The Influence of Surface Trapping and Dark States on the Fluorescence Emission Efficiency and Lifetime of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots

To investigate the influence of surface trapping and dark states on CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), we studied the absorption, fluorescence intensity and lifetime by using one-and two-photon excitation, respectively. Experimental results show that both one- and two-photon fluorescence emission efficiencies of the QDs enhance greatly and the lifetime increase after capping CdSe with ZnS due to the effective surface passivation. The lifetime of one-photon fluorescence of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS QDs increase with increasing emission wavelength in a supralinear way, which is attributed to the energy transfer of dark excitons. On the contrary, the lifetime of two-photon fluorescence of bare and core-shell QDs decrease with increasing emission wavelength, and this indicates that the surface trapping is the dominant decay mechanism in this case.     

血啉甲醚的时间分辨荧光光谱研究

实验研究了用于肿瘤光动力学诊断的第二代新型光敏剂血啉甲醚(HMME)分别在不同血型人血清和生理盐水环境中的时间分辨光谱,同时还研究了在不同荧光发射峰处的荧光寿命以及光敏剂浓度对荧光寿命的影响。结果表明:HMME在625和690nm处的荧光寿命基本相同,无显著差异。HMME在生理盐水和人血清环境中的荧光寿命具有显著差异,分别为14.6和16.6ns,同时实验结果还表明光敏剂浓度对荧光寿命没有影响。结论对于开展肿瘤的时间分辨药物荧光光谱诊断与成像技术具有重要的指导意义。     

Tryptophan-Tryptophan Energy Transfer and Classification of Tryptophan Residues in Proteins Using a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody as a Model

Intrinsic tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence is often used to determine conformational changes of proteins. The fluorescence of multi-Trp proteins is generally assumed to be additive. This assumption usually holds well if Trp residues are situated at long distances from each other in the absence of any excited state reactions involving these residues and therefore when energy transfer does not occur. Here, we experimentally demonstrate energy transfer among Trp residues and support it by a Master Equation kinetic model applied to a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb). The mAbs are one of the most studied and important biologics for the pharmaceutical industry, and they contain many Trp residues in close proximity. Understanding mAb fluorescence is critical for interpreting fluorescence data and protein-structure relationships. We propose that Trp residues could be categorized into three types of emitters in the mAbs. Experimentally, we categorize them according to solvent accessibility based on dependence of their fluorescence lifetime on the external quencher concentration and their emission wavelength. Theoretically, we categorize with molecular dynamics simulations according to their solvent accessibility. This method of combinatorial mapping of fluorescence characteristics can be utilized to illuminate structural aspects as well as make comparisons of drug formulations for these pharmaceutical proteins.     

Laser-induced fluorescence decays of polyethylene films

The fluorescence lifetime of photo-oxidative emission at 360 nm becomes shorter when stabilizer is added to polyethylene film. A broad emission band at 450 nm is attributed to the emission from a charge transfer complex. The preliminary results show that the quenching of photo-oxidative emission and the fluorescence intensity decay can be used to evaluate the extent of photo-stability of polyethylene films.     

Review of fluorescence anisotropy decay analysis by frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy

This didactic paper summarizes the mathematical expressions needed for analysis of fluorescence anisotropy decays from polarized frequency-domain fluorescence data. The observed values are the phase angle difference between the polarized components of the emission and the modulated anisotropy, which is the ratio of the polarized and amplitude-modulated components of the emission. This procedure requires a separate measurement of the intensity decay of the total emission. The expressions are suitable for any number of exponential components in both the intensity decay and the anisotropy decay. The formalism is generalized for global analysis of anisotropy decays measured at different excitation wavelengths and for different intensity decay times as the result of quenching. Additionally, we describe the expressions required for associated anisotropy decays, that is, anisotropy decays where each correlation time is associated with a decay time present in the anisotropy decay. And finally, we present expressions appropriate for distributions of correlation times. This article should serve as a reference for researchers using frequency-domain fluorometry.     

多环芳烃时间分辨荧光光谱特性研究

利用时间分辨荧光光谱技术,研究了菲、荧蒽、芴、蒽、芘等五种多环芳烃的荧光时间分辨发射光谱特性。以289 nm受激拉曼光作为激发光源,研究了289 nm激发光作用下五种多环芳烃的延时特性和门宽特性。并以多环芳烃随延时时间的荧光峰强度衰减关系曲线,得到菲、荧蒽、芴、芘的荧光寿命分别为37.0, 32.7, 10.9, 147.0 ns。不同荧光物质具有特定的荧光光谱特性,多环芳烃时间分辨荧光光谱特性的研究可以为复杂水体中不同种类多环芳烃的诊断提供依据。     

Fluorescence Properties of Dibenzofluorescein in Aqueous Solution

The deprotonation of dibenzofluorescein (DBFL), a long wavelength fluorescence probe, results in the simultaneous occurrence of neutral form, monoanion and dianion under physiological conditions. The fluorescence properties of the former two cannot be measured directly because they are always coexistent with some other species. By measuring the fluorescence under various pHs we computed the fluorescence parameters for each species involved in the prototropic equilibria of DBFL, including each species’ emission spectrum, excitation spectrum, emission and excitation maximum, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime. It was found that the monoanion is the most fluorescent chromospheres (Φ _f = 0.66, compared to Φ _f = 0.25 for dianion, 0.18 for cation and 0.0 for the neutral form). Together with the computed pK _as, we are able to suggest that the monoanion plays a major role under physiological conditions when DBFL is used as a fluorescence probe, contrary to the assumption in literature.     

四取代酞菁金属配合物的紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱研究

报道了16种含哌嗪或含哌啶四取代酞菁金属配合物{R4PcM,R=2-[4-(2-磺基乙基)哌嗪-1-基]乙氧基(SPEO—)、2-(哌啶-1-基)乙氧基(PEO—);取代位置分别在α位和β位;M=Zn(Ⅱ),Ni(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ)}的UV-Vis吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱的测定,探讨了中心金属离子、取代基种类及其取代位置、溶剂等因素对酞菁金属配合物UV-Vis吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱性质的影响。结果表明:R4PcM的Q带λ_max落在681～718 nm范围内,与相同中心金属离子的无取代酞菁金属配合物(669～671 nm)比较都发生了不同程度的红移,荧光发射光谱与UV-Vis吸收光谱呈镜像关系,特别的是两种β位取代中心金属离子为Zn(Ⅱ)的酞菁金属配合物[β-(SPEO)₄PcZn,β-(PEO)₄PcZn]具有极高的摩尔消光系数、较大的荧光量子产率和较长的荧光寿命,有望开发成新型的光动力诊疗用光敏剂。     

Spectroscopic study of a representative polar cap of buckminsterfullerene: Cyclopentacorannulene

The spectroscopic properties of corannulene and cyclopentacorannulene are examined by use of absorption and steady-state fluorescence measurements. A red shift in the emission maxima of cyclopentacorannulene is noted with respect to the emission maxima in the corannulene spectrum. Similar differences in the absorption spectra of both molecules are also observed. Reasons for the dissimilarities in the absorption and emission spectra of these molecules are discussed. The fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes of the molecules measured in organic solvents are reported. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of cyclopentacorannulene are lower than those of corannulene. This difference is attributed to the highly strained and nonplanar structure of cyclopentacorannulene. The effectiveness of nitromethane as a quencher of corannulene and cyclopentacorannulene fluorescence is examined. In contrast to previously reported results, the fluorescence of these molecules is quenched by nitromethane. Fluorescence quenching of the molecules has been attributed to complex formation in the ground state, i.e., static quenching.     

叠氮化钠对辣根过氧化物酶的荧光猝灭机制的研究

研究了辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP)和叠氮化钠 (NaN3 )作用前后的荧光光谱变化。探讨了HRP的荧光猝灭机制 ,首次运用了HRP的荧光猝灭行为确认了HRP和NaN3 之间生成了配合物。计算了HRP和NaN3 之间生成的配合物的形成常数为 7 9× 10 8L·mol-1,结合位点数为 1。研究还发现 ,NaN3 与HRP的结合 ,影响了分子构象 ,使酪氨酸和色氨酸残基的微环境受到不同程度的影响。     

某头孢制药废水的水质指纹特征

荧光光谱与水样一一对应,被称为“水质指纹”。水质指纹可指示污染的出现,是新型水质预警方法。头孢类抗生素是国内外使用最多的抗感染药物,环境危害较大。我国头孢类药物的生产量在逐年增加。因此,研究头孢类废水的荧光指纹特征对监测该类废水的排放、保护水生生态环境具有重要的意义。本文研究了某头孢制药废水的水质指纹特征。该废水的水纹上有6个峰,按发射波长可以分为两组,第一组峰的激发波波长/发射波波长分别在230/350,275/350,315/350 nm附近,第二组分别在225/405,275/410和330/420 nm附近。激发波波长/发射波波长在230/350 nm处的水纹峰强度最强。在同一组中,激发波长越小的峰的强度越大。pH明显影响头孢废水水纹中峰的位置和强度。随pH上升,第一组峰的强度会减少,产生荧光淬灭;第二组峰的强度增大,属于荧光增敏现象。这可能与废水中含有带碱性基团和酸性基团的荧光有机物有关。因为有机弱酸或弱碱的分子及其相应的离子就会在水中同时存在,而这两种形式由于空间结构的差异,发光性能上也可能差异显著。当pH变化时,造成了水中这两种型体的比例会发生变化,从而导致荧光光谱的形状和强度的改变。综上所述,该头孢制药废水具有独特的水质指纹特征。该水质指纹特征可作为水体中快速识别该制药废水存在的新方法。     

光系统Ⅱ核心天线的低温荧光光谱及动力学研究

采用稳态及飞秒荧光光谱技术研究了光系统Ⅱ中核心复合物在83 K、160 K和273 K低温下的能量传递途径.激发波长为507 nm.随着温度的升高,稳态荧光光谱逐渐发生蓝移.通过对不同温度下稳态光谱进行高斯解析,获得5个特征叶绿素a分子, 分别为Chl a670.4670, Chl a681.9680, Chl a683.9683, Chl a687.5,687.8,689687和Chl a698.0690,其中仅有Chl a687.5,687.8,689687在3个温度下的光谱中都解析获得,并且其谱宽以及荧光比例都随着温度升高而增加,因此推断温度对CP47中易裂解的叶绿素a分子有较大的影响.在680 nm以及690 nm波长处对不同温度下的时间曲线利用F900时间处理系统进行拟合,获得73 ps、 110 ps、 186 ps、 246~972 ps和1~3.7 ns 5个时间组分.其中, 73 ps是电荷分离的时间;110 ps和186 ps是β-Car分子受激发后,将激发能最终传递给反应中心所需要的时间;246~972 ps是电荷重组的时间过程;而1~3.7 ns是激发态分子发生电荷重组后又衰退回到基态的时间.73 ps的时间组分只在83 K温度下得到,因此,随着温度降低,可以探测到快的时间组分. 此外,对光谱随温度升高而发生蓝移进行了分析.     

Dual fluorescence and laser emissions from fluorescein-Na and eosin-B

Dual laser emissions were observed from fluorescein-Na and eosin-B in ethanolic solutions individually in the concentration range from 10⁻² to 10⁻³ mol dm⁻³ under N₂ laser excitation. The first compound was found to lase at two distinct regions with wavelength maxima around 540, 550 nm, while the second one around 558, 574 nm. Steady-state absorption, fluorescence excitation, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence emission and decays of the dyes in various solvents under varying conditions of excitation and detection systems were carried out to identify the nature of the emitting species responsible for laser emissions in two distinct regions. Both the dyes exhibited concentration and excitation wavelength dependence of fluorescence and the effects were found to be more pronounced in binary solution. The fluorescence decays of dyes were monoexponential in ethanol, while in some other solvents used, the decays showed biexponential behavior. The absorption and excitation studies using thin layers of solutions revealed the formation of dimers with the dye concentration around 1×10⁻³ mol dm⁻³. Fluorescence polarization and decay studies confirmed the presence of dimers. The two laser bands observed in the shorter and longer wavelengths were respectively ascribed to monomeric and dimeric species.     

Origin of Fluorescence Lifetimes in Human Serum Albumin. Studies on Native and Denatured Protein

Human serum albumin consists of a single polypeptide of 585 amino acid residues with 1 Trp residue. In the present work, we measured fluorescence lifetimes of the protein in both native and denatured states. The results indicate that Trp emission occurs with three lifetimes in both states. Lifetimes values and contribution to the global emission decay differ between the two states. Data are interpreted as the results of an emission occurring from three substructures of the tryptophan formed in the excited state. Two of these substructures are already present for the tryptophan free in solution. The third lifetime is the result of the interaction between the tryptophan residue and surrounding microenvironment. The populations of these substructures characterized by the pre-exponential parameters of the fluorescence lifetimes are dependent on the fluorophore microenvironment and on the global protein structure.     

菲的三维荧光光谱特性研究

多环芳烃(简称PAHs)具有高荧光量子产率,利用三维荧光光谱研究了PAHs中菲的荧光光谱特性.菲具有两个荧光峰.通过对菲的三维荧光光谱的分析,选择在激发波长255 nm、发射波长370 nm对菲进行定量分析.菲溶液在5.0～250.0 ng·mL-1的范围内工作曲线呈线性关系,检出限为3.88 ng·mL-1,相对标准偏差为4.23%(n=5),实验还尝试了对自来水样品的测定,测试效果良好,回收率为90.0%～105.4%.该研究为快速检测水源水中痕量PAHs提供了方法基础.     

Steady‐State and Time‐Resolved Emission Studies of 6‐Methoxy Quinoline

Abstract

Steady‐state absorption, fluorescence excitation, and emission spectra of 6‐methoxy quinoline (6‐MQ) were measured at room temperature in cyclohexane, dioxane, ethanol, acetonitrile, water, and water–dioxane solvents. Absorption spectra of cyclohexane, n‐hexane, and isopentane solutions show resolved vibronic structure at room temperature. However, the excitation spectrum of cyclohexane solution is structureless and is found to be emission wavelength dependent, indicating the formation of at least two distinct species in the ground state. Similar behavior was observed in dioxane and water–dioxane solutions. For all other solutions, the fluorescence excitation spectrum of 6‐MQ was found to be the same for different emissions. Emission of 6‐MQ in all solvents consisted of two bands with their maxima around 355 nm (I) and 430 nm (II), the actual positions and the relative intensities being dependent on the solvent used. The bands I and II were respectively attributed to normal and protonated/H‐bonded species of either ¹L_a or ¹L_b states or mixed (¹L_a/¹L_b) state of ππ* character. Fluorescence decay of this dye in all solvents monitored over each emission maximum showed biexponential behavior, and the analysis yielded two different lifetime components for each emission band. The short and long fluorescence decay components were respectively in the range of 0.30–3.00 ns and 18–20 ns. The observed emission characteristics coupled with the nature of the fluorescence polarization spectra and two different decay components for each emission suggest the existence of two different conformers having two different excited electronic states.     

Traceability in Fluorometry: Part II. Spectral Fluorescence Standards

The need for the traceable characterization of fluorescence instruments is emphasized from a chemist’s point of view, focusing on spectral fluorescence standards for the determination of the wavelength- and polarization-dependent relative spectral responsivity and relative spectral irradiance of fluorescence measuring systems, respectively. In a first step, major sources of error of fluorescence measurements and instrument calibration are revealed to underline the importance of this issue and to illustrate advantages and disadvantages of physical and chemical transfer standards for generation of spectral correction curves. Secondly, examples for sets of traceable chemical emission and excitation standards are shown that cover a broad spectral region and simple procedures for the determination of corrected emission spectra with acceptable uncertainties are presented. With proper consideration of the respective measurement principle and geometry, these dye-based characterization procedures can be not only applied to spectrofluorometers but also to other types of fluorescence measuring systems and even to Raman spectrometers.     

基于荧光多光谱融合的水质化学需氧量的检测

为了对水中的有机污染物进行绿色、快速、准确的检测,提出了一种基于荧光多光谱融合的水质化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD)的检测方法。实验样本为包含近岸海水和地表水在内的实际水样53份,采用标准化学方法获取样本的化学需氧量的理化值,利用荧光分光光度计采集样本的三维荧光光谱并对光谱数据进行处理和建模。在200～300 nm(间隔5 nm)的激发波长范围内将三维光谱展开成二维的发射光谱(发射波长范围250～500 nm,间隔2 nm)。采用ACO-iPLS(蚁群-区间偏最小二乘)算法提取发射光谱特征,PSO-LSSVM(粒子群优化的最小二乘支持向量机)算法建立预测模型,分别建立了单激发波长下的荧光发射光谱数据预测模型、多激发波长下发射光谱的数据级融合(LLDF)预测模型以及多激发波长下发射光谱的特征级融合(MLDF)预测模型,通过对预测效果的对比,得出结论。实验结果表明,对于不同激发波长下荧光发射光谱数据而言,265 nm激发光作用下的发射谱数据的预测模型最优,其检验集决定系数R2_P和外部检验均方根误差RMSEP分别为0.990 1和1.198 6 mg·L-1;对于荧光多光谱数据级融合模型(简写为：LLDF-PSO-LSSVM)而言,在235,265和290 nm激发光作用下的发射光谱的LLDF模型效果最优,其检验集的R2_ｐ和RMSEP分别为0.992 2和1.055 1 mg·L-1;对于荧光多光谱特征级融合模型(MLDF-PSO-LSSVM)而言,在265,290和305 nm激发光作用下的荧光发射光谱的MLDF模型效果最优,其R2_p=0.998 2,RMSEP=0.534 2 mg·L-1。综合比较各类建模结果可知,MLDF-PSO-LSSVM的模型效果最优,说明基于荧光发射光谱数据,采用多光谱特征级融合模型检测水质COD时,检测的精度更高,预测效果更好。     

PSⅡ颗粒复合物低温荧光光谱特性

为了获得低温下PSⅡ颗粒复合物色素分子间的能量传递信息,运用荧光激发谱及荧光发射谱对273 K温度时不同波长光激发下菠菜的PSⅡ颗粒复合物的荧光光谱特性进行了研究,分析得出荧光强度的大小与激发光的波长有关,在实验所采用的激发波长中,436 nm的光激发产生的荧光强度最大,520 nm的最小.在能量传递过程中Chl a分子的荧光效率最高,Chl b分子次之.结合吸收谱分析还发现在PSⅡ颗粒复合物中至少存在四种具特征吸收的Chl分子： Chl a661660, Chl a/b672669,670,Chl a682680,Chl a690687.对436 nm光激发所得到的荧光发射谱进一步经高斯解析后得到五个光谱组分：661 nm,672 nm,682 nm,690 nm,730 nm,所占的比例分别为4.75%,9.89%,43.18%,22.08%,20.10%.     

基于谷胱甘肽配体的ZnSe量子点对pH响应的时间分辨荧光光谱特性

当前,有关量子点pH响应方面的研究主要集中在含Cd（镉）类量子点,且都是研究其稳态荧光光谱对pH值的响应。然而,Cd类量子点对生物体系具有一定的毒性,且稳态荧光光谱法由于受浓度等因素的影响具有一定的不稳定性,因此应用于生物体系中作为pH探针具有明显的缺点。基于以上分析,通过水相合成法,我们制备出了基于谷胱甘肽配体的水溶性ZnSe量子点,该量子点具有毒性小,生物兼容性好等特点,适合被应用于生物体系中。利用所制备的ZnSe量子点,采用时间相关单光子计数技术,结合紫外可见吸收光谱和稳态荧光光谱,对pH值在5~11不同环境下的ZnSe量子点荧光动力学进行了系统性的研究。ZnSe量子点荧光衰减具有两个寿命组分,拟合得到分别为4和24 ns。通过采集不同探测波长下ZnSe量子点荧光衰减曲线,发现其长寿命组分随探测波长的增加而增加,而短寿命组分基本不随探测波长的改变而改变,结合有关报道分析判断,短寿命和长寿命组分分别来源于核内非局域载流子复合和表面态局域载流子复合。实验发现,处于不同pH值的环境下的ZnSe量子点具有不同的荧光寿命,其荧光寿命与pH值的变化呈负相关。通过比较ZnSe量子点两种荧光寿命组分随pH值的变化关系,发现ZnSe量子点的荧光寿命对pH值的响应主要来源于长寿命组分即表面态寿命,且在不同pH值范围内响应的灵敏度不同,在6~8的pH值范围内响应最为显著,表现为长寿命组分随pH值的增加出现一个较大幅度的衰减。实验进一步发现,ZnSe量子点两个寿命组分的比值在不同pH值范围内具有较好的线性相关性,但在不同pH值范围内斜率不同,通过比较,最大值在pH值为6~8的范围内。另外,与金属钠离子相互作用实验及相关报道表明,金属离子对ZnSe量子点荧光寿命的影响较小。以上研究表明,ZnSe量子点在生物体系pH值检测中具有良好的应用前景。