度曲线的方法。在侵彻过程中,弹头的速度为300 m/s,转速分别为0、3 600和6 370 r/s;金属薄板的速度分别为0、40和80 m/s。其中,弹头直径为7.62 mm,圆形金属薄板的直径为80 mm,厚度为2 mm。材料模型选择了考虑应变、应变率效应和温度效应的Johnson-Cook材料模型。通过数值模拟结果的比较来研究不同弹头转速和金属薄板速度对侵彻过程中弹头最终速度、翻转角度和弹道偏移的影响。     

钢球斜侵彻碳纤维复合材料板的实验研究

为了研究碳纤维复合材料板（CFRPs）在斜侵彻下的抗弹性能,利用一级轻气炮对碳纤维复合材料板进行了70~280 m/s速度范围的0°、30°和45°的侵彻贯穿实验,通过高速摄影技术测量了弹体速度和弹道轨迹。分析了冲击角度对弹道极限、能量吸收和弹道偏转的影响。结果表明:在冲击能量较低时,靶板在正冲击下的能量吸收率比斜冲击高,而当冲击能量较高时则恰好相反;此外,由于弹体穿过层合板的穿透长度随着冲击角度的增加而增加,弹道极限随着冲击角度的增加而增加;而冲击角度对弹道偏转的影响则随着冲击速度的变化而变化。     

Penetration of sandwich plates with hybrid-cores under oblique ballistic impact

The oblique penetration performance of lightweight hybrid-cored sandwich plates are investigated numerically. To compose the hybrid-core, ceramic prisms are inserted into pyramidal metal lattice trusses and fixed using epoxy resin. Three-dimensional finite element simulations are carried out for the hybridcored sandwich impacted at 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° obliquity by a hemispherical projectile. The ballistic limit, the energy absorbed by the constituting elements, and the critical oblique angle are quantified. The physical mechanisms underlying the failure and the influence of fundamental system parameters are explored. The angle of obliquity is found to have significant influence on the ballistic trajectory and erosion of the projectile, thus it is important for the impact response and penetration resistance of the sandwich. For oblique angles equal to or larger than 45°, the projectile moves mainly horizontally and can not effectively penetrate across the sandwich.     

旋转射弹高速倾斜入水多相流场与弹道数值模拟

基于VOF多相流模型和有限体积法求解水、汽、气多相流动的RANS方程,结合重叠网格技术和six DOF算法对某一型号舰载射弹倾斜入水过程进行数值模拟研究。首先基于该方法研究了射弹旋转效应对射弹运动特性及流体动力特性的影响,然后对不同入水角下倾斜入水过程进行分析,得到不同倾角下旋转射弹入水空泡形态发展规律、弹体运动特征及流体动力特性变化规律。研究结果表明:射弹的旋转有利于弹体在初始对称面内的弹道稳定性,但会降低弹体侧向稳定性,使射弹受到的阻力系数、俯仰力矩系数变小;入水角越小,形成的空泡越不对称,由射弹运动状态的改变引起的空泡形态变化越明显,在超空泡航行阶段,弹体运动较稳定,不同角度下流体动力系数差别很小,当弹体下表面刺破空泡壁沾湿时,弹体运动状态发生较大变化,流体动力系数迅速增大,此时入水角度过小,弹体容易失稳;弹体的沾湿对空泡形态、弹体运动稳定性和流体动力特性有着重要的影响。     

钢纤维混凝土抗侵彻与贯穿特性的实验研究

为考察素混凝土及钢纤维混凝土（钢纤维为平直型与端钩型,体积分数0.01~0.05）抗侵彻贯穿特性,采用12.7 mm弹道炮-测速靶系统开展了初速297~848 m/s的弹道冲击实验,获得了弹丸着靶速度及对应的最大侵彻深度、弹坑直径、靶体（板）破坏形态等实验参数,并利用高速摄影系统记录了靶体（板）的动态破坏过程。实验结果的对比表明,靶板的抗侵彻贯穿性能和破坏模式与钢纤维类型及含量密切相关。当钢纤维体积分数为0.05时,端钩型钢纤维混凝土的侵彻深度与相同强度等级素混凝土相比降低约52%,且贯穿破坏后靶板碎片的数量及飞散角度大幅降低,显示了高含量异型钢纤维混凝土在抗侵彻贯穿方面的适用性。     

弹体斜侵彻混凝土靶的实验研究及其数值模拟

以弹体斜侵彻混凝土的弹道特性为研究内容,通过侵彻实验与数值模拟得到了不同速度下的侵彻深度、开坑尺寸、偏转角等参数,实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好。研究结果表明:倾角对开坑深度和开坑形状影响很大;倾角越大,对侵彻深度和偏转角的影响越明显,弹体偏转角随着速度的增大呈现减小的趋势;当倾角增至一定角度后发生跳弹现象,据此得到跳弹极限角与倾角、侵彻速度的关系。     

薄壁弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土实验研究

设计了一种优化结构的薄壁高速侵彻弹体,采用YOUNG方程预估弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土的侵彻深度,通过建立三维有限元模型分析并计算了薄壁弹体高速侵彻2.4m和2.8m钢筋混凝土靶的能力和结构变形情况。在100mm口径的火炮上,开展了8kg弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土靶实验,考核了弹体的结构强度和侵彻能力。结果表明:薄壁弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土靶板后结构完整,在1020m/s和1200m/s速度下具备穿透2.4m和2.8m钢筋混凝土靶的能力。     

A3钢钝头弹撞击45钢板破坏模式的试验研究

为了研究破片模拟弹的终点弹道效应,进行了不同质量A3钢钝头弹(弹径25 mm)撞击45钢板的试验研究,其中A3钢强度弱于45钢。在约200～800 m/s的撞击速度范围内,随着撞击速度的增加,分别观察到弹体出现泰勒撞击、向日葵型花瓣帽形失效及靶板冲塞穿甲三种破坏模式。伴随弹体和靶体经历的不同结构破坏模式,弹材和靶材也经历着相当复杂的材料失效。     

考虑摩擦因数变化的弹体高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀模型研究

弹体在高速侵彻混凝土介质时,由于弹靶之间强烈的局部作用,导致弹体发生质量损失和弹头钝化。为进一步探究弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶质量侵蚀效应及其影响因素,基于热熔化机制及变摩擦因数模型,考虑弹体侵彻过程中头部形状变化,修正了弹体高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀模型。为验证模型的可靠性,基于30 mm弹道炮平台,开展了卵形弹体高速(700～1 000 m/s)侵彻典型混凝土靶体实验,获得了弹体高速侵彻质量侵蚀结果。结合理论模型对本文实验及文献实验数据进行了对比分析计算,验证了本文修正模型的可靠性。结果表明:弹体侵彻过程中,滑动摩擦项占总摩擦力的10%～40%,它对弹体侵彻过程的影响不能被忽略;考虑摩擦因数变化的质量侵蚀模型预测结果与已有实验数据吻合得较好;与本文实验数据的最大误差不超过7%,能较准确地预测不同工况下弹体的质量损失。     

攻角和入射角对弹体侵彻混凝土薄靶弹道特性影响规律研究

为了研究弹体斜侵彻有限厚混凝土靶板的作用特性,开展了尖卵形弹体斜侵彻间隔混凝土靶实验,获得了弹体侵彻过程中的姿态及弹道特性、靶板破坏参数,分析了攻角与入射角联合作用对弹体侵彻混凝土靶板“二次偏转现象”、靶后偏转角以及弹体侵彻间隔靶板弹道轨迹的影响规律。研究结果表明:入射角越大,“二次偏转现象”越明显,弹体靶后偏转角越大;初始攻角抑制“二次偏转现象”,攻角越大,抑制作用越显著;初始攻角与入射角方向相同时,初始攻角加剧靶后偏转角的增大;当攻角与入射角方向相反时,较小的攻角能够抑制弹体靶后偏转角的增大,而当初始攻角较大时,攻角成为影响弹体偏转的主要因素,攻角越大,弹体靶后偏转角越大。     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料—纤维混凝土组合靶体抗两次打击试验研究

超高韧性水泥基复合材料（ultra high toughness cementitious composites, UHTCC）具有超高的韧性、良好的耐久性和优异的耗能效果,这些特性使得UHTCC在防护工程中具有广阔的应用前景。为了更好地研究UHTCC与纤维混凝土组合结构在二次打击条件下的抗侵彻性能,首先测量了UHTCC和聚乙烯醇纤维增强混凝土（polyvinl alcohol fiber reinforced concrete, FRC）的基本力学参数。然后采用25 mm口径的弹道滑膛炮对直径为750 mm、高为600 mm的圆柱形UHTCC靶体、FRC靶体、UHTCC-FRC组合靶体（UHTCC-FRC composite target）进行了弹体速度为550 m/s的二次侵彻试验,得到了弹体和三类靶体的破坏数据,包括弹体的侵彻深度、弹体的磨蚀、靶体迎弹面的开坑直径和面积、弹坑深度、迎弹面的裂纹数量以及裂纹最大宽度。在此基础上分析了骨料、结构形式和两次打击的间距对UHTCC-FRC组合靶体抗侵彻性能的影响。结果表明:相同试验条件下,与普通混凝土和超高性能混凝土相比,UHTCC能够有效的减小迎弹面的开坑直径,但会增加弹体侵彻深度;将50 mm的UHTCC置于组合靶的迎弹面可以有效地减少迎弹面的开坑直径;弹体二次侵彻深度大于弹体一次侵彻深度,靶体在二次冲击下的开坑面积小于靶体初次冲击下的开坑面积。     

Semi-theoretical analyses of the concrete plate perforated by a rigid projectile

Based on the three-stage perforation model, a semi-theoretical analysis is conducted for the ballistic performances of a rigid kinetic projectile impacting on concrete plates. By introducing the projectile resistance coefficients, dimensionless formulae are proposed for depth of penetration (DOP), perforation limit thickness, ballistic limit velocity, residual velocity and perforation ratio, with the projectile nosed geometries and projectile-target interfacial friction taken into account. Based on the proposed formula for DOP and lots of penetration tests data of normal and high strength concrete targets, a new expression is obtained for target strength parameter. By comparisons between the results of the proposed formulae and existing empirical formulae and large amount of projectile penetration or perforation tests data for monolithic and segmented concrete targets, the validations of the proposed formulae are verified. It is found that the projectile-target interfacial friction can be neglected in the predictions of characteristic ballistic parameters. The dimensionless DOP for low-to-mid speed impacts of non-flat nosed projectiles increases almost linearly with the impact factor by a coefficient of 2/(πS). The anti-perforation ability of the multilayered concrete plates is dependent on both the target plate thickness and the projectile impact velocity. The variation range of the perforation ratio is 1–3.5 for concrete targets.     

月牙形空腔结构金属靶的抗弹性能分析

为提高金属靶的抗弹性能,设计了一种含有月牙形空腔结构的金属靶。利用ABAQUS软件对月牙形空腔结构在12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹弹芯侵彻下的弹体偏转性能进行了数值模拟研究,讨论了月牙形状、弹着点和空间排布对弹体偏转效果的影响。结果表明:月牙形状对弹体的偏转效果有显著的影响;空腔结构在不同弹着点表现出不同的弹体偏转性能,处于空腔胞元最薄弱处附近的弹着点弹体偏转角度明显小于其他位置;空腔胞元空间排布的非对称化处理能够提升空腔结构对子弹的偏转效果。     

某9 mm手枪弹侵彻MDF的弹道特性

为探究某9 mm手枪弹侵彻木质靶板的弹道特性,以中密度板（medium density fiberboard, MDF）为研究对象进行了弹道侵彻试验,通过减装药和角度可调节靶架获得了不同速度和弹着角下弹头的剩余速度和侵彻深度等关键信息;通过Poncelet阻力模型对试验结果进行了分析,并得出侵彻深度与侵彻速度之间的关系式;建立了手枪弹侵彻MDF的数值计算模型,对不同速度和不同弹着角的弹头偏转行为进行了研究,并得到了临界跳飞角度与着靶速度之间的函数关系。结果表明,弹头正侵彻25 mm厚度的MDF时,能量损失量与入射速度具有线性相关性;弹头侵入MDF时均会产生负方向偏转,弹头速度降低或者弹着角减小均会使负方向偏转角度增大,当弹头低速穿透MDF或者弹着角小于45°时,弹头侵彻MDF过程中会产生较大角度偏转,在射出MDF时出现弹道转正现象。     

Experimental study and analysis on driving wheels’ performance for planetary exploration rovers moving in deformable soil

Planetary rovers are different from conventional terrestrial vehicles in many respects, making it necessary to investigate the terramechanics with a particular focus on them, which is a hot research topic at the budding stage. Predicting the wheel-soil interaction performance from the knowledge of terramechanics is of great importance to the mechanical design/evaluation/optimization, dynamics simulation, soil parameter identification, and control of planetary rovers. In this study, experiments were performed using a single-wheel testbed for wheels with different radii (135 and 157.35 mm), widths (110 and 165 mm), lug heights (0, 5, 10, and 15 mm), numbers of lugs (30, 24, 15, and 8), and lug inclination angles (0°, 5°, 10°, and 20°) under different slip ratios (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, etc.). The influences of the vertical load (30 N, 80 N, and 150 N), moving velocity (10, 25, 40, and 55 mm/s), and repetitive passing (four times) were also studied. Experimental results shown with figures and tables and are analyzed to evaluate the wheels’ driving performance in deformable soil and to draw conclusions. The driving performance of wheels is analyzed using absolute performance indices such as drawbar pull, driving torque, and wheel sinkage and also using relative indices such as the drawbar pull coefficient, tractive efficiency, and entrance angle. The experimental results and conclusions are useful for optimal wheel design and improvement/verification of wheel-soil interaction mechanics model. The analysis methods used in this paper, such as those considering the relationships among the relative indices, can be referred to for analyzing the performance of wheels of other vehicles.     

Incremental deformation and penetration analysis of deformable projectile into semi-infinite target

In this paper, a new analytical method for projectile deformation and penetration into a semi-infinite target has been developed. This method is based on separated, successive and incremental steps. In deformation step, the target assumed rigid and the increment of projectile deformation was evaluated, whilst in penetration step, the projectile assumed rigid and the increment of penetration was evaluated. These sequential steps continued untill the projectile stopped.Furthermore, a series of ballistic tests have been carried out with ogival projectiles with striking velocity of 600–900 m/s. The projectiles and target plates material has been chosen from 4 types of steel. In this way, 210 tests for 48 combinations of projectile, target and velocity have been carried out. Numerical simulation has been also performed using the LS-DYNA code.Comparison between the depth of penetration obtained by this analytical method and those of the experimental and numerical ones shows a good agreement.     

椭圆截面弹体斜侵彻金属靶体弹道研究

为研究椭圆截面弹体对半无限金属靶体的侵彻弹道规律,基于14.5 mm弹道枪平台,开展了椭圆截面弹体在0°～20°倾角、850～950 m/s撞击速度下对2A12铝合金的斜侵彻试验。基于空腔膨胀理论及局部相互作用模型,建立了椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道模型,并结合试验数据验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,进一步分析了椭圆截面弹体长短轴之比、绕弹轴旋转角度、弹体撞击速度对侵彻弹道的影响规律。弹体长短轴之比为1.0时,弹体退化为尖卵形圆截面弹体,且椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道稳定性随长短轴之比的增大而变弱,最优长短轴之比为1.0,即尖卵形圆截面弹体。椭圆截面弹体绕弹轴旋转一定角度后,侵彻弹道在平面曲线与空间曲线之间变化,当旋转角度为0°、90°时,侵彻弹道为二维平面弹道,当旋转角度在0°～90°之间时,侵彻弹道为三维空间弹道。当弹体撞击速度由800 m/s提升至1000 m/s时,椭圆截面弹体姿态角增量由18.6°降至17.8°。     

尖锥头长杆弹侵彻的界面击溃分析

在Alekseevski-Tate模型基础上, 理论分析了尖锥头长杆弹的界面击溃过程, 分别给出在锥头侵蚀阶段和弹身侵蚀阶段的弹体速度下降及质量侵蚀计算公式; 随后分析弹体的动能损失, 讨论半锥角对弹体动能损失的影响. 通过分析小子弹撞击陶瓷/金属复合靶板的例子, 验证了该理论的正确性, 并对比分析了尖锥头长杆弹与小子弹及平头长杆弹在界面击溃中动能损失之间的差异.      

低侵彻手枪弹入水侵彻性能数值模拟研究

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟技术,对国产9 mm手枪弹头进行了2种新的设计,使其具有了高杀伤、低侵彻的性能。这两种设计完成的新弹型分别为软尖弹和空尖弹。通过对3种弹型入水过程的数值模拟,获得了他们的速度衰减曲线、位移曲线、相对动能曲线以及形成的瞬时空腔。其中,获得的正常手枪弹头的速度衰减曲线和实验速度衰减曲线相差很小。对获得的结果进行比较可以得出结论:在低侵彻性和高杀伤性方面空尖弹是优于软尖弹的。同时,通过对空尖弹斜入水进行计算可以得出结论:空尖弹在斜入水的过程中其弹道将会发生相应偏移。