Comparative Study of the Ratio Spectra Derivative Spectrophotometry,Derivative Spectrophotometry and Vierordt's Method Appued to the Analysis of Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide in Tablets

Abstract

Three new spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide in their binary mixturer: First derivative spectrophotometry ratio spectra derivative and Vierordt's method. The procedures do not require any prior separation. In the derivative spectrophotometry, the dA/dλ values in the first derivative spectra of the mixture were measured at 269.6 nm for lisinopril and at 279.8 nm for hydrochlorothiazide. The calibration graphs were linear in the range 25.56–129.50 μg.ml^?1 for lisinopril and 10.60–139.80 μg.ml^?1 for hydrochlorothiazide. In ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry, the calibration graphs for 15.68–129.50 μg.ml^?1 lisinopril and for 5.98–139.80 μg.ml^?1 hydrochlorothiazide were obtained by measuring the signals at 253.7 nm and 243.6 nm for lisinopril and at 280.1 nm and 270.8 nm for hydrochlorothiazide. In Vierordt's method, A¹ ₁ (1 %, 1 cm) values of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide were determined at 259.8 nm and 272.7 nm in the zero-order spectra. The quantity of both compounds were calculated by using the A¹ ₁ (1 %, 1cm) values. The methods were successfully applied to a pharmaceutical formulation for determination of both active compounds.     

Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Atenolol in Their Tablet Dosage Form

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate (AM) and atenolol (AT) in tablets. The first method is dual wavelength spectrophotometry (DW). The second method is ratio subtraction (RS) which depends on subtraction of the plateau values from the ratio spectrum, coupled to first derivative of ratio spectra (1DD). The third method applies bivariate calibration method using 210 and 225 nm as an optimum pair of wavelength for amlodipine and atenolol. The calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 4～40 μg·mL-1 for both drugs. The specificity of the developed methods is investigated by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures of the two drugs and their combined dosage form. The two methods are validated as per ICH guidelines and can be applied for routine quality control testing.     

Application of potassium permanganate to spectrophotometric assay of metoclopramide hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals

Two simple, sensitive, and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The methods are based on a redox reaction between MCP and KMnO₄ in alkaline and acid media. Direct spectrophotometry (method A) involves treating MCP with permanganate in an NaOH medium and measuring a bluish green product at 610 nm. In indirect spectrophotometry (method B), MCP is treated with a fixed concentration of KMnO₄ in an H₂SO₄ medium, and after a specified time, the unreacted KMnO4 is measured at 545 nm. Under optimum assay conditions, Beer’s law is obeyed over the ranges of 0.75–12.0 and 2.5–30.0 g/ml for methods A and B, respectively. Molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 2.33∙10⁴ and 2.66∙10⁴ l/mol cm for methods A and B, respectively, and corresponding Sandell’s sensitivity values are 0.015 and 0.013 g/cm². Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are also reported. The applicability of the developed methods was demonstrated by the determination of MCP in tablet and injection forms. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed methods were further ascertained by recovery studies via standard addition technique.     

Use of Differential Derivative Spectrophotometry and Complexation with Palladium for the Assay of Three Phenothiazine Drugs in Tablets

Abstract

Two photometric methods have been described for the assay of three phenothiazine drugs, isothipendyl hydrochloride, dimethothiazine mesylate &; trimeprazine tartarate in their tablets. The first is the differential tartarate in their tablets. The first is the differential spectro-photometric method &; based on the measurement of the absorbance (Δ A-), first derivative (Δ D₁?) or second derivative (Δ D₂?) values of the sulphoxide product of phenothiazine versus the intact. The second is based on the absorbance measurement of the pink coloured complex formed in a ratio of two drug moles t o one palladium ion. All these values are following Beer's law, which pernits the phenothiazines determination in their tablets with high accuracy. Using t-test &; F-test the results of different methods are of equal accuracy and reproducibility. Both methods complement each ot her during the routine analysis and quality control of the investigated phenothiazine drugs.     

Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Ofloxacin

Two methods are presented for the analysis of ofloxacin. The first method is based on the application of A_max, ΔA, first and second derivative techniques for its determination in bulk powder, tablet form, and in urine. The use of absorbance and derivative maxima ratios as purity indices has been discussed. The second depends on the fluorescence characteristics of ofloxacin in acidic solutions. The spectrofluorimetric method is 10 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric one. The accuracy and reproducibility of the methods were shown by the within day and between day coefficient of variation (less than 3%).     

Flow Injection Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds. VI. Determination of Some Central Nervous System Acting Drugs by UV-Spectrophotometric Detection

Abstract

The Present work describes a direct flow injection analysis (FIA) of five commonly used central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs namely amitriptyline hydrochloride, carbamazepine, clomipramine hydrochloride, fluphenazine hydrochloride and imipramine hydrochloride. The characteristics of the system and the conditions of the speatrophotometric determination are evaluated. The proposed technique can be applied for pharmaceutical quality control of the pure material and pharmaceutical dosage forms containing the drug. Amount ranging from 16 to 80 μg. ml^?1 of amitriptyline hydrochloride.

The Present work describes a direct flow injection analysis (FIA) of five commonly used central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs namely amitriptyline hydrochloride, carbamazepine, clomipramine hydrochloride, fluphenazine hydrochloride and imipramine hydrochlorode. The characteristics of the system and the conditions of the spectrophotometric determination are evaluated. The proposed technique can be applied for pharmaceutical quality control of the pure material and pharmaceutical dosage forms containing the drug. Amount ranging from 16 to 80 μ.ml^?1 of amitriptyline hydrochloride, carbamazepine and fluphenazine hydrochloride and from 32 to 160 μ. ml^?1 of clomipramine hydrochloride and imipramine hydrochloride dissolved and/or extracted in ethanol could be accurately analyzed. Standard addition (0.5 to 3 times of the claimed amounts) of authentic samples to powdered tablets gave good mean percent recoveries with low standard deviations. Samples can be introduced at rates of about 180 per hour or even more. The results obtained by applying the proposed FIA method are statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained from applying pharmacopoeial procedures.     

双重傅里叶变换滤波二阶比光谱导数分光光度法同时测定苯酚、邻苯二酚及对苯二酚

本文针对三组分混合体系分析提出了双重傅里叶变换滤波二阶比光谱导数分光光度法。对所测的吸收光谱用较大滤波窗口先后进行两次滤波 ;利用两次对混合体系光谱和单组分光谱比光谱求导使某两个组分对混合体系比光谱导数的贡献为零 ,而剩余组分的比光谱导数与其浓度成正比。对双重傅里叶变换滤波效果、实验参数的优化作了研究。用此方法对苯酚、邻苯二酚及对苯二酚含量为 0 0 1 0 0 9～ 0 0 5 3 2 5mg·mL- 1 的混合溶液进行测定 ,所得结果的相对误差为 0 0 7%～ 5 4%。     

Validated spectrophotometric method for the determination,spectroscopic characterization and thermal structural analysis of duloxetine with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate

A novel, selective, sensitive and simple spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of the antidepressant duloxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparation. The method was based on the reaction of duloxetine hydrochloride with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) in alkaline media to yield orange colored product. The formation of this complex was also confirmed by UV-visible, FTIR, ¹H NMR, Mass spectra techniques and thermal analysis. This method was validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. Beer’s law is obeyed in a range of 5.0–60 μg/mL at the maximum absorption wavelength of 480 nm. The detection limit is 0.99 μg/mL and the recovery rate is in a range of 98.10–99.57%. The proposed methods was validated and applied to the determination of duloxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparation. The results were statistically analyzed and compared to those of a reference UV spectrophotometric method.     

Second—Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Famotidine

A spectrophotometric stability—indicating method is presented for the determination of famotidine in the presence of its degradation products. The method is based on measuring the peak height of the second—derivative maximum at 304 nm. The proposed method is used for the analysis of famotidine in its pharmaceutical dosage forms. The results obtained were precise and accurate.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Ternary Mixtures by the Derivative Ratio Spectrum-Zero Crossing Method

Abstract

A new spectrophotometric method is introduced for the assay of ternary mixtures with overlapping spectra. The method is based on the use of the first derivative of the ratio spectra and measurements of zero-crossing wavelengths. The ratio spectra were obtained by dividing the absorption spectrum of the mixture by that of one of the components. The concentration of the other components are then determined from their respective calibration graphs treated similarly. The method has been applied for the resolution of two ternary mixtures, namely, dipyridamole, aspirin and salicylic acid (I) and dipyridamole, oxazepam and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (II). Salicylic acid and benzo-phenone derivative are the degradation products of aspirin and oxazepam, respectively. The proposed method was applied for the assay of these combinations in synthetic mixtures and in commercial dosage forms. The results obtained were precise and accurate.     

The Application of 7-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) for the Analysis of Pharmaceutical-Bearing Amine Group Using Spectrophotometry and Spectrofluorimetry Techniques

Abstract

Many papers have been presented in recent years regarding the field of application of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) as a fluorogenic and chromogenic reagent for the determination of pharmaceutical amines using spectrophotometry and spectrofluorimetry techniques. In this review article, various spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods using NBD-Cl as a labeling reagent for determination of pharmaceutical amines are covered. The application of these methods for the determination of drugs in pharmaceutical and real samples is also discussed.     

Fluorometric and Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Norfloxacin

The method for the direct determination of norfloxacin, without prior separation, in serum and pharmaceutical formulations, by means of fluorometry and second derivative u.v. spectrophotometry, was developed. Fluorometric assay of norfloxacin in serum was carried in 0.1 M HCl, with the adition of sodium-dodecylsulphate, at emission wavelength 450 nm (excitation 320 nm). Linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range 20 – 320 μg/L with the detection limit 2μg/L. The second derivative spectrophotometry was used for the determination of the norfloxacin in tablets at 337 nm using 0.05 M NaOH as solvent. Detection limit was 30μg/L.     

1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (NQS) as an Analytical Reagent for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Amine by Spectrophotometry

Abstract: Several papers have been presented in recent years regarding the field of application of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid sodium salt (NQS) as a chromogenic reagent for the determination of pharmaceutical amines using spectrophotometry. In this review article, various spectrophotometric methods using NQS as a labeling reagent for determination of pharmaceutical amines are presented. The application of these methods for the determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and real samples is discussed.     

Development and validation spectroscopic methods for the determination of lomefloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations

Four simple, sensitive spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods (A-D) for the determination of antibacterial drug lomefloxacin (LMFX) in pharmaceutical formulations have been developed. Method A is based on formation of ternary complex between Pd(II), eosin and LMFX in the presence of methyl cellulose as surfactant and acetate-HCl buffer pH 4.0. Spectrophotometrically, under the optimum conditions, the ternary complex showed absorption maximum at 530 nm. Methods B and C are based on redox reaction between LMFX and KMnO₄ in acid and alkaline media. In indirect spectrophotometry method B the drug solution is treated with a known excess of KMnO₄ in H₂SO₄ medium and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by reacting it with safronine O in the same medium at λ_max = 520 nm. Direct spectrophotometry method C involves treating the alkaline solution of LMFX with KMnO4 and measuring the bluish green product at 604 nm. Method D is based on the chelation of LMFX with Zr(IV) to produce fluorescent chelate. At the optimum reaction conditions, the drug-metal chelate showed excitation maxima at 280 nm and emission maxima at 443 nm. The optimum experimental parameters for the reactions have been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the selected drug in pharmaceutical preparations with good recoveries.     

光谱导数Kaiman滤波同时测定苯酚-邻氯苯酚和2，4二氯苯酚

文中提出了一个新的、稳定的光谱导数Kalman滤波紫外分光光度法同时定量分析方法，并且成功地将其应用于极难分辨的苯酚一邻氯苯酚和2，4二氯苯酚三组分混合体系的同时测量。选择分析光谱导数的原因是其不仅包含着吸光度，还包括在指定波长位置变化趋向等更多的信息量，这样更利于在吸收峰重叠的位置捕捉有较大差异的信号。利用Kalman滤波可以解决由光谱导数而引起的噪声放大问题，也可以过滤源于实验的噪声以及来自传递模型误差。在260-290nm区间测量了30组浓度各自在1～10mg·L^-1范围的苯酚一邻氯苯酚和2，4二氯苯酚标准混合溶液紫外吸收光谱图。利用分段延伸高次多项式回归模拟求导准确获得吸光度导数，并且利用偏最小二乘法将其制作成Kalman滤波标准工作系数矩阵。通过随机线性离散系统的Kalman滤波器最优平滑计算，对混合体系中的各组分进行定量分析。回收实验显示出，光谱导数Kalman滤波分析法应用于本实验的极难分辨的三组分体系，得到了非常高的回收率，并且在整个实验范围内光谱导数Kalman滤波分析法具有非常好的稳定性。     

分光光度法、高效液相色谱法和伏安法测定麦芽酚和乙基麦芽酚

比较了三种测定食品增味剂麦芽酚和乙基麦芽酚的方法,即分光光度法、高效液相色谱法和溶胶-凝胶化学修饰电极伏安法。实验结果表明:高效液相色谱法可分别测定麦芽酚和乙基麦芽酚,而分光光度法和伏安法只能测定二者的总量。伏安法具有简便、快速、灵敏的优点,可用于饮料样品的直接测定。     

Simultaneous Determination of Naproxen and Diflunisal using Synchronous Luminescence Spectrometry

Binary mixtures of naproxen and diflunisal can be resolved by using zero-crossing first derivative emission spectrofluorimetry, first derivative constant wavelength synchronous luminescence spectrometry and first derivative constant energy synchronous luminescence spectrometry. These methods do not require any previous separation steps. The lowest quantitation limits for both drugs were obtained with first derivative constant wavelength synchronous luminescence spectrometry (0.002 and 0.015 μg ml⁻¹ for naproxen and diflunisal, respectively). The measurements were performed in 40% methanolic aqueous medium at pH 8.0 provided by adding 0.02 M phosphate buffer solution. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of naproxen and diflunisal in pharmaceuticals and human serum samples with high precision and accuracy. Linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, and other aspects of analytical validation are included in the text.     

Stability-Indicating Method for the Determination of Meloxicam and Tetracaine Hydrochloride in the Presence of their Degradation Products

Abstract

Sensitive, spectrophotometric and densitometric methdos are described for the determination of meloxicam I and tetracaine hydrochloride II in the presence of their degradation products.

Meloxicam was determined in the presence of its degradation products (5-methyl-2-aminothiazole) III and benzothiazine carboxylic acid IV by two methods. These methods are the first derivative Spectrophotometry at 338 nm and TLC densitometric method at 365nm. The methods were applicable over the concentration range of 5–20μg.m^?1 and 2–10μg with mean accuracies of 99.66±0.91% and 99.99±0.70% respectively.     

二阶导数光谱法快速测定硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮

紫外吸收方法中，硝酸盐氮(NO-₃-N)的紫外吸收峰在202.0 nm左右，而亚硝酸盐氮(NO-₂-N)的紫外吸收峰在210.0 nm左右，两者吸收峰位置距离很近，因此，在分析过程中两者的紫外吸收曲线严重重叠，相互之间严重干扰，不经过分离很难用单波长对二者的含量进行测定而常用的国标方法过程又过于繁琐，耗时较长。为了准确、快速、环保的实现环境水体和饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮快速监测，避免国标方法中对二者测定的诸多不足，结合紫外吸收和二阶导数光谱法，在不经过任何预先分离处理的情况下，建立了水体中这两种物质的快速分析方法，实现水样中二者的快速准确测定。研究采用优级纯试剂配制硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮系列标准溶液。以去离子水做参比，采用紫外-可见光分光光度计扫描其在195～250 nm范围内的紫外吸收光谱，之后采用Origin软件对所获得的光谱图做二阶导数处理，并采用Origin软件中的Savitzky-Golay方法对处理后的二阶导数光谱进行平滑处理以去除其他无关的干扰和噪声。通过观察上述所得两组二阶导数光谱图，得出以下结论，不同浓度的亚硝酸盐氮样品在223.5 nm处吸光度的二阶导数均为0，不同浓度的硝酸盐氮样品在216.5 nm处的吸光度的二阶导数也均为0。通过实验可见硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮混合样品的紫外吸收光谱的二阶导数在这两个特定波长处符合朗伯比尔定律。实验通过配制硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮混合样品，并扫描混合样品的紫外吸收光谱，采用上述方法对所得光谱做二阶导数及平滑去噪处理。研究混合样品二阶导数光谱图可以看出在硝酸盐氮浓度相同而亚硝酸盐氮浓度不同时，亚硝酸盐氮的浓度变化会对硝酸盐氮的吸光度的二阶导数有影响，但是各种混合样品的二阶导数光谱在223.5 nm处几乎交叉于一点，说明此处亚硝酸盐氮的浓度不同不会对硝酸盐氮的二阶导数吸光度有影响。且在223.5 nm处硝酸盐氮二阶导数吸光度随浓度增加而线性增加。因此，223.5 nm可作为混合组分中硝酸盐氮的测定波长。参照以上方法，可得亚硝酸盐氮的测定波长为216.5 nm。在223.5 nm处对单组分的硝酸盐氮的浓度值及其相应的吸光度的二阶导数进行线性回归，其线性关系良好，得到标准曲线的回归方程为C=438.69A+0.015，R2=0.995 9。同理，得到亚硝酸盐氮在216.5 nm处回归方程为C=-657.29A+0.068 8，R2=0.998。为了验证这种方法在实际水样测量中能否成立，取秦皇岛市新河、汤河以及戴河三种河水水样进行实验验证，结果表明，回收率在96.7%～103.0%之间，相对标准偏差在1.46～3.68之间。该方法结果较准确，且操作更加简便，成本较低，可同时实现硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮快速在线监测。     

A Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Buclizine Hydrochloride Using the Charge-Transfer Spectrum of Buclizine-Iodine Complex

Abstract

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of buclizine hydrochloride in bulk and tablets form. The method is based on the formation of charge-transfer complex between buclizine, as n-donor, and iodine, as Δ acceptor, which measured spectrophotometrically at 295 and 355 nm. A Job's plot indicated a 1:1 complex between the drug and iodine and Beer's law was obeyed in a concentration range of 4–30 μg ml^?1. A more detailed investigation of the complex was made with respect to its association constant and the free energy change. The method is simple and sensitive and has been applied successfully to the analysis of laboratory-made tablets without any interference from the tablet excipients. To validate the method, the results obtained were compared statistically with a newly developed uv-derivative spectrophotometric method. The charge-transfer method was favored due to its higher sensitivity, cheap coast and available equipments.