水滴在超疏水植物叶片上的沉积方法和机理研究进展

自然界中有很多超疏水植物叶片, 水滴撞击在这些表面时极易产生溅射和反弹, 造成农用化学品喷雾施药时药物的大量损失, 利用率低下, 从而重复喷洒施药. 农用化学品过度使用将造成食品安全、 农药残留、 水资源浪费及环境生态污染等问题. 因此, 增加水滴在超疏水植物叶片表面的沉积效率对提高农药利用率尤为重要. 本文从分析水滴在超疏水表面的撞击动力学特征开始, 结合添加助剂后液滴的物理化学性质, 系统阐述了水滴在超疏水植物叶片上的沉积方法和机理, 并提出筛选助剂和研究机理不仅要考虑助剂性质还要结合基底结构、 撞击动力学特征等因素, 而且还要考虑单水滴尺寸大小、 基底运动和弹性及环境因素等对沉积的影响. 本文对农药喷洒及生物医学、 机械工程、 涂料喷涂和油墨打印等领域均有指导意义和应用价值.     

特殊浸润性表面的液滴凝结

以铝片为基底, 经电化学腐蚀和沸水处理制备了多级微纳米结构; 通过气相沉积和涂油分别制备了超疏水表面、 疏水超润滑(slippery)表面和亲水slippery表面; 探究了表面不同的特殊浸润性(超亲水、 超疏水、 疏水slippery和亲水slippery)对液滴凝结的影响. 结果表明, 超亲水表面的液滴凝结属于膜状冷凝, 超疏水表面和slippery表面的液滴凝结均属于滴状冷凝. 超疏水表面液滴合并时, 合并的液滴会不定向弹离表面. 疏水slippery表面和亲水slippery表面由于表面浸润性的不同导致液滴成核密度和液滴合并的差异, 亲水slippery表面凝结液滴的最大体积远大于疏水slippery表面凝结液滴的最大体积. 4种表面的雾气收集效率由大到小依次为亲水slippery表面>疏水slippery表面>超亲水表面>超疏水表面.     

仿生超疏水性表面的研究进展

仿生超疏水性表面的研究是化学模拟生物体系研究中的一个新领域。荷叶等植物叶面的超疏水现象为我们在不同基底上制备仿生超疏水性表面提供了实践基础。本文给出荷叶等三种植物叶面的超疏水性和微观结构,阐述了仿生超疏水性表面的研究进展。     

烷基氯化铵体系中分子有序组合体的转化

采用动态光散射、吸收光谱、粘度及电镜透射等方法研究了烷基氯化铵在弱碱性条件下溶液浓度变化对分子有序组合体结构的影响.当表面活性剂浓度大于cmc时,分子有序组合体的形态随表面活性剂浓度的增加出现胶团-囊泡-球状胶团的转化过程,这与水解产生的极性有机物烷基胺量的变化密切相关.     

基于超疏水聚苯乙烯膜的蛋白质微液滴检测

利用静电纺丝法制备了具有低滚动角的超疏水聚苯乙烯膜,建立了基于该超疏水膜的蛋白质微液滴检测方法.超疏水表面确保了球状液滴的形成,使待测样品量由传统方法的上百微升降至10μL.将双缩脲比色检测法与基于超疏水表面的微液滴检测技术相结合,实现了微升量级的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)分子的快速定性及高灵敏定量检测.由于微液滴在超疏水表面浓缩效果更佳,因此检测下限由溶液相检测下限的24.53μmol/L降低到1.490μmol/L.这种蛋白质微液滴检测技术具有一定的普适性.为实现微量生物/化学分子的高灵敏检测提供了新的技术平台.     

季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

本文合成并表征了三种不同烷基链长度的季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂：N-十二烷基-N-（2-羟乙基）-N,N-二甲基溴化铵（DHDAB）、N-十四烷基-N-（2-羟乙基）-N,N-二甲基溴化铵（THDAB）、N-十六烷基-N-（2-羟乙基）-N,N-二甲基溴化铵（CHDAB）。采用荧光光谱法、紫外-可见光谱法、动态光散射法和等温滴定量热法对三种表面活性剂与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用进行研究。荧光光谱研究表明,三种表面活性剂主要与BSA分子内的色氨酸残基发生相互作用,导致蛋白质的构象发生变化,且表面活性剂烷基链越长,与BSA的相互作用就越强。BSA荧光猝灭的主要原因是静态猝灭,紫外光谱实验同样验证了静态猝灭的存在。等温滴定量热法结果表明低浓度的表面活性剂与BSA主要发生静电作用和疏水作用而放热。动态光散射结果表明高浓度的表面活性剂会使BSA结构被破坏。本文揭示了表面活性剂与BSA相互作用的机理,为表面活性剂的广泛应用提供了理论基础。     

三角紫叶酢浆草叶面的超疏水性

三角紫叶酢浆草叶面有很好的超疏水性,水滴在其表面的接触角约为150°,滚动角约为15°。研究发现,在三角紫叶酢浆草的叶面,分布有微纳米二元复合阶层结构的"星型"微凸体,微凸体之间有大量凹槽和空隙,复合阶层结构表面能吸附一层空气膜,液滴与其表面的接触是液、固、气的复合接触。此外,植物的叶面有低表面能的蜡状物,微纳米级的复合阶层结构及其表面的低表面能物质的协同效应使其表面显示出优异的超疏水性能。该研究有望为仿生超疏水材料的制备提供有益的启示与借鉴。     

溶液浸泡结合表面涂层制备超疏水-超疏油表面

超疏水-超疏油材料在防污、防水、防油等领域有广泛的应用前景而引起人们极度关注。 本文用全氟辛酸溶液浸泡锌粉制得超疏水-超疏油锌粉,用聚乙烯醇胶将超疏水-超疏油锌粉粘合、固定到玻璃、木头、塑料、不锈钢、纸片、石头表面后可制得超疏水-超疏油表面,水滴、油滴在其表面的接触角均超过150°。 锌粉与全氟辛酸反应后生成Zn[CF₃(CF₂)₆COO]₂,氟代长链烷基的低表面能化学组成与微纳米粗糙结构的协调作用使其表现出超疏水、超疏油性能。 相关研究有望为超双疏材料的设计、制备及其在自清洁、防水防油及抗污等领域的应用提供借鉴。     

疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺与双子表面活性剂的相互作用

制备了一种脂肪酸酯双磺酸盐型双子表面活性剂, 利用粘度法、界面张力法和原子力显微镜研究了疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺与双子表面活性剂在溶液中的相互作用. 实验结果表明: 疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺在溶液中能够通过自组装形成疏水微区并发展成网络结构, 疏水微区与表面活性剂在溶液中能形成混合胶束; 当一定量的表面活性剂加入时, 对疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺的自组装起促进作用, 而过多双子表面活性剂的加入又会对聚合物分子的自组装起抑制作用, 从而显著影响疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺的溶液性质, 随着表面活性剂浓度的增加, 聚合物溶液粘度先增加、再降低; 同时, 疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺对双子表面活性剂的界面性能也有较大影响, 聚合物的加入使双子表面活性剂降低油/水界面张力的能力下降, 油/水界面张力达到平衡所需时间延长.     

P(DMOAB-AM)共聚物的制备及其与表面活性剂的相互作用

以二甲基十八烷基(3-丙烯酰胺丙基)溴化铵(DMOAB)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)为混合胶束剂,采用自由基胶束共聚法制备了兼具离子性和疏水缔合两种结构特性的疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺P(DMOAB AM),其结构经FT-IR表征。运用表观粘度法初步研究了表面活性剂对P(DMOAB-AM)溶液表观粘度的影响。结果表明：油酸钾(KOA)对P(DMOAB-AM)溶液表观粘度的影响明显优越于OTAC。KOA与P(DMOAB-AM)之间存在协同增粘效应,且P(DMOAB-AM)/阴离子表面活性剂缔合体系“网络结构”的强弱取决于表面活性剂烷基链的长度。     

Mn0.2Cd0.8S@CoAl LDH S-型异质结构建及其光催化析氢性能研究

构建高效、稳定的异质结光催化剂体系是实现太阳能驱动分解水制氢的有效途径。本研究通过物理混合法将Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S纳米棒与CoAl LDH纳米片进行耦合,成功制备出一种新型的Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S@CoAl LDH (MCCA) S型异质结光催化剂。光致发光光谱和光电流测试结果表明,该异质结在内建电场的作用下可以有效地加快Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S和CoAl LDH界面间光生载流子的分离和电子转移。关键的是,CoAl LDH的引入有效地抑制了光生电子与空穴的复合,从而提高了Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S的光催化产氢活性。最佳CoAl LDH负载量的MCCA-3在5 h内的产氢量为1177.9 μmol。与单独使用纯Mn_0.2Cd_0.8S纳米棒和CoAl LDH纳米片相比,这是一个显著的改进。本研究为合理设计用于光催化制氢的S型异质结光催化剂提供了一条简单有效的途径。     

负载Pt-WOx催化剂上甘油选择氢解合成1, 3-丙二醇

Glycerol is a versatile platform compound that is formed in considerable amounts as a by-product of biodiesel production. The catalytic selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1, 3-propanediol (1, 3-PDO) provides a sustainable route for the synthesis of this important diol. In this study, a series of platinum-tungsten oxide (Pt-WO_x) catalysts with different WO_x surface densities dispersed on titanium(Ⅳ) oxide, zirconium(Ⅳ) oxide, and aluminum oxide supports were prepared and evaluated for the glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1, 3-PDO. The highest reaction activity and 1, 3-PDO selectivity were achieved at a WO_x density of approximately 1.5–2.0 W·nm⁻², with all three support materials. Such a strong dependence on the surface density of WO_x revealed the critical role of the dispersed WO_x domains in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1, 3-PDO. The infrared spectra for carbon monoxide adsorption confirmed the electron transfer and strong interaction between the Pt particles and WO_x domains. These phenomena were hypothesized to contribute to the superior selectivity to 1, 3-PDO over 1, 2-PDO of the supported Pt-WO_x catalysts when compared with the corresponding supported Pt catalysts. The realized superior 1, 3-PDO selectivity was consistent with its higher stability on the Pt-WO_x catalysts, as reflected by the lower reaction rate constant of 1, 3-PDO than those of 1, 2-PDO and glycerol obtained in their hydrogenolysis reactions. There existed a volcano-type dependence of the glycerol reaction activity on the hydrogen partial pressure. Such a dependence, together with the measured ratio (1 : 2) of the secondary to the primary C−H bonds in 1, 3-PDO in the presence of deuterium and deuterium oxide (replacing hydrogen and water, respectively), indicated that the glycerol hydrogenolysis proceeds by the kinetically relevant dehydrogenation of glycerol to the glyceraldehyde intermediate, followed by the dehydration and hydrogenation of glyceraldehyde to 1, 3-PDO over the Pt-WO_x catalysts.      

In2O3修饰三维纳米花MoSx构建S型异质结用于高效光催化产氢

形貌控制和异质结构建是提升光催化剂性能的有效策略。本文采用In₂O₃修饰三维纳米花MoS_x并构建S型异质结,为电子的传输提供了特殊的转移途径。通过合理调控In₂O₃的负载量,MoS_x/In₂O₃的最佳产氢速率能够达到6704.2 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹,是纯MoS_x的1.8倍。采用荧光光谱和电化学测试证实复合材料中内部电子和空穴对的分离效率得到了有效的提升,并利用紫外漫反射测试和羟基自由基实验推测了析氢机理。     

负载Pt-WOx催化剂上甘油选择氢解合成1, 3-丙二醇

甘油是重要的生物质基平台分子,可以从生物柴油生产过程中作为副产物大量获得。本文采用等容浸渍法,在氧化钛、三氧化二铝和氧化锆载体上制备一系列具有不同WO₃表面密度的负载Pt-WO_x催化剂,研究了它们在甘油选择氢解合成1, 3-丙二醇反应中的催化性能。实验结果表明,WO₃的表面密度显著影响这些催化剂的活性和1, 3-丙二醇选择性,它们均在1.5–2.0 W∙nm⁻²表面密度时表现出最优性能,表明分散的WO_x物种是影响Pt-WO_x催化剂性能的关键因素。通过原位红外CO吸附表征等方法发现Pt粒子与WO_x物种之间存在电荷转移和强相互作用,进而提高Pt-WO_x催化剂的甘油氢解转化为1, 3-丙二醇的活性。进一步比较甘油、1, 2-丙二醇和1, 3-丙二醇的氢解反应发现,1, 3-丙二醇的氢解速率常数低于甘油和1, 2-丙二醇,表明在Pt-WO_x催化剂上1, 3-丙二醇具有更高的反应稳定性,这跟Pt-WO_x催化剂具有较高的1, 3-丙二醇选择性相一致。结合氢气分压对甘油氢解活性表现出的火山型影响结果和在D₂/D₂O存在下,观察到的1, 3-丙二醇产物中仲碳与伯碳上的H原子数的比例(~1 : 2),我们推测在甘油氢解合成1, 3-丙二醇反应中,甘油首先在Pt-WO_x催化剂上脱氢生成甘油醛中间体,然后甘油醛进一步脱水和加氢转化为1, 3-丙二醇。     

碳酸盐炼制共热耦合甲烷干重整制高附加值化学品发展展望

传统过程工业,诸如我国水泥、钢铁、耐材和电石等行业,都涉及碳酸盐高温热分解过程,其导致的CO₂排放量超过了全国工业碳排放总量的50%,大量CO₂排放对全球气候产生了不可逆转的影响。因此,如何减少过程工业排放的CO₂并且充分利用碳酸盐热分解的余热面临着巨大挑战。为进一步降低该类过程工业的CO₂排放量同时降低其热分解的能耗,通过利用地球上储量丰富的温室气体CH₄,对碳酸盐进行共热耦合重整制备合成气等高附加值产品,有望成为一种环保经济的技术路线。本文总结了(光/热)碳酸盐炼制耦合甲烷干重整反应、醇类重整反应以及CO₂捕获反应的最新进展,并且对碳酸盐炼制耦合甲烷干重整反应在理论计算方面的研究进展进行了介绍,进一步结合本课题组近期关于碳酸盐共热耦合甲烷重整的最新结果,我们提出了该类耦合反应的发展展望,为实现CO₂的高效转化和减排增效提供了思路。     

有机配体表面改性NiCo2O4纳米线用于水全分解

由于水分解在绿色能源领域的重要作用,能够在碱性介质中进行析氢(HER)和析氧(OER)反应的双功能电催化剂具有重要的应用价值。本文报道一种具有丰富缺陷的表面改性NiCo₂O₄纳米线(NWs),在碱性介质中作为一种高效的整体水裂解电催化剂。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,Co²⁺/Co³⁺比值的增加是表面修饰NiCo₂O₄纳米线具有优异双功能电催化性能的重要原因。结果表明,在1.0 mol·L^-1 KOH溶液中,通过有机配体主导的表面改性,优化后的NiCo₂O₄纳米线在电流密度达到10 mA·cm^-2时的HER过电位仅为83 mV,OER过电位仅为280 mV。更重要的是,有机配体表面改性后的NiCo₂O₄纳米线表现出了出色的水分解性能,在2.1 V电压下达到了100 mA·cm^-2的电流密度。目前的工作凸显了提高NiCo₂O₄ NWs尖晶石结构中Co²⁺含量对促进整体水裂解的重要性。     

一维/二维W18O49/多孔g-C3N4梯形异质结构建及其光催化析氢性能研究

提高光催化分解水制氢的效率是能量转换领域的关键挑战。本研究首先合成了二维多孔氮化碳(PCN),然后在二维PCN上原位生长了一维W₁₈O₄₉ (WO),形成了一种新型的梯形(S型)异质结。该异质结可以加快界面电荷的分离和转移,赋予WO/PCN体系更好的氧化还原能力。此外,具有多孔结构的PCN提供了更多的催化活性位点。与WO和PCN相比,20% WO/PCN复合材料具有更高的H₂产率(1700 μmol·g^-1·h^-1),是PCN (30 μmol·g^-1·h^-1)的56倍。本研究提供了一种新S型光催化剂用于光催化制氢领域。     

碳量子点阳离子表面活性剂的多功能性

碳量子点以其多彩的荧光及廉价而丰富的制备原料引起人们的广泛兴趣。至今,已有大量关于碳量子点制备及其荧光性能直接利用的文献报道。若采用恰当的方法对碳量子点进行化学修饰,则可以将其转化为实用的精细化学品,从而拓展碳量子点的应用领域。本文报道了一种碳量子点阳离子表面活性剂的制备方法。首先,乙二胺四乙酸、二乙胺及双氧水的混合水溶液经水热处理,获得碳量子点(以OX-CQDs表示),再以氯代正构十二烷对其进行季铵化修饰,获得新型碳量子点阳离子表面活性剂(以OX-CQDs-C₁₂H₂₅表示)。OX-CQDs-C₁₂H₂₅具有良好的降低水的表面张力和减小水接触角的能力,水的界面张力能降低至26.7 mN∙m⁻¹,其性能超过了一些新型的Gemini型阳离子表面活性剂;季铵化的修饰也大大提高了OX-CQDs对大肠杆菌的抑菌能力,低至0.41 mg∙mL⁻¹的OX-CQDs-C₁₂H₂₅溶液其抑菌率接近100%。表面活性剂,抑菌性和荧光性能赋予了OX-CQDs-C₁₂H₂₅的多种功能性。     

构建NiS2/MoSe2 S型异质结高效光催化产氢

S-scheme heterojunction is a major breakthrough in the field of photocatalysis. In this study, NiS₂ and MoSe₂ were prepared by a typical solvothermal method, and compounded by an in situ growth method to construct an S-scheme heterojunction. The obtained composite showed excellent performance in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution; the hydrogen production rate was approximately 7 mmol·h^-1·g^-1, which was 2.05 times and 2.44 times those of pure NiS₂ and MoSe₂, respectively. Through a series of characterizations, it was found that NiS₂ and MoSe₂ coupling can enhance the light absorption intensity, which is vital for the light reaction system. The efficiency of electron-hole pair separation is also among the important factors restricting photocatalytic reactions. Compared with pure NiS₂ and MoSe₂, NiS₂/MoSe₂ exhibited a higher photocurrent density, lower cathode current, and lower electrochemical impedance, which proves that the NiS₂/MoSe₂ complex can effectively promote photogenerated electron transfer. Simultaneously, the lower emission intensity of fluorescence indicated effective inhibition of electron-hole recombination in the NiS₂/MoSe₂ complex, which is favorable for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that MoSe₂ is an amorphous sample surrounded by the NiS₂ nanomicrosphere, which greatly increased the contact area between the two, thus increasing the active site of the reaction. Secondly, as a photosensitizer, Eosin Y (EY) effectively enhanced the absorption of light by the catalyst in the photoreaction system. Meanwhile, during sensitization, electrons were provided to the catalyst, which effectively improved the photocatalytic reaction efficiency. The establishment of S-scheme heterojunctions contributed to improving the redox capacity of the reaction system and was the most important link in the photocatalytic hydrogen reduction of aquatic products. It was also the main reason for the improvement of the hydrogen evolution effect in this study. The locations of the conduction band and valence band of NiS₂ and MoSe₂ were determined by Mott-Schottky plots and photon energy curves, and further proved the establishment of the S-scheme heterojunction. This work provides a new reference for studying the S-scheme heterojunction to effectively improve the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency.      

羧基功能化石墨烯增强TiO2光催化产氢性能

The use of semiconductor photocatalysts (CdS, g-C₃N₄, TiO₂, etc.) to generate hydrogen (H₂) is a prospective strategy that can convert solar energy into hydrogen energy, thereby meeting future energy demands. Among the numerous photocatalysts, TiO₂ has attracted significant attention because of its suitable reduction potential and excellent chemical stability. However, the photoexcited electrons and holes of TiO₂ are easily quenched, leading to limited photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, graphene has been used as an effective electron cocatalyst in the accelerated transport of photoinduced electrons to enhance the H₂-production performance of TiO₂, owing to its excellent conductivity and high charge carrier mobility. For an efficient graphene-based photocatalyst, the rapid transfer of photogenerated electrons is extremely important along with an effectual interfacial H₂-production reaction on the graphene surface. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the graphene microstructures (functionalized graphene) to improve the H₂-production performance of graphene-based TiO₂ photocatalysts. The introduction of H₂-evolution active sites onto the graphene surface is an effective strategy for the functionalization of graphene. Compared with the noncovalent functionalization of graphene (such as loading Pt, MoS_x, and CoS_x on the graphene surface), its covalent functionalization can provide a strong interaction between graphene and organic molecules in the form of H₂-evolution active sites that are produced by chemical reactions. In this study, carboxyl-functionalized graphene (rGO-COOH) was successfully modified via ring-opening and esterification reactions on the TiO₂ surface by using an ultrasound-assisted self-assembly method to prepare a high-activity TiO₂/rGO-COOH photocatalyst. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric (TG) curves revealed the successful covalent functionalization of GO to rGO-COOH by significantly enhanced ―COOH groups in FTIR and increased peak area of carboxyl groups in XPS. A series of characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XPS, and UV-Vis adsorption spectra, were performed to demonstrate the successful synthesis of TiO₂/rGO-COOH photocatalysts. The experimental data for the hydrogen-evolution rate showed that the TiO₂/rGO-COOH displayed an extremely high hydrogen-generation activity (254.2 μmol∙h⁻¹∙g⁻¹), which was 2.06- and 4.48-fold higher than those of TiO₂/GO and TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/rGO-COOH is ascribed to the carboxyl groups of carboxyl-functionalized graphene, which act as effective hydrogen-generation active sites and enrich hydrogen ions owing to their excellent nucleophilicity that facilitates the interfacial hydrogen production reaction of TiO₂. This study provides novel insights into the development of high-activity graphene-supported photocatalysts in the hydrogen-generation field.