Design of photonic bands for opal-based photonic crystals

To make a device from an opal—or otherwise—the photonic bands and the optical properties derived from them are needed. Knowing the effects of different parameters defining the opal geometry and different possible modifications of its structure are needed, too. An accurate definition of the device will be required to obtain a good performance. With this aim, the optics of light with a wavevector in the vicinity of the L point in the Brillouin zone and its coupling to bare opals band structure are presented. An important aspect is the transition from finite to infinite crystal and the study of size effects on the bands. It is possible to substantially alter the photonic band structure of an opal-based system, while maintaining the lattice structure, simply by growing layers of other materials with an appropriate refractive index. Here, it is shown how, by the growth of accurately controlled thin layers of silicon and germanium, and further processing, one can induce the opening of two complete photonic band gaps (PBGs) in an opal structure. Finally, the possibility to fabricate a simple device consisting in a planar waveguide will be shown. By means of a very simple and inexpensive procedure, engineered planar defects acting as microcavities have been realized. These can be viewed as a particular case of a much more general class of heterostructures that can be grown by combining opal vertical deposition and chemical vapour deposition of oxides. A further step is made by applying electron beam lithography to provide lateral definition and facilitate three-dimensional structuring.     

Localized photonic modes in photonic crystal heterostructures

In this work, interface modes of two-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructures have been investigated by usage of the supercell method. The photonic crystal heterostructure is made of two photonic crystals with square symmetry in which one of them is composed of circular dielectric rods in air background and the other one is constructed by drilled square holes in dielectric. It is shown that using of a proper supercell plays an important role in obtaining the correct interface modes. We have also showed that the guided interface modes and single mode which is different from those reported in some published works are nearly dispersionless.     

光子晶体中的磁控光子开关线路

提出了一个光子晶体中的磁控光子开关线路的理论模型,并利用平面波展开加超原胞方法计算了它的光学性质.这个模型由设置在空气中的介电柱子光子晶体构成,其中一排柱子被具有同样介电常数的铁氧体柱子替换.当外加磁场时,铁氧体柱子产生了不等于一的磁导率,这就会在光子带隙中产生波导模.当撤去外场,整个体系还原为完美光子晶体.由此便可形成磁控光子开关线路.具体选择了正方形柱子设置在正方形格点上,计算结果证明这种设想是可行的,并给出一些有价值的结果. 关键词： 光子晶体 传导模 磁导率     

Nonreciprocal photonic band structure of low-symmetry magnetic photonic crystals

We propose multicomponent magnetic photonic crystals as a basis component for nonreciprocal optical elements. It is shown that introduction of three or more components may provide violation of mirror reflection symmetry, which is a necessary condition for obtaining nonreciprocity in the dispersion of the structure's eigenmodes. Numerical simulations confirm that nonreciprocity indeed develops in the form of nonreciprocal photonic band structure of three-component low-symmetry photonic crystal. We find that symmetry constraints produce fine structure in the nonreciprocity at high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone.     

Control of photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals

The photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) are theoretically investigated. A new method to broaden the photonic band gaps is introduced. Based on the similar method, a kind of photonic crystals is constructed to generate photonic band gaps with proportioned central frequencies. This technology can be used for designing nonlinear PCs for harmonic generation.     

Extension of photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals

A method is proposed for extending photonic band gaps by constructing periodic structures from two or more consecutively located photonic crystals with different lattice constants or filling factors. The photonic band gaps with a maximum extension are predicted by superposing the photonic band gap maps on one another. It is demonstrated that both the lowest and higher order band gaps can be merged in photonic crystals with a high refractive index contrast.     

Isotropic photonic gaps in a circular photonic crystal

We investigated the optical properties of a circular photonic crystal (CPC) for which the distance between lattices was systematically distributed. The transmission spectra of CPC composed of alumina cylinders were examined in the frequency region from 0 to 20 GHz. We show that photonic gaps are obtained not only in CPCs but also in phase-shifted CPCs. The isotropic photonic gaps are evidenced by changes in the incident angle of a millimeter wave.     

Effective photonic pseudogap of a two-phase composite opaline photonic crystal

We report the observation of suppression of the green photoluminescence from an optically active ZnO-infiltrated composite opal fabricated by electrodeposition templated on a self-assembled polystyrene opal. This is interpreted to be the consequence of an effective photonic pseudogap formed by the composite opaline photonic crystal. The effective pseudogap’s effect on emission of the composite opal, one ‘raw’ and one ‘inverted’, is simply the addition of the effect of each component opal, with no noticeable interaction effect, thus suggesting a simple route for engineering the photonic behavior of heterogeneous photonic crystals. PACS 42.70.Qs; 78.55.-m; 78.66.Hf     

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用时域有限差分法研究了电磁波在等离子体光子晶体中的传播特性。数值模拟中使用完全匹配层吸收边界条件,计算了电磁波通过等离子体光子晶体的反射和透射系数。讨论了等离子体密度、等离子体温度、介电常数比和引入缺陷层对等离子体光子晶体光子带隙的影响。     

Tunable photonic Bloch oscillations in electrically modulated photonic crystals

We exploit theoretically the occurrence and tunability of photonic Bloch oscillations (PBOs) in one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) containing nonlinear composites. Because of the enhanced third-order nonlinearity (Kerr-type nonlinearity) of composites, photons undergo oscillations inside tilted photonic bands, which are achieved by the application of graded external-pump electric fields on such PCs, varying along the direction perpendicular to the surface of layers. The tunability of PBOs (including amplitude and period) is readily achieved by changing the field gradient. With an appropriate graded pump ac or dc electric field, terahertz PBOs can appear and cover a terahertz band in an electromagnetic spectrum.     

Larger complete photonic bandgaps in two-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure

A two-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure with a large complete photonic bandgap is presented. It consists of two photonic crystals, whose dielectric configurations are reverse, with triangular lattice of circular columns. The structure retains the ease of fabrication while increasing the maximum quality factor of the gap 2–3 times after optimization. Photonic bandgap properties are calculated using a plane-wave method and the transmission spectra are obtained.     

A study of optoelectronics in photonic nanowires made from photonic crystals

We have studied optoelectronic properties of photonic nanowires doped with an ensemble of four-level nanoparticles. Nanowires are made from two photonic crystals A and B where crystal A is embedded in B. Photons are confined with the photonic nanowire due to the band structure engineering of crystals A and B. A probe field is applied to monitor the absorption spectrum, and a control field is applied to shift the position of absorption peak. It is considered that nanoparticles are interacting with bound photon states of the nanowire. It is found that the number of bound states in the wire depends on the size and the energy depth of the wire. It is also found that when the resonance energy lies near the bound state, the system goes from absorbing state to the transparent state. This is due to the strong coupling between nanoparticles and bound photons in the wire. The control field switches the system from the transparent state to the absorbing state by changing the location of the resonance energy. The present findings can be used to make new types of optoelectronic switches.     

Fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals with tunable photonic properties by biotemplating

Photonic crystals with tunable D-surface structures for possible high-temperature gas- and temperature-sensing applications were prepared by a biotemplating method. This included infiltrating colored scales of the beetle Entimus imperialis with an organopolysiloxane mixture followed by simultaneous combustion of the template and calcination of the cured organopolysiloxane. A high-yield inorganic silica-based replica of the original structure was obtained, which is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 600 °C. Light- and scanning electron microscopy combined with focused ion beam milling showed a precise replication of the whole scales and their internal D-surface structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the complete curing of the organopolysiloxanes and their transformation into amorphous silica during calcination. The dielectric constant of the manufactured materials determined by Abbé refractometry was ? = 2.3180 and used to perform band structure calculations utilizing the plane wave expansion method. By changing the chain length and degree of crosslinking of the organopolysiloxane precursor mixture, the lattice parameters and filling factors, and therefore the photonic properties of the replicas, could be tuned.     

Analysis of photonic band gap structure for the design of photonic devices

A detailed analysis, based on Kronig–Penney model and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, is used to explain the air-filling factor effect on the optical properties of defect-free photonic crystals. By the use of the Kronig–Penney model, we calculated the photonic band structure for electromagnetic waves in a structure consisting of a periodic square array of dielectric rods of lattice constant a separated by air holes. Gaps in the resulting band structures are found for waves of both polarisations. We analysed the air-filling factor effect on both polarisations in low and high frequency regions. It is shown that the frequency of the lower TE (transverse-electric) band edge is independent of the air-filling factor in the low frequency region. The opposite behaviour holds for the upper band edge, growing rapidly with the air-filling factor. Using the FDTD we simulated the electric field as the pulse propagates through the structure. The results of both approaches are compared, and the operation characteristics of the measuring air-filling factor device are described. We investigate the optical properties of a single and two defects incorporated in the PC, which can be potentially applied to ultra small surface-emitting-type channel drop filter. It is shown that the frequency and polarisation of the dropped light can be controlled by changing the size and/or shape of the defect. The electric field distribution calculations show that the electric field for a given frequency is located only at the defect, which means that each defect can detect only its corresponding wavelength. To cite this article: F. Ouerghi et al., C. R. Physique 5 (2004).     

Superfluorescence of photonic paint

We consider the cooperative decay of incoherently pumped atoms in a disordered medium, where light undergoes multiple scattering. It is shown that the cooperation number, which determines the duration and amplitude of superfluorescent impulses, is given by the number of atoms along a diffusive trajectory of the light propagating through the medium. We also consider the problem of reflection of a probe wave during cooperative emission. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 816–825 (March 1998) Published in English in the original Russian journal. Reproduced here with stylistic changes by the Translation Editor.     

Polaritonic and photonic gap interactions in a two-dimensional photonic crystal

If an ionic material is used in a photonic crystal, the lattice resonance creates a polaritonic gap in the infrared range. The interaction between a polaritonic gap and the structure gap in a 2D square photonic crystal is studied by transfer matrix photonic band structure calculations. The polaritonic gap appears for a surprisingly low volume density of the ionic material. The TM gaps are larger than the TE gaps, as in the dielectric case. By varying the lattice constant, the structure gaps can be shifted across the polaritonic gap, and the effects of merging the two gaps can be studied.     

Temperature effect on photonic band gap in polymer photonic lattices

Using the transfer matrix method we have studied the effect of the temperature on the appearance, the width, and the location of the photonic band gap (PBG) for the air cylinders embedded in a slab of vinyl chloride polymer. For two different lattice parameters we have found that the behaviour of this polymer with respect to the temperature in the visible region is strongly different from that of the far-infrared region. Furthermore, results of comparison in the far-infrared region with the PBG material which is constructed with methylpentene polymer are reported.     

非线性光学超构表面

在线性光学范畴内,人们已经通过亚波长尺度的超薄超构表面成功实现了对光的众多新颖特性的调控功能.其主要理念是通过对具有亚波长尺度且空间方向变化的超构功能基元进行特定的排列,从而实现对光的偏振、相位和振幅的有效控制.近来,超构表面上的非线性光学特性也引起了大家的广泛关注.在本综述中,我们对非线性光学超构表面的设计、超构功能单元的材料和对称性选择、非线性手性光学、非线性贝里几何相位和非线性波前整形等内容进行了总结;最后对非线性光学超构表面在调控光与物质的相互作用中面临的挑战和前景进行了展望.     

Metallic photonic crystals

Metallic photonic crystals (PC), also originally called artificial dielectrics, have properties different from those of their dielectric homologues. They are of strategic interest for the microwave domain where they exhibit sufficiently weak loss in addition to their robustness, conformability and low-cost fabrication. In this paper, we review some recent results on metallic photonic crystals and their potential applications to microwave circuits and antennas. After recalling spectral properties of metallic PC, we successively address ultra-compact structures such as high-impedance surfaces, electrically controllable photonic band gaps and left-handed materials. Finally, we discuss new opportunities offered by metallic PCs in the optical domain. To cite this article: J.-M. Lourtioz, A. de Lustrac, C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 79–88