有监督学习的超声背散射方法在骨质评价中的应用

在超声背散射方法评价骨质的实际应用中,如何更为准确地判断测量对象是否为骨质疏松是一个重要问题。提出一种有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法,根据超声背散射离体实验的信号处理结果,对松质骨样本使用支撑向量机和自适应增强的有监督学习算法进行预测和分类。研究结果表明,有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法分类的准确率为80.00%~82.86%,并且对骨质疏松的样本具有较高的特异性(特异度>92.3%)。因此有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法具有有效性,评价效果优于现有的其它定量超声方法,对超声背散射方法的在体应用有一定帮助。      

基于单向测量超声背散射系数的晶粒尺寸评价高效方法

镍基高温合金GH4742具有优异的机械性能,而晶粒尺寸是影响其性能的关键因素.基于物理模型的超声背散射法可以实现晶粒尺寸高效和准确的评价,但受限于复杂模型或多角度声束测量.因此,本文提出了一种只需单向测量的背散射系数法,且无需考虑测量系统等无关因素的影响.基于独立散射模型,推导了只与材料相关的背散射系数;利用空间相关函数描述了晶粒尺寸与背散射系数的关系;采用参考信号剔除干扰因素的影响,实现实验背散射系数的快速提取.制备三组不同晶粒尺寸的GH4742试块进行相控阵超声实验和平均晶粒尺寸评价,并与金相法结果进行对比.结果表明本文方法得到的晶粒度与金相法结果最大相对误差为–22.7%,最小相对误差为–3.7%.     

基于双高斯衰减模型的超声回波处理方法

信号降噪与特征提取是超声检测数据处理的关键技术.基于超声信号有特定结构而噪声和超声信号的结构无关,本文提出一种旨在解决强噪声背景下超声回波的参数估计和降噪问题的方法.该方法将超声回波的参数估计和降噪问题转换为函数优化问题,首先根据工程经验建立超声信号的双高斯衰减数学模型,然后根据观测回波和建立的超声信号模型确定目标函数,接着选择人工蜂群算法对目标函数进行优化从而得到参数的最优估计值,最后由估计出的参数根据建立的超声信号数学模型重构出无噪的超声估计信号.通过仿真和实验表明本文方法可以准确估计出信噪比大于-10 dB的含噪超声回波中的无噪信号,且效果优于基于自适应阈值的小波降噪方法和经验模态分解方法;此外相比常用的指数模型和高斯模型,本文提出的双高斯衰减超声信号模型与实测超声信号更接近,其均方误差为9.4×10~(-5),波形相似系数为0.98.     

表面粗糙度对固体内部超声背散射的影响

超声背散射法可通过多晶体金属内部的空间方差信号,实现微观结构参数的无损评价,但表面粗糙度对评价模型的精度及实用性存在显著影响.基于高斯声束理论推导垂直入射粗糙界面的纵波声场,以此研究声能的Wigner分布规律;在超声的波长远大于粗糙度的前提下,构造表面粗糙度修正系数,并建立粗糙界面的单次散射响应模型,揭示粗糙度对超声波背向散射的影响规律.用304不锈钢制备轮廓均方根值为0.159μm的光滑试块和25.722μm的粗糙试块开展超声背散射实验,结果表明模型在粗糙度修正前后均可实现光滑试块的晶粒尺寸有效评价,但未经修正的传统模型对粗糙试块的晶粒尺寸评价结果与金相法结果的相对误差高达-21.35%,而本模型的评价结果与金相法结果符合得很好,相对误差仅为1.35%.可见,本模型能有效补偿粗糙度引起的超声背散射信号衰减,从而提高晶粒尺寸无损评价的精度.     

彩色超声血流成像中基于回波频率跟踪的正交解调方法

为了消除由超声频率下移所引起的血流速度估计精度的下降,提出了一种基于回波频率跟踪的正交解调方法.首先建立了回波中心频率随深度下移的线性模型;然后使用传统I/Q(Inphase/Quadrature)解调方法得到有偏的基带信号,采用自相关方法沿深度方向分段估计中心频率的下移量,并利用估计出的这些值对所建立的线性模型进行拟合;最后利用拟合后的模型来实时跟踪回波的中心频率,并将其作为参考频率再进行I/Q解调.仿真和试验结果表明,基于回波频率跟踪的正交解调方法能够得到近似无偏的基带信号,提高血流速度估计的准确度和精度,改善彩色超声血流成像的质量.     

空间频率域超声背散射参量用于骨质状况的评价*

在超声背散射骨质评价中,不同测量感兴趣区域(ROI)的超声背散射信号会有波动,致使诊断准确度降低。该文目的是研究超声背散射信号随测量区域的变化规律。采用空间扫描方法离体测量了35块骨样本,将超声背散射参数从空间域变换到空间频率域。结果表明,超声背散射参数的主要空间频率成分集中于低频部分;空间频率域超声背散射参量最大值(MASF)与骨矿密度等参数具有中高度显著相关性(R2=0.45~0.83,p0.001);空间频率域超声背散射参量衰减系数(AC)也与松质骨密度及结构特征有显著相关性(R2=0.41~0.72,p0.001)。研究表明空间频率域变换方法有助于明确超声背散射信号随测量ROI的变化规律,空间频率域的超声背散射相关新参量评价松质骨状况具有可行性。     

套管井超声导波成像系统开发与工程应用研究

针对现有套管井检测与评价技术存在的缺陷,开展了进一步的导波成像方法与技术开发研究。对套管壁A0导波模式频散与泄漏衰减特性,以及泄漏衰减特性与管外粘结材料特性阻抗的关系进行了分析。在此基础上进行了不同粘结载荷钢板模型A0模泄漏衰减等特性以及脉冲回波厚度共振波特性的实验测试。结果显示,结合A0模式的衰减与管外粘结材料特性阻抗的测试结果,可有效定征管外粘结材料特性,进一步确定和成像管外环形空间水力联通特性。以此为基础,开发了耐温和耐压宽带超声换能器,以及检测与成像系统。通过模型井和实际井的测试,获得良好效果。     

超声背散射骨质评价中的频散衰减测量与补偿

超声背散射法已逐渐应用于骨质的评价与诊断.相比于人体软组织,致密多孔的骨组织中超声衰减大,导致接收到的超声信号微弱,频散失真严重.骨组织的超声频散衰减通常由超声透射法测量.然而,透射法测量的超声衰减为传播路径上组织介质衰减的平均值,无法区分软组织、皮质骨及松质骨的衰减效应,无法测量感兴趣区域内松质骨组织的超声衰减.本文旨在研究松质骨超声频散衰减的背散射测量方法,分析补偿超声背散射信号频散失真的可行性.离体测量16块松质骨样本的超声背散射与透射信号(中心频率1 MHz).采用四种背散射方法 (谱移法、谱差法、谱对数差法和混合法)测量松质骨超声频散衰减系数,与超声透射法测量的频散衰减标准值进行对比.结果表明,骨样本超声频散衰减范围为2.3—6.2 dB/mm/MHz,透射法测量的超声频散衰减(均值±方差)为(4.14±1.14) dB/mm/MHz;谱移法、谱差法、谱对数差法和混合法测量的频散衰减(均值±方差)分别为(3.88±1.15) dB/mm/MHz,(4.00±0.98) dB/mm/MHz,(3.77±0.84)dB/mm/MHz,(4.05±0.85) dB/mm/MHz.背散射法测量的频散衰减系数与标准值有较高的相关性(R=0.78—0.92, p 0.01),其中,谱差法(R=0.91, p 0.01)和混合法(R=0.92, p 0.01)测量结果更准确(相对误差小于20%).以上结果说明背散射法测量松质骨超声频散衰减具有可行性,基于傅里叶变换-逆变换原理可以补偿背散射信号频散衰减失真,显著提高信号强度,有利于后续超声背散射骨质评价及成像研究.     

基于超声的单螺杆挤出机聚合物混合状态表征方法研究*

超声检测单螺杆挤出机中聚合物共混状态时,螺杆结构对回波信号幅值的衰减有很大影响,从而难以判别共混状态。本文分析了螺杆结构对超声回波信号的影响,以超声传播时间为依据,建立螺杆结构模型,根据螺棱位置的回波幅度,计算出低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）的衰减系数和不同螺杆位置的反射系数比,通过拟合建立反射系数比与螺杆结构关系模型;将上述模型应用到混合物中,计算不同位置的传感器采集信号的衰减系数方差并以此表征聚合物混合状态的均匀性。实验结果利用样本的电镜扫描图验证：上述建立模型及混合状态的表征方法可以较好地判别聚合物的共混状态。     

骨小梁材料特性对超声背散射信号的影响

基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)建立了松质骨的超声背散射仿真系统,研究了骨小梁材料特性对超声背散射信号的影响。首次得到松质骨中的超声背散射系数(BSC)和积分背散射系数(IBC)随骨小梁材料参数(密度、拉梅常数、黏度系数及声阻抗系数)的变化关系。研究结果表明,IBC随骨小梁密度的增加而增加;BSC和IBC随拉梅常数的增加而增加、随第一黏度系数的增加而近似线性地减小,第二黏度的变化对背散射信号的影响很小;背散射参数随阻抗系数的增加而减小。说明松质骨中的超声背散射特性不仅受骨矿密度(BMD)和骨微结构的影响,还与骨小梁的材料参数密切相关。研究结果有利于理解松质骨中超声的背散射特性,对松质骨骨质状况的评价有一定帮助。      

Time domain attenuation estimation method from ultrasonic backscattered signals

Ultrasonic attenuation is important not only as a parameter for characterizing tissue but also for compensating other parameters that are used to classify tissues. Several techniques have been explored for estimating ultrasonic attenuation from backscattered signals. In the present study, a technique is developed to estimate the local ultrasonic attenuation coefficient by analyzing the time domain backscattered signal. The proposed method incorporates an objective function that combines the diffraction pattern of the source/receiver with the attenuation slope in an integral equation. The technique was assessed through simulations and validated through experiments with a tissue mimicking phantom and fresh rabbit liver samples. The attenuation values estimated using the proposed technique were compared with the attenuation estimated using insertion loss measurements. For a data block size of 15 pulse lengths axially and 15 beamwidths laterally, the mean attenuation estimates from the tissue mimicking phantoms were within 10% of the estimates using insertion loss measurements. With a data block size of 20 pulse lengths axially and 20 beamwidths laterally, the error in the attenuation values estimated from the liver samples were within 10% of the attenuation values estimated from the insertion loss measurements.     

Ultrasonic inspection of grain size in the materials for railway wheel sets

This work outlines the present theory of attenuation of the ultrasonic waves, particularly the theory of scattering, and describes the measurement of attenuation in metals. Experiments were carried out to measure the attenuation of samples with different grain size taken from materials for railway wheel sets; in these experiments the pulse echo method, with elimination of the effect of the reflexion factor, was applied. The article presents the relation between the overall attenuation coefficient and its scattering component, the grain size and frequency.

On the basis of our measurements and an analysis of the obtained results, two methods of evaluation of the structure of railway materials by ultrasonic inspection were derived.     

螺纹边界法对圆柱超声缓冲杆尾随脉冲干扰的抑制*

对于高温管道壁厚的超声波在线监测,需要超声波探头与缓冲杆搭配使用,以降低探头的接触温度。超声波在圆柱形缓冲杆的边界会发生波型转换,在缓冲杆的第一次和第二次底面回波之间产生等间隔的尾随脉冲干扰,影响管道内壁回波的识别与提取。该文创新性地采用螺纹边界法改变缓冲杆的边界特征以抑制尾随脉冲干扰,经实验验证螺纹边界法对尾随脉冲干扰有较好的抑制效果;不同螺纹螺距的实验对比表明,对于直径为20 mm的钢材料圆柱缓冲杆,在1 mm、2 mm和3 mm三种螺距中,螺距为2 mm的螺纹边界对5 MHz超声波的尾随脉冲干扰的抑制效果最强。     

Flaw-to-grain echo enhancement by split-spectrum processing

A split-spectrum processing technique for an ultrasonic flaw detection system has been developed which improves the flaw-to-grain echo ratio in large-grained materials. The enhancement is achieved by partitioning a wide-band received spectrum to obtain frequency shifted bands, which are then processed to suppress the grain echoes with respect to the flaw echo, using a novel signal minimization algorithm. Experimental data for titanium and stainless steel samples are presented which show superior flaw detection capabilities for the minimization algorithm with respect to frequency averaging techniques.     

On the specifics of measuring attenuation and velocity of ultrasound in media with microstructure

We examine specific problems of measuring attenuation and velocity of ultrasound in engineering materials using the pulse method of exciting and receiving elastic oscillations. These problems are related to the influence of the internal structure of metals and alloys on the propagation in them of elastic longitudinal and shear waves in the megahertz frequency range. Using the example of a probing signal in the form of a radio pulse with a smooth envelope of Gaussian shape, additional sources of measurement error of the echo method of evaluation of the main acoustic characteristics used in problems of nondestructive testing and ultrasonic diagnostics of materials with microstructure were revealed.     

Frequency scanning ultrasonic pulse echo reflectometer

The frequency scanning ultrasonic pulse echo reflectometer (FSUPER) is a device which can be used to measure the ultrasonic velocity, attenuation coefficient and specific acoustic impedance of liquid samples as a function of frequency (0.3–6 MHz).     

超声相比较方法在固体弹性性能研究中的应用

 本文用超声相比较方法测量了几种不同类型材料（半导体GaAs晶体、含有Si₃N₄晶须结构的复合材料、过渡金属氧化物CoO以及高温超导体AgYBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ）的声速及后两种样品声速随压力、温度的变化，得到一些用超声脉冲回波重合法不易测定的结果。用相比较法测定声速具有测量频率范围宽、精度高、测量简便等特点，它能测量1 mm左右厚度的薄样品以及声衰减较大的样品，是研究这些材料弹性性能的有效方法。     

Time-varying prediction filter for structural noise reduction in ultrasonic NDE

Predominant physical phenomenon in highly scattering materials is the attenuation due to dispersion. Therefore, received echo has high frequencies more severely attenuated than low frequencies and the structural noise can be modeled as a non-stationary random process. Most of the proposed techniques for enhancing the flaw visibility do not exploit the frequency dependency of the incoming flaw signal, assuming homogeneous behaviour of the insonified material. In this work, a new technique based on exploiting the non-stationary nature of the incoming UT signal is presented. Proposed technique is based on the prediction error obtained with a linear and time-varying parametric model of the noise. By this method, when the analyzed UT echo has only structural noise, the prediction error is low, however, if it contains a flaw, high prediction error occurs because a flaw is a non-predictable alteration of the material structure. Experiments with stainless steel show that this method has an excellent performance on SNR enhancement.