Mössbauer spectroscopy as a radioanalytical method

The review discusses various analytical chemical applications of the Mössbauer effect. The labelled atoms used are Mössbauer isotopes and the measured parameters for analysis are those of the Mössbauer spectra. High efficiency of the technique is demonstrated by examples in studies of the structure of compounds, polyfunctional with respect to the Mössbauer element, and of the mecahnism of chemical reactions, first of all, low-temperature solid phase reactions. The application of the emission Mössbauer spectroscopy is also discussed for analytical purposes.     

Analysis of errors in the radioanalytical method of concentration dependent distribution

The precision of the title method is analyzed theoretically for a hypothetical case of solvent extraction involving the reaction. It was found that there exists a certain reagent concentration giving the lowest errors. If the error in the determination of distribution ratios is 2%, a broad range of conditions exists where the error of the result is near to or less than 1%. The ranges of the values _H ^1/N are found for N=1,2 3 for cases where the error of the results is 1%.     

从头计算理论再研究HIV-1 PR的水解机理

采用从头计算方法再次研究了HIV-1PR的催化水解机理.结果显示反应生成了双醇结构的以碳为中心的四面体的中间体;碳氮键的断裂是速率限制一步,需要较少的活化能,支持该水解反应可能在生命过程中出现.     

Theory of errors of the radioanalytical method of sub-super equivalence using a simple solvent extraction system

The theory is given of errors of the title method based on the solvent extraction reaction A_aq+B_aq⇌AB_org, the minimum amounts which can be determined are assessed, the desirable values of ξ are recommended and the precision of the title method is compared with that of the concentration dependent distribution method. Tables are given allowing a rapid calculation of the error of determination for any reasonable concentration of the substance to be determined, any extractant concentration and a chosen value of ξ if the equilibrium constant of the above reaction is known.     

The theory of errors in the radioanalytical method of sub-and super equivalence

The theory of errors of three variants of sub- and super equivalence method is given and errors for typical cases are tabulated. The principles of the variants are described. Recommendations are offered for a rational choice of a variant to be used and for that of the parameter ζ. For the calculations the assumption is used that the analysis is based on the solvent-extraction equilibrium+ A+B?AB_org.     

Neodymium(III) complexation by amino-carbohydrates via a ligand-controlled hydrolysis mechanism

Chelation of Nd(3+) by D-glucosamine (DGA) and chitosan was investigated in solution at near-physiological pH and ionic strength. This research demonstrates the first example of the lanthanide ion heteroleptic hydroxo-carbohydrate complex in solution. Amino-carbohydrates DGA and chitosan suppressed formation of polynuclear Nd(3+) species at elevated pH.     

Gaseous carbide mechanism of the reduction of oxides by carbon: from a graphite furnace to a blast furnace

The gaseous carbide mechanism of oxide reduction by carbon is described. This mechanism is based on two concurrent reactions: M_(g) + zC_(s) = MC_z(g) and MC_z(g) + (z/y) M_xO_y(s) = (1 + xz/y)M_(g) + zCO. The first of these reactions occurs on the surface of graphite, and the second on that of the oxide. Two assumptions had to be introduced to validate this mechanism. First, one had to postulate the presence of defects on the graphite surface favoring the formation of excess gaseous carbides. Second, it had to be assumed that irrespective of the saturated metal vapor pressure, the oxide is reduced via a stage of formation of gaseous metal atoms. This paper is devoted to the substantiation of these assumptions. We use for this purpose the results of our experiments, as well as the literature data. The results of practical application of the gaseous carbide theory in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry are discussed, as well as in other areas of science and technology dealing with the interaction of oxides with carbon, among them pyrometallurgy, carbide production, catalytic processes of graphitization and carbon gasification.     

A radioanalytical method for the determination of Pb(II) with the use of a chelating cellulose filter

A functionalized cellulose filter, with iminodiacetate chelating units, has been characterized for the uptake of ultratrace Pb(II) (1 to 10^–6 mg · ^–1) with the use of²¹⁰Pb. The different behaviour in batch and in flow-through experiments has been observed both in the rate of metal uptake, as well as in the relative yield of metal recovery. Flow-through uptake appeared to be a faster process and to occur with higher % yield in the entire range investigated. A radioanalytical method for the determination of Pb(II) in liquid samples (10 to 10^–2 mg · ^–1) has been developed, based on the measurement of the²¹⁰Pb activity exchanged between a iminodiacetic acid filter loaded with²¹⁰Pb and the solution under analysis. Results and interferences are considered and discussed.     

Determination of hydrolysis constants of metal cations by a transient conductivity method

A new method for determining hydrolysis constants of metal cations based on measuring transient conductivity changes after pulse irradiation is described and some results presented.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) by a cellulase complex

TheSomogyi-Nelson colorimetric method is applied in a new manner more suitable for evaluating the kinetics of the enzyme hydrolysis of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) catalyzed by the cellulase complex. By means of selective inhibition of a chosen enzyme from the cellulase complex it became possible to trace the effect of the other enzymes included in its composition.

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Kinetik und Mechanismus der Hydrolyse von Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) durch einen Cellulase-Komplex

Zusammenfassung Die kolorimetrische Methode nachSomogyi undNelson wird nach einem neuen Verfahren zur Verfolgung der Kinetik der hydrolytischen Spaltung von Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), katalysiert durch den Cellulase-Komplex, angewandt. Durch selektive Inhibierung eines bestimmten Enzyms des Cellulase-Komplexes kann man die Wirkung der anderen zu seiner gesamten Zusammensetzung gehörenden Enzyme verfolgen.

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Symbols Used E enzyme (E—cellulase;E—exo-cellobiohydrolase;E—-glucosidase) - [E] _w weight concentration of enzymeE - S substrate (Na-CMC—sodium carboxymethylcellulose) - [S]₀ weight concentration of substrateS - I inhibitor (I—lactose;I—calcium chloride;I—condurrite-B-epoxide) - P product (P—oligosaccharides;P—cellobiose;P—D-glucose) - P end product (K , K , K ) - DP degree of polymerization - DS degree of substitution - ES enzyme-substrate complex (E S, E S, E S) - EP enzyme-product complex (E P, E P) - EI enzyme-inhibitor complex (E I, E I, E I) - M _s molecular mass of substrateS - K _s substrate constant (K _s , K _s , K _s ) - K _I inhibitor constant (K _I , K _I , K _I ) - K _m Michaelis-Menten constant - k ₊₁,k ₊₂ (k ₊₂ ,k ₊₂ ,k ₊₂ ) forward rate constants - k _–1 reverse rate constant - ₀ initial rate of reaction - V maximal reaction rate - A change in absorbance - molar absorption coefficient - wavelength Herrn Prof. Dr.Hans Tuppy zum 60. Geburtstag herzlichst gewidmet.     

A generalized separation reaction scheme for assessment of the radioanalytical method of concentration dependent distribution

For the assessment of the analytical error of concentration dependent distribution (CDD), complex-forming separation reaction was proposed in a generalized form of equilibrium , where n is the effective stoichiometric coefficient, i.e. the difference of mean ligand numbers and <n> of a mixture of complexes of analyte M with reagent L in the respective groups (distinguished by bars above the symbols) of the separation system. Calibration curve is derived from measurement of gross activity of complexes, A=A(ML_<n>) and . Theoretical relative error is expressed as a product of three terms, x/x=f₁f₂f₃. The first term f₁ depends on the degree of isotopic dilution, and the recommended ratio of amounts of nonradioactive (x) and radioactive (y) substance M is x/y(1;4). The second term f₂ depends first of all on the slope of distribution ratio (yield of separation ) vs. the analyte; reagent ratio, n(Z+1)/T. The form of slope is analyzed on the basis of the generalized separation reaction. Optimal conditions were discussed from this point of view and the ideal case is at f₂=1. The third term f₃ depends on the activities A and , i.e. on the distribution ratio, sample volumes, and the manner of counting. The ideal ratio of sample activities is A= and the optimal interval (0.2;0.8) is suggested     

水解法测定血液中的毒鼠强

建立了毒鼠强的血液样品水解方法并对相应的GC FPD定量、GC MS定性的分析条件进行了优化 ,同时考察了水解过程中的水解温度、水解强度等方面的影响因素 ,建立了一个提取效率高、灵敏度佳、干扰少的毒鼠强提取分析方法。毒鼠强工作曲线在 0 .0 1～ 0 .2 0 μg μL之间呈线性关系 ,相关系数r=0 .9999。与传统的液 液直接提取方法相比 ,血液样品毒鼠强的检出率提高 1 69% ,并可应用于生物样品的毒鼠强提取分析中。     

两种双核配合物催化PNPP水解反应的机理研究

Cu-Cu(Ⅱ)和Cu-Zn(Ⅱ)草酰胺桥联双核配合物被合成和表征．研究了该同核和异核配合物催化PNPP水解的动力学和机理,建立了一种双核配合物催化PNPP水解的动力学数学模型．结果表明：在缓冲溶液中随着溶液pH的增大,草酰胺桥联双核配合物催化PNPP水解速率提高;配合物中的两个金属离子在催化PNPP水解过程中具有协同效应;这两种草酰胺桥联双核配合物在催化PNPP水解中表现出较好的催化活性．     

Simulation of the structure of some silicon carbide clusters by the MNDO method

Simulations of the geometric and electronic structure of C₄₄, C₄₅, Si₄₅, C₄₀Si₅, and C₄₄Si clusters were performed by the MNDO method. The geometries of the filled clusters, calculated by the MM2 method, were used as initial approximations. It was found that the filled clusters C₄₅ and C₄₄Si are transformed into endohedral clusters X@C₄₄ (X-C or Si, respectively) after energy optimization. The highest occupied energy level of the HOMO of the filled tetrahedral cluster Si₄₅ ofT symmetry is triply degenerate and is only occupied by four electrons. The structure of Si₄₅ ²⁻ dianion ofT symmetry was calculated. Two filled structures for the C₄₀Si₅ cluster were found. The coordination numbers of the central Si atom in these structures are 4 and 3, respectively. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 54–56, January, 1997.     

应用^3^1P NMR研究RNase A水解核糖核酸的机制

核糖核酸酶A(RNase A)水解核糖核酸的机制前人已有研究.Markham等和Brown等根据水解过程中有2′,3′-环核苷酸的生成提出了两步机制,即磷酰基转移和水解开环.Witzel等用紫外差值(ΔA_(286))光谱和pH-stat(pH恒定器)技术进行动力学研究,所得的结果支持了上述机制.Williams用同样的方法进行研究,提出除了两步机制外,还有另一途径,即二核苷(3′→5′)单磷酸二酯(A)不经过2′,3′-环核苷酸(B)而直接转化为3′-核苷酸     

Determination of vanadium in high grade carbons by radioanalytical methods

The present work deals with the determination of vanadium in high grade carbons by three radioanalytical methods, viz. thermal neutron activation analysis with an accelerator, thermal neutron activation analysis with a reactor and proton induced X-ray emission analysis with an accelerator. It is cleared from this study that thermal neutron activation with an accelerator is more convenient for the rapid and non-destructive analysis of ppm-level vanadium in bulk carbons than thermal neutron activation analysis with a reactor. Proton induced X-ray emission is less useful for the analysis of bulk samples.     

Kinetic method for the study of xylan hydrolysis by xylan hydrolases

Summary The Somogyi-Nelson colorimetric method was used in a new manner more suitable for evaluating the kinetics of the enzyme hydrolysis of xylan catalyzed by xylan hydrolases. The values of the Michaelis parameters (Km=5.56 g l^–1 andV=2.94 · 10^–5 M s^–1) were determined.

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Eine kinetische Methode zur Untersuchung der Hydrolyse von Xylan durch Xylan-Hydrolase

Zusammenfassung Die kolorimetrische Methode nach Somogyi-Nelson wurde nach einem neuen Verfahren zur Verfolgung der Kinetik der hydrolytischen Spaltung von Xylan, katalysiert durch Xylan-Hydrolasen vonAspergillus oryzae, angewandt. Es wurden die Michaelis-Parameter (Km=5.56 g l^–1 undV=2.94 · 10^–5 M s^–1) bestimmt.