Processing of signals from an ion-elective electrode array by a neural network

Neural network software is described for processing the signals of arrays of ion-selective electrodes. The performance of the software was tested in the simultaneous determination of calcium and copper(II) ions in binary mixtures of copper(II) nitrate and calcium chloride and the simultaneous determination of potassium, calcium, nitrate and chloride in mixtures of potassium and calcium chlorides and ammonium nitrate. The measurements for the Ca²⁺/Cu²⁺ determinations were done with a pH-glass electrode and calcium and copper ion-selective electrodes; results were accurate to ±8%. For the K⁺/Ca²⁺NO^?₃/Cl^? determinations, the measurements were made with the relevant ion-selective electrodes and a glass electrode; the mean relative error was ±6%, and for the worst cases the error did not exceed 20%.     

Application of an artificial neural network (ANN) and piezoelectric chemical sensor array for identification of volatile organic compounds

A piezoelectric chemical sensor array was developed using four quartz crystals. Gas chromatographic stationary phases were used as sensing materials and the array was connected to an artificial neural network (ANN). The application of the ANN method proved to be particularly advantageous if the measured property (mass, concentration, etc.) should not be connected exactly to the signal of the transducers of the piezoelectric sensor. The optimum structure of neural network was determined by a trial and error method. Different structures were tried with several neurons in the hidden layer and the total error was calculated. The optimum values of primary weight factors, learning rate (η=0.15), momentum term (μ=0.9), and the sigmoid parameter (β=1) were determined. Finally, three hidden neurons and 900 training cycles were applied. After the teaching process the network was used for identification of taught analytes (acetone, benzene, chloroform, pentane). Mixtures of organic compounds were also analysed and the ANN method proved to be a reliable way of differentiating the sensing materials and identifying the volatile compounds.     

两次加标-标准加入法在电极法测定中的应用

按GB/T5 75 0 - 1985中的氟化物标准加入法测定回收率时 ,由于水样中的氟化物含量是未知的 ,很难保证加入标准液的量既要使测定中加标前后两次电位值的变化在 30 4 0mV之间 ,又要使加标体积小于 0 .5ml。所以本法采用不预先加标 ,按常规测出E1、E2 两个电位值后 ,再多加一次标准液 ,读取第三个电位值E3,将E3相对于E2 进行计算 ,这时计算出的氟化物含量是水样中氟化物的含量与第一次加入标准液中所含氟化物量的总和 ,只要减去水样中氟化物的量就可以得到第一次加入标准溶液中氟化物的测定含量 ,并以此来评价测定回收率。在计算公式中将两…     

Application of artificial neural network in food classification

Artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers have been successfully implemented for various quality inspection and grading tasks of diverse food products. ANN are very good pattern classifiers because of their ability to learn patterns that are not linearly separable and concepts dealing with uncertainty, noise and random events. In this research, the ANN was used to build the classification model based on the relevant features of beer. Samples of the same brand of beer but with varying manufacturing dates, originating from miscellaneous manufacturing lots, have been represented in the multidimensional space by data vectors, which was an assembly of 12 features (% of alcohol, pH, % of CO(2) etc.). The classification has been performed for two subsets, the first that included samples of good quality beer and the other containing samples of unsatisfactory quality. ANN techniques allowed the discrimination between qualities of beer samples with up to 100% of correct classifications.     

Application of quantitative artificial neural network analysis to 2D NMR spectra of hydrocarbon mixtures

Understanding relationships between the structure and composition of molecular mixtures and their chemical properties is a main industrial aim. One central field of research is oil chemistry where the key question is how the molecular characteristics of composite hydrocarbon mixtures can be associated with the macroscopic properties of the oil products. Apparently these relationships are complex and often nonlinear and therefore call for advanced spectroscopic techniques. An informative and an increasingly used approach is two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy. In the case of composite hydrocarbons the application of 2D NMR methodologies in a quantitative manner pose many technical difficulties, and, in any case, the resulting spectra contain many overlapping resonances that challenge the analytical work. Here, we present a general methodology, based on quantitative artificial neural network (ANN) analysis, to resolve overlapping information in 2D NMR spectra and to simultaneously assess the relative importance of multiple spectral variables on the sample properties. The results in a set of 2D NMR spectra of oil samples illustrate, first, that use of ANN analysis for quantitative purposes is feasible also in 2D and, second, that this methodology offers an intrinsic opportunity to assess the complex and nonlinear relationships between the molecular composition and sample properties. The presented ANN methodology is not limited to the analysis of NMR spectra but can also be applied in a manner similar to other (multidimensional) spectroscopic data.     

A neural network approach to infrared spectrum interpretation

The simple linear neural network model was investigated as a method for automated interpretation of infrared spectra. The model was trained using a database of infrared spectra of organic compounds of known structure. The model was able to learn, without any prior input of spectrum-structure correlations, to recognize and identify 76 functional groupings with accuracies ranging from fair to excellent. The effect of network input parameters and of training set composition were studied, and several sources of spurious correlations were identified and corrected.Dedicated to Professor W. Simon on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Electrochemical inhibition bacterial sensor array for detection of water pollutants: artificial neural network (ANN) approach

This work reports on further development of an inhibition electrochemical sensor array based on immobilized bacteria for the preliminary detection of a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as heavy metal salts (HgCl₂, PbCl₂, CdCl₂), pesticides (atrazine, simazine, DDVP), and petrochemicals (hexane, octane, pentane, toluene, pyrene, and ethanol) in water. A series of DC and AC electrochemical measurements, e.g., cyclic voltammograms and impedance spectroscopy, were carried out on screen-printed gold electrodes with three types of bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Shewanella oneidensis, and Methylococcus capsulatus, immobilized via poly l-lysine. The results obtained showed a possibility of pattern recognition of the above pollutants by their inhibition effect on the three bacteria used. The analysis of a large amount of experimental data was carried out using an artificial neural network (ANN) programme for more accurate identification of pollutants as well as the estimation of their concentration. The results are encouraging for the development of a simple and cost-effective biosensing technology for preliminary in-field analysis (screening) of water samples for the presence of environmental pollutants.

Graphical abstract

     

Application of an integrated microchip system with capillary array electrophoresis to optimization of enzymatic reactions

In this work, a combination of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microchip system with capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) is demonstrated as a system for optimizing conditions for enzymatic reaction. Dimethylacridinone (DDAO)-phosphate substrate and alkaline phosphatase conjugate were selected for the enzymatic reaction, which was applicable to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Laser-induced fluorometry with a miniature semiconductor laser was used to detect the enzymatic products. The speed of the enzymatic reaction between the DDAO-phosphate and the alkaline phosphatase conjugate was investigated as a function of reaction time. The microchip-CAE detection system could determine the pH condition and the concentration of enzyme that are suitable for rapid and low-cost analysis. This result shows the feasibility of using the microchip-CAE system for application to miniaturized screening systems.     

A polarizable force field for water using an artificial neural network

A force field for liquid water including polarization effects has been constructed using an artificial neural network (ANN). It is essential to include a many-body polarization effect explicitly into a potential energy function in order to treat liquid water which is dense and highly polar. The new potential energy function is a combination of empirical and nonempirical potentials. The TIP4P model was used for the empirical part of the potential. For the nonempirical part, an ANN with a back-propagation of error algorithm (BPNN) was introduced to reproduce the complicated many-body interaction energy surface from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. BPNN, described in terms of a matrix, provides enough flexibility to describe the complex potential energy surface (PES). The structural and thermodynamic properties, calculated by isobaric-isothermal (constant-NPT) Monte Carlo simulations with the new polarizable force field for water, are compatible with experimental results. Thus, the simulation establishes the validity of using our estimated PES with a polarization effect for accurate predictions of liquid state properties. Applications of this approach are simple and systematic so that it can easily be applied to the development of other force fields besides the water-water system.     

Artificial neural network applied to solid state thermal decomposition

A multi-layer neural network is constructed to describe the thermal decomposition of rhodium acetate. Critical analysis of the residual, trained, interpolated and extrapolated errors, with the number of neurons, indicates the efficiency of the present approach. It was possible, within this framework, to improve the A _n model, with a better correlation between the results. A new value of the activation energy, E _a, and frequency factor, Z, are calculated for the decomposition process. Since the neural network is more precise than a particular model, the calculated values for these quantities are believed to be more precise. The computed values are E _a=194.0 kJ mol^-1 and Z=5.23·1016 s^-1. The neural network eliminates the step to decide, among the available models, the one that best fit the data. An agreement up to four significant figures can be achieved even for data not used in the training process, both in the interpolated and extrapolated regions. This method suggests, therefore, an important alternative tool for the experimentalists. The present approach can also be adapted to other systems and to data in two dimensions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of an artificial neural network (ANN) and piezoelectric chemical sensor array for identification of volatile organic compounds

A piezoelectric chemical sensor array was developed using four quartz crystals. Gas chromatographic stationary phases were used as sensing materials and the array was connected to an artificial neural network (ANN). The application of the ANN method proved to be particularly advantageous if the measured property (mass, concentration, etc.) should not be connected exactly to the signal of the transducers of the piezoelectric sensor. The optimum structure of neural network was determined by a trial and error method. Different structures were tried with several neurons in the hidden layer and the total error was calculated. The optimum values of primary weight factors, learning rate (η=0.15), momentum term (μ=0.9), and the sigmoid parameter (β=1) were determined. Finally, three hidden neurons and 900 training cycles were applied. After the teaching process the network was used for identification of taught analytes (acetone, benzene, chloroform, pentane). Mixtures of organic compounds were also analysed and the ANN method proved to be a reliable way of differentiating the sensing materials and identifying the volatile compounds.     

Fluorescence optosensor using an artificial neural network for screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

This paper presents an optosensor for screening of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: anthracene (ANT), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), fluoranthene (FLT), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (Bbf) using a photomultiplier device with an artificial neural network as transducer. The optosensor is based on the on-line immobilization on a non-ionic resin (Amberlite XAD-4) solid support in a continuous flow. The determination was performed in 15 mM H₂PO₄⁻/HPO₄²⁻ buffer solution at pH 7 and 25% of 1,4-dioxane. Feed forward neural networks (multiplayer perceptron) have been trained to quantify the considered Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mixtures under optimal conditions. The optosensor proposed was also applied satisfactorily to the determination of the considered PAHs in water samples in presence of the other 12 EPA–PAHs.     

Characterization of an experimental TPD—MS system. Quantitative calibrations

A simple TPD—MS device, which operates in a flow of helium at normal pressure, is described.

The system was checked to ensure that it was capable of performing quantitative analysis of evolved gases. Quantitative calibrations were obtained for a number of substances, both organic and inorganic. The influence of several operational variables, which were easily modified in our device, on the response of the system has also been studied.

Calibrations were obtained by fast injection into the system of the substances to be analysed. Since these calibrations were obtained in an unusual way, under conditions which are not exactly the same as those operating in real TPD experiments, their applicability to EGA has been tested.     

XPS study of surface changes in magnesium subjected to attack by an alkyl halide

Metal-solution interfacial phenomena occuring when magnesium is attacked by a halogen derivative are studied by XPS analysis of the state of the surface formed during this reaction.