Simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in a vitamin-enriched drink by an in-capillary enzyme reaction method

The in-capillary enzyme reaction method was used to determine riboflavin phosphate in a vitamin-enriched drink based on its conversion to riboflavin (vitamin B2) with alkaline phosphatase. Simultaneously, three water-soluble vitamins [thiamine nitrate (vitamin B2 mononitrate), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6 hydrochloride) and nicotinamide (vitamin PP)] and anhydrous caffeine in the drink were subjected to quantitative analysis. In the system, electrophoretic migration was used to mix zones containing the substrate (riboflavin phosphate) and the enzyme (alkaline phosphatase). The reaction was then allowed to proceed in the presence of a weak electric field and, finally, the product (riboflavin) of enzyme reaction and other water-soluble vitamins migrated under the influence of an applied electric field to the detector. All the active ingredients and the formulation excipients were successfully separated by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with 135 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. To prevent inhibition of enzyme reaction by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to the reaction zone, sandwich mode injection, in which plugs of sandwich solution without sodium dodecyl sulfate were introduced into the capillary on both sides of the reaction zone, was utilized as a barrier to protect the enzyme reaction from the inhibitor. The relationship between the peak area of the product and the concentration of the substrate was calculated in the in-capillary enzyme reaction method. Excellent linearity was obtained, with correlation coefficients of 0.9999. The established method was validated and demonstrated to be applicable to the determination of the five active ingredients, including riboflavin phosphate, in a commercial vitamin-enriched drink. No interference from the formulation excipients was observed. Good linearities were obtained, with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Recoveries and precisions ranged from 99.3 to 101.8%, and from 0.1 to 2.5% RSD, respectively. Good agreement was obtained between the established method and traditional high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. These results suggest that the in-capillary enzyme reaction method can be used for the simultaneous determination of riboflavin phosphate and other water-soluble vitamins in pharmaceuticals.     

Development of a validated HPLC method for the determination of B-complex vitamins in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids after solid phase extraction

An HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven water-soluble vitamins, viz. thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, and folic acid, in multivitamin pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids (blood serum and urine). Separation was achieved at ambient temperature on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (150 x 4.6 mm) analytical column. Gradient elution was performed starting at a 99:1 A:B v/v composition, where A: 0.05 M CH3COONH4/CH3OH (99/1) and B: H2O/CH3OH (50/50), at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. After a 4-min isocratic elution the composition was changed to 100% of B in 18 min and elution continued isocratically for 8 min. Detection was performed with a photodiode array detector at 280 nm. Each vitamin was quantitatively determined at its maximum wavelength. Spectral comparison was used for peak identification in real samples. Detection limits were in the range of 1.6-3.4 ng, per 20-microL injection, while linearity held up to 25 ng/microL. Accuracy, intra-day repeatability (n = 6), and inter-day precision (n = 7) were found to be satisfactory. Theobromine (2 ng/microL) was used as internal standard. Sample preparation of biological fluids was performed by SPE on Supelclean LC-18 cartridges with methanol-water 85/15 v/v as eluent. Extraction recoveries from biological matrices ranged from 84.6% to 103.0%.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定尿液中的4种巯基尿酸

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)同时检测人体尿液中N-乙酰基-S-(3,4-二羟基丁基)-L-半胱氨酸(DHBMA)、N-乙酰基-S-(3-羟基丙基)半胱氨酸(3-HPMA)、N-乙酰基-S-(2-氰乙基)-L-2-氨基-3-巯基羧酸(CEMA)和苯巯基尿酸(SPMA)的检测方法。冰冻的人体24 h尿液在室温下解冻,混合均匀后离心过滤,经C18固相萃取小柱净化富集后在多反应监测模式下采用HPLC-MS/MS进行定量分析。在3个添加水平下,尿液中DHBMA、3-HPMA、CEMA和SPMA的加标回收率分别为105.6%～124.4%、102.7%～106.5%、103.2%～103.9%和101.7%～104.3%,相对标准偏差为2.6%～7.7%。以不低于3倍的信噪比估算DHBMA、3-HPMA、CEMA和SPMA的检出限分别为0.062、0.031、0.020和0.003 μg/L。应用该方法检测了37例吸烟和非吸烟者的24 h尿液样本,结果发现吸烟者尿液中3-HPMA、SPMA和CEMA的平均含量比非吸烟者高3到6倍。     

Multi-residue-analysis of pesticides by HPLC after solid phase extraction

Summary HPLC is a good method for analyzing a broad variety of different pesticides in drinking and surface water. Due to a high enrichment factor in solid phase extraction and the sensitive detection in the UV-range many pesticides can be determined even at a concentration lower than 0.05 g/l. By the use of a diode-array-detector a good security is reached for the identification of substances.     

Development of an HPLC method for the determination of mexiletine in human plasma and urine by solid-phase extraction

A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of mexiletine (MEX) in human plasma and urine. It uses solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by an automated reversed-phase HPLC with a pre-column derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-CI) and UV-vis Absorbance detection. The process was set as: the UV-vis Absorbance wavelength was set at 458 nm. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex-C₁₈ Column (Aqua, 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. with 5 μm particle size) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (80:20, v/v), and the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min⁻¹. Calibration of the overall analytical procedure gave a linear signal (r > 0.9998) over a MEX concentration range of 0.2-2.0 μg mL⁻¹ in human plasma and urine. The detection limit in plasma and urine was 0.1 μg mL⁻¹. Intra- and inter-day precision of the assay at three concentrations within this range were 0.31-2.50%. The high specificity and sensitivity have been achieved by this fast method (total run-time <6 min). The method has been successfully validated in human plasma and urine and it has been shown to be precise, accurate and reliable.     

免疫亲和固相萃取-超高效合相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定牛奶中6种玉米赤霉醇类化合物残留

建立了免疫亲和固相萃取（IAC-SPE）-超高效合相色谱-串联质谱（UPC²-MS/MS）同时测定牛奶中α-玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮和玉米赤霉酮残留的分析方法。样品用去离子水稀释,经IAC-SPE富集净化后,采用Waters ACQUITY UPC² Torus 2-PIC色谱柱（50 mm×3.0 mm,1.7 μm）分离,以超临界CO₂和0.1%（v/v）甲酸甲醇溶液为流动相,经梯度洗脱后在ESI^-模式下检测。经过稀释离心的牛奶样品采用免疫亲和柱净化后没有明显的基质效应,6种目标化合物在1~200 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r²）≥0.9957;6种目标化合物在3个加标水平下的平均回收率为75.9%~106.5%,日内和日间精密度均≤11.4%。该法专属性好,操作简便,有机溶剂使用量小,与已有的样品测定方法比较更绿色环保,可用于牛奶中α-玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、玉米赤霉酮和玉米赤霉烯酮的残留检测。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定猪肉中20种精神药物残留

建立了固相萃取和超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱（UPLC-ESI-MS/MS）同时测定猪肉中20种精神药物残留的方法。样品采用碱性乙腈作为提取试剂,提取液经Oasis MCX固相萃取柱净化后,以含0.1%（v/v）甲酸的水溶液和乙腈作为流动相梯度洗脱,用C18色谱柱分离,正离子模式扫描,多反应监测模式检测。20种化合物在5~100 μg/L质量浓度范围内均呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.99,以S/N≥10计算方法的定量限为5 μg/kg。在空白猪肉中添加5、10和50 μg/kg水平的20种药物,其平均回收率为66.8%~97.2%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.2%~12.4%。本方法快速、准确、可靠,适用于猪肉中精神药物多残留的同时测定。     

Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in fortified infant foods by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins, including vitamin B5 (VB5), vitamin B8 (VB8), vitamin B9 (VB9), and vitamin B12 (VB12) in fortified infant foods is developed and validated. A reverse phase UPLC separation system consisting of a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C-18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm i.d., 1.7 microm) and a binary gradient acetonitrile-water mobile phase is applied for the separation of the four water-soluble vitamins. Formic acid is spiked into the mobile phase to enhance the ionization efficiency. Tandem MS-MS analysis is performed in multi-reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Product-ion traces at m/z 220.1 --> 89.9 for VB5, 245.1 --> 227.1 for VB8, 442.3 --> 295.2 for VB9, and 678.9 --> 147.0 for VB12 are used for quantitation of the corresponding vitamins, and traces at m/z 455.5 --> 308.0 are used for methotrexate (internal standard). Limits of quantitation (LOQs) are 0.016, 0.090, 0.020, and 0.019 microg/L for VB5, VB8, VB9, and VB12, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions for the determination of the four vitamins are better than 6.84% and 12.26% in relative standard deviations, and recoveries for the four vitamins are in the range of 86.0~101.5%. The developed approach is applied for the determination of the trace amounts of the vitamins in fortified milk powers and fortified rice powers.     

固相萃取-衍生化-气相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定尿液中4种阿片类物质

公安机关用胶体金尿检法对海洛因滥用者的检测常常受到阿片类镇咳药的干扰,使用传统液-液提取法进行实验室检验,操作效率低,灵敏度不高,无法满足公安机关打击涉毒案件的需要。为此,该研究建立了尿液中吗啡、O⁶-单乙酰吗啡、可待因和乙酰可待因4种阿片类物质的固相萃取和衍生化技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)同时检测方法。尿样用磷酸盐缓冲液调节至pH=6后,经MCX固相萃取柱净化,用N-甲基-N-(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(MSTFA)对吗啡、O⁶-单乙酰吗啡、可待因进行衍生化,供GC-MS检测。考察了上样和洗脱流速、淋洗液中甲酸体积分数、洗脱液中氨水体积分数、3%(v/v)甲酸甲醇淋洗液体积和固相萃取柱吹干时间对萃取效果的影响。确定上样和洗脱流速1.0 mL/min,淋洗液中甲酸体积分数3%,洗脱液中氨水体积分数5%, 3%(v/v)甲酸甲醇淋洗液体积1 mL,吹干时间1 min为最佳条件。在此条件下,4种阿片类物质在0.02～0.8μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r²≥0.998),检出限(LOD)为0.001 6～0.00...     

Simultaneous determination of amphetamine derivatives in human urine after SPE extraction and HPLC-UV analysis

Amphetamine derivatives are a class of compounds increasingly abused as recreational drugs in various regions of the world. Although d-amphetamine (AMPH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are among the most commonly used, the abuse of other designer drugs such as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) and their involvement in acute intoxications has been increasingly reported. There is evidence that abusers ingest these compounds either alone or in combination and the respective monitoring is important for both legal and health care purposes in hospital emergency. In the present study a simple and clean solid-phase extraction procedure from urine of AMPH and MDMA, and their major metabolites p-hydroxyamphetamine (OH-AMPH) and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 2C-B and 4-MTA was developed. Analysis was performed by HPLC-UV and the precision of the technique was between 2.9 and 5.3% for all compounds. For the overall procedure, the precision values were between 3.3 and 5.9%. Recoveries obtained from spiked urines at three concentration levels were better than 84 +/- 4% for the six compounds. The limit of detection of the method for the compounds (between 5.3 and 84.0 ng) enables their identification in urine after ingestion of fatal and non-fatal doses. The main advantages of the present method lie in its simple, clean and reliable SPE extraction method of the six amphetamine derivatives from urine followed by their simultaneous detection and quantification by liquid chromatography with UV detection.     

Separation and determination of estrone in environmental and drinking water using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC

Estrone has been identified as an important potential endocrine-disrupting compound, so that sensitive and reliable analytical methods are required for its determination and the assurance of human health. Using estrone as the template, acrylamide as the functional monomer, and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane as the cross-linker, an organic-inorganic hybrid material has been synthesized by the molecular imprinting technique combined with a non-hydrolytic so-gel process. The synthesized polymer was characterized by FT-IR and static adsorption experiments, and the results showed that it had good recognition and selective ability for estrone. A novel method for separation and determination of trace estrone in water samples was developed using molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction coupled with HPLC. Under the selected experimental condition, the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 9.3 ng/L, and the RSD for five replicate extractions of 10 mug/L estrone was less than 5.0%. This method was employed for quantitative determination of estrone in river, lake, and tap water with recoveries ranging from 83.38 to 98.12%.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定多维元素片中9种水溶性维生素

采用更简便的流动相体系,建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定多维元素片中9种水溶性维生素的快速分析方法。以酸水解与离心的方法处理样品,用C8柱分离,流动相A为0.1%三氟乙酸的水溶液,B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测。28min内实现了9种水溶性维生素的同时分离测定。各维生素线性关系、精密度、回收率均良好。并使用美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)的SRM3280多维元素片标准物质对方法进行了确认,运用此法测定了市售多维元素片中的水溶性维生素含量。该法可作为维生素片剂中水溶性维生素分离测定的质控方法。     

冷诱导液液萃取-分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鸡蛋中白僵菌素和4种恩镰孢菌素残留

新型生物毒素白僵菌素(BEA)和恩镰孢菌素(ENNs)是由镰刀菌种产生的有毒代谢产物,主要污染谷物及其制品,会威胁人类健康,因此受到人们越来越多的关注。该工作建立了冷诱导液液萃取-分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(CI-LLE-DSPE-UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定鸡蛋中白僵菌素和4种恩镰孢菌素残留的分析方法。以乙腈-水-乙酸(79∶20∶1, v/v/v)为提取溶剂,采用冷诱导液液萃取与分散固相萃取净化相结合的方法进行样品处理,同时,对影响待测物提取与净化效率的提取溶剂、冷冻萃取温度与时间、净化剂用量等因素和色谱条件进行了优化。样品经20 mL提取液涡旋提取20 min,放入-40 ℃冰箱静置30 min后,取2 mL上层溶液经70 mg C18粉末净化,离心,上清液于40 ℃浓缩至近干,残留物用1 mL 80%(v/v)乙腈水溶液溶解,进样分析。以乙腈与5 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)分离,采用ESI⁺电离,在多反应监测模式下采集,白僵菌素采用稳定同位素内标法定量,4种恩镰孢菌素采用基质匹配曲线外标法定量。结果表明,5种待测物在0.1~50.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r²)为0.9983~0.9997,该方法的检出限(LOD)为0.05~0.15 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.20~0.50 μg/kg。以阴性鸡蛋样品为基质,在低、中、高3个浓度水平(0.5、5.0、25.0 μg/kg)下进行加标试验考察方法的准确度与精密度,各待测物的平均回收率为81.1%~106%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.27%~9.79%。采用所建立的方法对农村散养鸡蛋与市售鸡蛋进行检测,结果表明,BEA在散养鸡蛋的检出率为30.4%, 4种ENNs均未被检出。该方法灵敏度高,稳定性好,回收率高,定量准确,简单易操作,适用于禽蛋食品中白僵菌素与恩镰孢菌素的同时快速测定。     

Interaction of water-soluble vitamins with a new HPLC stationary phase based on zinc phthalocyanate

The adsorption of water-soluble vitamins on the surface of Diaspher-110-C₁₈ sorbent modified with zinc octa-4,5-carboxyphthalocyanate is studied. Adsorption isotherms are constructed and calculated by the Glücauf method at 20°C. It is established that the shape of the isotherms depends on the nature of vitamins and their structure: the isotherm of vitamin C is a Henry-type isotherm, the isotherms of vitamins B₃ and B₆ are of S-type, and the isotherm of vitamin PP-amide is of L-type. Monolayer capacities, adsorption equilibrium constants, and Gibbs energy changes are calculated.     

A solid phase extraction method for the screening and determination of pyrethroid metabolites and organochlorine pesticides in human urine.

A screening method has been developed for the determination of 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 3-pyrethroid metabolities [cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid, cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid] from human urine. OCPs were directly detected in urine samples while pyrethroid metabolites required acid-induced hydrolysis to convert their conjugates into free acids; all compounds were then cleaned-up/preconcentrated using solid phase extraction. Determination and quantitation was achieved by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector operating in selected ion monitoring mode. Limits of detection varied between 0.1 and 0.3 ng/mL with linear ranges from 0.3 to 700 ng/mL; the precision of the method was high (4.3-7.2%). Recoveries of all analytes from urine samples fortified at levels of 30 ng/mL for each OCP and 15 ng/mL for each pyrethroid metabolite ranged from 88 to 101% (captan gave the lowest recovery). The results obtained from the analysis of real urine samples show the suitability of the proposed method for monitoring people exposed to organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides.     

Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese herbal medicines by microwave‐assisted extraction coupled with dispersive‐solid phase extraction and gas chromatography

A reliable, rapid and nontoxic analytical method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of 16 organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese herbal medicines. The pesticides were extracted by ethanol and the experimental variables, such as temperature, extraction time and volume of ethanol, were optimized through orthogonal array experimental design. Cleanup of extracts was performed with dispersive‐solid phase extraction using primary secondary amine as the sorbent. The determination of pesticides in the final extracts was carried out by gas chromatography–flame photometric detection. Under optimized conditions the obtained recoveries, except for isocarbophos, were in the range 73.8–123%, with relative standard deviations equal to or lower than 15.2% and limits of detection ranging from 0.001 to 0.009 mg/kg. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simultaneous determination of some water-soluble vitamins and preservatives in multivitamin syrup by validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method

HPLC stability-indicating method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of some water-soluble vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin-5'-phosphate sodium, pyridoxine hydrochloride, nicotinamide, D(+)-panthenol) and two preservatives (methylparaben and sodium benzoate) in multivitamin syrup preparation. Water-soluble vitamins, preservatives and their degradants were separated on Zorbax SB-Aq (C(18)) (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) column at an ambient temperature. Combined isocratic and gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase consisting of 0.0125 M hexane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt in 0.1% (m/v) o-phosphoric acid, pH 2.4-2.5 (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) at the flow-rate 1 ml min(-1). Starting with solvent A an isocratic elution was performed for 15 min, then the composition was changed to 85% of A and 15% of B during the next 20 min and it was constant for 5 min, then the composition was changed to 70% of A and 30% of B during next 15 min and it was constant for 5 min and finally was changed to 100% of A as at the beginning of the elution. Detection was performed with diode array detector at 210, 230 and 254 nm. Multivitamin syrup preparation was subjected to stress testing (forced degradation) in order to demonstrate that degradants from the vitamins, preservatives and/or product excipients do not interfere with the quantification of vitamins and preservatives. Typical validation characteristics: selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of quantification and limit of detection were evaluated for vitamins and preservatives.     

在线固相萃取结合液相色谱-线性离子阱多级质谱法同时检测生物样品中7种乌头类生物碱

建立了在线固相萃取(on-line SPE)结合液相色谱-线性离子阱多级质谱(LC-LIT/MSⁿ)同时测定全血、尿液和肝组织样品中7种乌头类生物碱的分析方法,并根据7种乌头类生物碱的多级质谱碎片对裂解规律进行了推测和总结。用乙腈沉淀样品中的蛋白质,于稀释和离心后直接进样。经Waters Oasis^® HLB在线SPE柱富集纯化,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸/乙酸铵溶液-0.1%(v/v)甲酸/甲醇溶液为流动相,以Accucore C18为分析柱进行梯度洗脱;在电喷雾电离(ESI)正离子模式下测定;扫描方式为连续反应监测(CRM)。在考察的质量浓度范围内,7种乌头类生物碱的标准曲线符合二阶方程(权重因子1/x),相关系数为0.9991~0.9999;在全血和尿液中的方法检出限为0.02~0.60 ng/mL,在肝组织中的方法检出限为0.02~0.40 ng/g;加标回收率为91.1%~104.7%,日内精密度和日间精密度分别为0.2%~10.7%、1.0%~13.7%(n=6)。该方法简单准确,灵敏度高,能够满足生物样品中7种乌头类生物碱的快速分析。     

On-line solid phase extraction coupled to capillary LC-ESI-MS for determination of fluoxetine in human blood plasma

An instrumental setup including on-line solid phased extraction coupled to capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SPE-capLC-ESI-MS) has been constructed to improve the sensitivity for quantification of fluoxetine hydrochloride in human plasma. Prior to injection, 0.5 mL of plasma spiked with metronidazole (internal standard) was mixed with ammonium formate buffer for effective chloroform liquid-liquid extraction. The method was validated in the range 5-60 ng mL⁻¹ fluoxetine, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.999 (r²). The within-assay and between-assay precisions were between (8.5 and 11%) and (6.6 and 7.5%), respectively. The method was used to determine the amount of fluoxetine in a healthy male 14 h after an intake of one capsule of the antidepressant and anorectic Flutin^®, which contains 20 mg fluoxetine per each capsule. Fluoxetine was detected, and the concentration was calculated to 9.0 ng mL⁻¹ plasma. In the preliminary experiments, conventional LC-UV instrumentation was employed. However, it was found that employing a capillary column with an inner diameter of (0.3 mm I.D. × 50 mm, Zorbax C₁₈) increased the sensitivity by a factor of ∼100, when injecting the same mass of analyte. Incorporating an easily automated C₁₈ reversed phase column switching system with SPE (1.0 mm I.D. × 5.0 mm, 5 μm) made it possible to inject up to 100 μL of solution, and the total analysis time was 5.5 min.