溶液电导率的绝对测量方法

概括论述了三种溶液电导率绝对测量方法：基于精确测量电导池几何参数的测量方法、基于电容测量的溶液电导率测量方法和基于Van Der Pauw方法的溶液电导率测量方法。前一种方法用于许多国家的溶液电导率基准测量,后两种方法可发展为溶液电导率测量的基;住方法。     

Note on the bimodal distribution of PT results

The practitioner’s report "Treatment of bimodality in proficiency test of pH in bioethanol matrix" by Sarmanho et al. deals with a proficiency test (PT) for the measurement of pH in bioethanol. One group of 19 participating laboratories used an electrode that contained saturated LiCl and the other one KCl. The results of the LiCl group are biased, and those of the KCl group are unbiased as compared with the assigned reference value \(y_\mathrm{{RM}}\), and hence, the distribution of the laboratory means is bimodal. In order to deal with this situation, Sarmanho et al. present and carry out two different methods of fitting the bimodal distribution of the laboratory means: a fit by a mixture of two normal distributions and a Gaussian kernel estimation. Since this rather advanced statistical analysis does not help to solve the practical problem, some recomendations of ISO 17043 are discussed that might be useful for the coordinator of the PT and as well for the participating laboratories.     

Novel method for bulk resistance evaluation in conductivity measurement for high-purity water

A major issue with the electrolytic conductivity measurement for pure water is the lack of standard or reference methods. A primary method traceable to SI and suitable for pure-water conductivity measurement was developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany, as the base for the calibration method for the conductivity measuring devices at the low conductivity level. This paper provides a novel method to calculate the bulk resistance of pure water using impedance measured at a single frequency, which is one of the key procedures for the primary methods.     

Nanoscale Perovskites as Catalysts and Supports for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

With the ultimate goal of simultaneously finding cost-effective, more earth-abundant, and high-performance alternatives to commercial Pt/Pd-based catalysts for electrocatalysis, this review article highlights advances in the use of perovskite metal oxides as both catalysts and catalyst supports towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) within a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) configuration. Specifically, perovskite metal oxides are promising as versatile functional replacements for conventional platinum-group metals, in part because of their excellent ionic conductivity, overall resistance to corrosion, good proton-transport properties, and potential for interesting acidic surface chemistry, all of which contribute to their high activity and reasonable stability, especially within an alkaline electrolytic environment.     

Conductivity as a Sensor for Monitoring Relative Magnesium Corrosion Rates in Real‐time,in Serum‐containing Media under Cell Culture Conditions

Because controlling the corrosion rate of magnesium metal will be crucial to the success of biomedical implants containing pure magnesium or magnesium alloys, many ways have been sought to improve in vitro tests to analyze corrosion rates, and also to identify new methods of preparing or post‐processing magnesium. In this work, for an in vitro assay, we explored the use of a commercially available conductivity sensor to study magnesium corrosion under cell culture conditions that duplicate many physiologically appropriate parameters. With this sensor, we studied the corrosion of two previously untested magnesium single crystal samples that differed in surface treatments that could alter corrosion rates. The results show that the relative conductivity changes in (mS/cm) over the total time of immersion were proportional to the corrosion rates in (mm/y) and also to the total magnesium released, as detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).     

Electroactive conducting polymers for corrosion control

There is an intensive effort underway to develop new corrosion control coatings for structural metals. In part, this effort has been motivated by the desire to replace chromium(VI)-containing coatings currently used for corrosion control of iron and aluminum alloys. Cr(VI) has been shown to be hazardous to the environmental and to human health, and its use in many countries will be sharply curtailed in the coming years. Electroactive conducting polymers (ECPs) represent a class of interesting materials currently being explored for use in corrosion control coating systems, possibly as a replacement for Cr(VI)-based coatings. The electroactivity and the electronic conductivity (or semiconductivity) of ECPs set them apart from traditional organic coatings. As with chromate, interesting and potentially beneficial interactions of ECPs with active metal alloys such as steel and aluminum are anticipated, with concomitant alteration of their corrosion behavior. A review of this active research area will be presented in two parts. Here in Part 1, a general introduction to the topic of corrosion control by ECPs will be presented, including an overview of corrosion and its control by traditional methods, an introduction to ECPs and their properties, and a discussion of the processing issues surrounding the use of ECPs as coatings. Part 1 also includes a review of the literature on the use of ECPs as coatings (or components of coatings) on non-ferrous active metals, principally aluminum and aluminum alloys, although some work on zinc, copper, silver, titanium and silicon will also be described. In Part 2 of this review (to be published in the next issue of this journal), the rather extensive literature on the use of ECPs for the corrosion control of ferrous alloys (steels) will be reviewed. Electronic Publication     

Determination of corrosion current density by the rate of cathodic depolarizer consumption

The method of determination of metal corrosion rate, which does not require polarization of test specimen by an external power source, is described. The method involves the measurement of H⁺ ions consumption rate in the cathodic reactions at a constant pH value of solution, which is maintained by the compensating acid additives. The method application is demonstrated by two examples: the corrosion of iron in the weakly acidic sulfate and chloride solutions. Thus obtained results are compared with the data, which were determined by the methods of Tafel extrapolation and analysis of pre-Tafel portion of polarization curve.     

Primary methods for the measurement of electrolytic conductivity

This paper surveys the state of the art for primary methods for the evaluation of electrolytic conductivity in aqueous solutions as they are currently carried out in several national metrological institutes (NMIs). The theoretical and practical basic knowledge of this measurement is described. Analysis of and comments on the different approaches are offered to give emphasis to technical difficulties and possible solutions. Further development is foreseeable, ensuring a common effort for the sharing of expertise that has been undertaken at the NMIs. In particular, improvements are expected towards traceable measurements of solutions with conductivity values lower than those actually standardized, down to the level of ultrapure water.     

A computer-controlled apparatus for thermal conductivity measurement by the transient hot wire method

The aim of this paper is to review the transient hot wire method for measurement of thermal conductivity, which is based on the measurement of temporal history of the temperature rise caused by linear heat source (hot wire) embedded in a test material. If a current is passed through the wire, the rise in temperature will be dependent, among other factors, on the thermal conductivity of the medium, surrounding the wire. Here the mathematical basis, as well as main modifications of the hot wire method — cross technique, resistance modifications with potential and compensated lead methods; hot wire probe method and parallel wire technique, are described and discussed. A fully automated computer-controlled transient hot wire apparatus is presented and tested, which allows measurement of thermal conductivity of solid, powder and granular materials at high temperatures.     

Recent developments in the separation of inorganic and small organic ions by capillary electrophoresis

Which method should I use for ion analysis, ion chromatography (IC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE)? In terms of actual theoretical plates CE has a clear-cut advantage. The separation ability of IC is adequate for many sample types, and many separation scientists feel that IC offers greater reliability and confidence than CE. However, IC is a more mature technique and there has been more time to solve problems such as peak tailing and to improve reproducibility. The two techniques should be viewed as complementary. A number of recent developments in ion analysis by CE are discussed. These include some simple ways to control electroosmotic flow and improve reproducibility, separation of isotopes, improved methods of indirect photometric detection, a new contactless conductivity detector, separation of ions at low pH, and in solutions of high salt content. Progress in a new technique called IC-CE will be described in which a soluble ion-exchange polymer is added to the capillary electrolyte to separate anions based on differences in both electrophoretic mobility and ion-exchange interactions.     

Determination of tri- and tetravalent ions with a divalent ion-selective electrode

A method of determining tri- and tetravalent ions with a divalent ion-selective electrode is proposed. The determination is based on displacement of the divalent metal ion from the Mg-EDTA or Zn-EDTA complex. The approximate ranges for direct measurement are 3·10^-3–3·10^-4M. Titrimetric methods are recommended for analysis of mixtures of metal ions. Optimal pH ranges and precision are discussed.     

Method for analysis of the composition of acid soaps by electrolytic conductivity measurements

Here, we propose a method for determining the stoichiometry of acid-soap crystallites. The method is based on dissolving the crystallites in water at an appropriate working temperature, followed by measurement of the electrolytic conductivity of the obtained solutions. The working temperature is chosen in such a way that the only precipitate in the solutions is that of carboxylic acid, whereas the carboxylate salt is dissociated, and its content in the dissolved crystals determines the solution's conductivity. In the theoretical model for data interpretation, we took into account the dependence of the molar conductance on the ionic strength. The method was applied for determining the stoichiometry of acid-soap crystals collected from solutions of potassium myristate (tetradecanoate) at 25 degrees C. The crystals were dissolved in water at working temperature of 40 degrees C, at which the conductivity was measured. The stoichiometry of all samples determined in the present study coincides with that independently obtained by another method that is based on in situ pH measurements.     

拉曼光谱在核领域研究中的应用

从核材料腐蚀就地实时监测、反应过程中核素形态表征、核环境化学极低核素浓度的分析、燃料后处理强放射性料液远距离测量等4个方面,综述了拉曼光谱在核领域中化合物分析研究中的应用现状,并指出拉曼光谱将成为未来放射性核素化合物分析表征的重要方法之一.     

电导率仪电计与电导池配套检定时检定装置配置的探讨

根据JJF1059－1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》，JJG376－1985《电导仪试行检定规程》，经过测量不确定度分析。探讨了在进行电计与电导池配套检定时，由不同级别的国家电导率指标物质及配套设备组成的检定装置所适合检定的电导率仪，以及检定装置的最佳配置。     

Determination of metal corrosion rate using the pH-metry by the method of compensating additives

A possibility for determining the metal corrosion current in the acidic solutions in the absence of external polarization is considered. The calculations are based on the analysis of time dependence of the amount of electrolyte with a lower pH value (as compared with the pH value of the working solution), which was introduced into the measuring cell in order to compensate an increase of the pH value in the course of corrosion.     

Effect of pH Value on the Adsorption Behavior and Inhibition Mechanism of Dodecylamine on Carbon Steel

The effect of pH value on the adsorption behavior and inhibition mechanism of dodecylamine for carbon dioxide corrosion of carbon steel was investigated by electrochemical methods and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the pH value of the solution played the crucial role to the adsorption behavior and inhibition mechanism of dodecylamine. The inhibition performance of dodecylamine on carbon steel was dependent on the pH value and the inhibition efficiency increased with the increase of pH value. At pH 4.9, dodecylamine mainly inhibited the cathode process of the corrosion. The adsorption energy of dodecylamine on the metal surface was lower. The adsorption of dodecylamine on the metal surface was not stable and an anode desorption phenomenon could be observed. Hence, dodecylamine did not provide effective inhibition to the corrosion. While at pH 6.9, it had much higher adsorption energy. Dodecylamine adsorbed on the metal surface tightly and formed the effective diffusion barrier which inhibited both the cathode and anode processes effectively.     

pH值对十二胺在碳钢表面的吸附行为及缓蚀机理的影响

采用电化学方法和扫描电镜技术, 研究了pH值对十二胺在碳钢表面的吸附以及对碳钢CO2腐蚀缓蚀机理的影响. 研究结果表明, 溶液的pH值对十二胺的吸附和缓蚀机理起决定性作用. 十二胺对碳钢的缓蚀作用随溶液pH值的增加而增强. pH值为4.9时, 十二胺主要抑制腐蚀的阴极过程. 缓蚀剂分子在金属表面上的吸附能比较低, 缓蚀剂容易发生脱附, 因此不能有效抑制腐蚀反应的进行. pH值为6.9时, 缓蚀剂的吸附能较高, 能够牢固地吸附在金属表面, 形成有效的扩散阻挡层, 同时抑制腐蚀的阴、阳极过程, 从而有效地抑制腐蚀反应的进行.     

Screening and Xylanase Production by Streptomyces sp. Grown on Lignocellulosic Wastes

Xylanases have raised interest because of their potential applications in various industrial fields, including the pulp and paper industries, bioethanol production, and the feed industry. In bioethanol production from lignocellulosic compounds, xylanase can improve the hydrolysis of cellulose into fermentable sugars, since the xylan restricts the cellulases from acting efficiently. In this work, a new thermophilic Streptomyces sp. was selected for its ability to produce xylanase. Carbon source selection is an important factor in the production of hemicellulases. The highest activity was obtained when Streptomyces sp. I3 was grown in the presence of wheat bran. Xylanase activity was partially characterized concerning the effect of pH and temperature on activity and thermostability, and the effects of different metal ions were also tested. The pH and temperature profile showed optimal activity at pH 6.0/70 °C. Zymogram analysis showed multiple xylanases (39, 21, 18, and 17 kDa). Xylanases studied in this work are thermophilic, thermostable, and active in a wide pH range; they have potential to be used in the development of new processes of biotechnological interest.     

Biofuels today and tomorrow: effects of fuel composition on exhaust gas emissions

Due to current and future policy targets, and rapid technical developments, biofuel options are already available and in use in commercial applications. However, there is still doubt about which of the more promising alternatives will be widely accepted in future within the transportation sector. This includes aspects of biofuel properties and their effects on exhaust gas emissions and engine technology. This article addresses the status of current technology, reviews the progress of commercialisation of biofuel production, and gives an outline of its future development. Moreover, it provides an insight into the influence of biofuel composition on the internal combustion process and exhaust gas emissions. To assess biofuel sustainability, all aspects such as fuel production, fuel chemical composition, combustion behaviour, engine technology, and exhaust gas emissions have to be taken into account. Potential application fields and emerging challenges for measurement technology are identified in all these areas.     

Uranium association with corroding carbon steel surfaces

We investigated the association of uranium with clean and corroded surfaces of 1010 carbon steel. Studying steel contaminated by uranium species will have an important effect on the development of methods used to clean radioactively contaminated metal waste. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy and laboratory‐based Fourier transform infrared analysis of steel surfaces exposed to uranyl nitrate showed the presence of crystallized hydrated uranyl oxides, uranyl hydroxides, iron oxyhydroxides and iron oxides. In general, heavily corroded areas physically shield the uranium species, which tended to associate spatially with hydroxyl groups and lepidocrocite. Lightly corroded areas contained uranium species with stronger axial U–O bonding. Infrared spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy mapping analysis revealed that the uranium species are well distributed within the upper micron of the thick corrosion layer and associated more with areas of high hydroxide content. Parameters such as the concentration of uranyl nitrate solution used to expose the carbon steel coupons, the method of contamination (dipped or sprayed with dilute uranyl nitrate solution) and the degree of corrosion (accelerated corrosion before and/or after contamination) played significant roles in the distribution and nature of the uranyl hydroxide/iron oxyhydroxide corrosion products found on the surface of all coupons. These factors must be considered in the development and optimization of decontamination processes for metal waste. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.