近场声全息技术及其应用

<正>陈心昭毕传兴北京:科学出版社,2013,243页,定价:65元准确识别噪声源是噪声研究、控制、声质量设计的前提。早期识别噪声源的方法,如近场声压法和表面振速法,采用声级计和加速度传感器等进行简单的噪声振动测量并加以判断,简单但精度不高,可归为经典声学方法。电子技术、计算机技术和信号处理技术的迅速发展,为我们提供了现代声学意义上的噪声源识别方法,如频谱分析、相关分析、相干分析等,进一步又出现了声强测量、小波分析、声全息、声聚焦、波束成形等新方法和新技术。     

近场声全息技术方法简介

随着科学技术的不断进步和人民生活水平的不断提高,噪声已成为环境和产品评价的一项重要指标,军事、交通运输、航空航天、工程机械等领域如何降低噪声水平也成为一个倍受关注的课题。噪声控制需要从声源控制、传播途径控制和受者保护三方面进行,一般来讲,声源控制是噪声控制中最根本、最有效的手段,而主要声源的定位与识别也是噪声控制工程的关键问题。从声源方面入手控制噪声就是要正确识别和定位声源,获得声源的声辐射特性。近场声全息技术突破了传统上通过测量声源表面振速信息计算声场辐射特性方法的瓶颈,而将声辐射问题转化为逆问题来…     

声场分离技术及其在近场声全息中的应用

提出空间声场分离技术，突破了近场声全息（NAH）的应用局限.它们的局限在于全息面一侧的声场必须是自由声场，即要求所有的声源必须位于另一侧.利用波数域内的波场外推理论及声压的标量叠加原理，建立起声场分离技术的双全息面实现方法，利用波数域内的Euler公式及粒子振速的矢量叠加原理，建立起该技术的单全息面实现方法.该技术的一个突出优点是在具有背景噪声的全息测量情况下, 可以消除背景噪声对全息变换结果的影响.理论的推导表明该技术方法的正确性，而仿真算例和实验则显示该技术的可行性和有效性. 关键词： 声全息 波数域 声场分离 背景噪声     

近场声全息成像方法的研究

本文对近场声全息成像方法的基本理论及特点做了简单介绍。针对声源重建问题的不适定性,提出一种新的空间频率域滤波方法——带约束条件的最小二乘法,改善了重建结果的稳定性。运用近场声全息成像的数字方法,对圆板的振动及其辐射声场进行了计算机模拟研究并验证了滤波处理的效果。本文还用自制的32阵元线阵扫描实验系统,对一个在空气中辐射400赫声波的小型扬声器的振动及声场进行了近场声全息成像研究,给出初步实验结果。     

分部优化正则化在近场声全息技术中的应用

在基于等效源法近场声全息技术的基础上,对稳定重建过程不适定性的正则化技术进行深入研究。为改善正则化效果,综合考虑Tikhonov正则化和截断奇异值法,提出一种新的分部优化正则化技术。该技术兼取了两种方法的优点,比Tikhonov正则化稳定,避免了过滤波等正则化失效的情况;比截断奇异值法精度高,包含了更多的细节信息。通过对简支板的数值仿真,分别和Tikhonov正则化和截断奇异值法进行了比较,说明了本文所提方法稳定性较好和精度较高的优点。最后通过实验研究进一步证明了本文方法的有效性和正确性。     

基于神经网络的近场声全息方法研究

研究了用于声源识别的近场声全息方法中的声场重建算法,针对一般声场重建算法速度慢、误差大的缺点,提出了基于RBF神经网络的声场重建算法。通过仿真证明:相比较于常用的利用菲涅尔变换推导的声全息重建算法,该重建算法具有重建误差小、速度快的优点,具有较好的可行性。     

平面近场声全息重建结果不准确性问题的研究

平面近场声全息作为一种有效的声场分析方法被广泛用于声场分析和振动体的振动模态及其辐射声场的研究。在介绍了平面近场声全息理论的基础上,指出了利用该方法进行声场重建时存在质点振动速度和声强重建不准确的问题,并从理论分析和模拟计算两个方面给予了证明,在此基础上进一步分析了该方法的应用局限性。     

振动体及其辐射场的近场声全息实验研究

本文介绍我们自行研制的空气中近场声全息成像实验系统。用这一系统对单个扬声器,双扬声器及振动圆板等声源及其辐射场进行了测量,获得一些有意义的结果.这些结果与理论分析和计算机模拟良好地符合,表明近场声全息可以作为研究振动及其辐射场关系的有效手段.     

调制声源的近场声全息分析

为了解决传统近场声全息技术在重建调制声源声场时无法显示出调制成分的问题,先通过Hilbert变换对调制信号的声场进行解调处理,将调制信号和载波信号分离开来,然后再对调制成分进行普通的重建分析,由此提出了基于Hilbert变换的调制声源近场声全息分析方法。文中的数值仿真与试验研究均表明此方法可以有效地完成调制声源的重建分析。     

边界元法循环平稳近场声全息理论研究

循环平稳声场是工程中经常遇到的一种特殊非平稳声场,声压信号受到调制作用,导致频谱出现边带现象,经典的近场声全息技术重建得到的声场无法反映声场的调制特性。在平面循环平稳近场声全息基础上,提出一种边界元法的循环平稳近场声全息技术,用二阶循环统计量理论代替传统的傅里叶分析,并以声压的循环谱密度取代其频谱及功率谱密度作为重建量,可用于循环平稳声场中具有复杂表面声源的辐射声场。由于循环谱密度对循环平稳信号具有解调功能,用该方法重建得到的循环谱密度能有效地反映调制和载波信号的信息。仿真分析与实验表明了本理论的有效性和精度能满足工程要求。     

The wave equation with viscoelastic attenuation and its application in problems of shallow-sea acoustics

A suitable tool for the simulation of low frequency acoustic pulse signals propagating in a shallow sea is the numerical integration of the nonstationary wave equation. The main feature of such simulation problems is that in this case the sound waves propagate in the geoacoustic waveguide formed by the upper layers of the bottom and the water column. By this reason, the correct dependence of the attenuation of sound waves in the bottom on their frequency must be taken into account. In this paper we obtain an integro-differential equation for the sound waves in the viscoelastic fluid, which allows to simulate the arbitrary dependence of acoustic wave attenuation on frequency in the time domain computations. The procedure of numerical solution of this equation based on its approximation by a system of differential equations is then considered and the methods of artificial limitation of computational domain are described. We also construct a simple finite-difference scheme for the proposed equation suitable for the numerical solution of nonstationary problems arising in the shallow-sea acoustics.     

Prediction of unknown terms of a sequence and its application to some physical problems

Nonlinear sequence transforms are known to predict the limits of a sequence, convergent or divergent. The power of these nonlinear transforms, especially the Levin-like transforms in predicting the subsequent terms of a sequence or series is investigated. If a particular sequence transform can predict one extra term of a series or sequence, then by including that term one can build a higher order transform and predict the subsequent term. Repeating the procedure one can, in principle, predict all the terms of the sequence and, in this sense, a complete knowledge of the sequence can be obtained. An analysis of the Levin-like transforms reveals that this is possible for a large number of test sequences, even though these transforms do not sum them exactly. We then apply this method to the divergent power series involved in a number of diverse physical problems, namely the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom in a magnetic field (the Zeeman problem), the ground state energy of the quartic anharmonic oscillator, the expansion of thermodynamic properties of a solid in terms of the moments of the frequency spectrum, the Ising model and the excluded volume effect in polymers. We also apply the method to problems in quantum electrodynamics (QED), namely to the perturbation series for the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the muon and to the ratios R (e⁺e⁻) = σ_tot (e⁺e⁻ → hadrons) /σ (e⁺e⁻ → μ⁺μ⁻) and which have played instrumental roles in the development of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In all these cases it is observed that the Levin-like transforms can be used to predict the subsequent terms of the sequences with high accuracy and these predicted terms can be included to calculate the physical properties with a greater accuracy by using higher order transforms. Thus, such predictions are expected to be very helpful in situations where the evaluation of the higher order terms of a sequence or series becomes extremely difficult as is the case in many physical situations.     

Quantized space-time and its influence on two physical problems

Based on Snyder's idea of quantized space-time, we derive a new generalized uncertainty principle and new modified density of states. Accordingly, we discuss the influence of the modified generalized uncertainty principle on the black hole entropy and the influence of the modified density of states on the Stefan-Boltzman law.     

Classical problems of nonlinear acoustics and wave theory

Focusing of a vibration field in finite sized elastic systems using time reversal of signals from a point’s wideband source is theoretically analyzed. It is shown that the result of space and time focusing for a classical reversal algorithm in limited systems with small losses depends of the positional relationship of the source and the signal receiver. A focusing algorithm eliminating this dependence and increasing the efficiency of the focusing of the vibration field is proposed. Theoretical estimates are confirmed with the results of numerical experiments with the models of elastic bodies.     

On the physical meaning of the power factor in acoustics

Following recent advancements in the study of time-averaged properties of energy propagation in linear acoustic fields, the well established concept of power factor known from the electric AC circuits analysis, is here extended to acoustics. This allows our outline of a complete acousto-electro-mechanic analogy, where the fundamental physical concept of energy trajectory is assimilated to a continuous line network of electric circuits, and the complex intensity vector field is defined by means of three special spatial directions: the tangent, the principal normal and the binormal direction at each point of any energy path. The notions of sound energy conductance and susceptance are then introduced and their relationship with complex intensity is highlighted. Finally, the frequency distributions of the defined quantities are measured in different acoustical contexts, thus illustrating their practical utility for advanced intensimetric metrology.     

Critical phenomena and new effects in the physical acoustics of solids

Experimental results on the variations of the acoustical parameters of crystal in the vicinity of their critical states are given; these variations represent new effects in the physical acoustics of solid, called acoustic splitting and internal friction oscillations. The new effects are illustrated in potassium nitrite and potassium nitrate, thallium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, silver azide, and in high-temperature superconductors made from yttrium—barium cuprate. Three types of acoustic splitting are discussed, depending on the nature of the phase transition and other factors. An approach is proposed as a possible means of explaining the observed effects on the basis of the notion of anomalous heterophase fluctuations.Polytechnic University, Tomsk. State University, Tomsk. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 22–34, June, 1995.