长杆高速侵彻问题研究进展

由高密度金属制成的长杆弹在1.5$\sim$3.0km/s的下具有很强的侵彻和贯穿能力,长杆高速侵彻问题现已成为穿甲侵彻领域的研究热点.本文综述了长杆高速侵彻问题的最新研究进展,首先介绍了长杆高速侵彻的基本概念、研究方法和理论模型;其次重点论述了研究中关注的突出问题与应用, 包括弹靶材料性质、长杆弹头部形状、长径比效应与分段杆设计、陶瓷靶抵抗长杆侵彻与界面击溃和非理想长杆侵彻;最后对未来的研究工作提出一些建议.      

长杆高速侵彻问题研究进展

由高密度金属制成的长杆弹在1.5～3.0 km/s的高速下具有很强的侵彻和贯穿能力,长杆高速侵彻问题现已成为穿甲侵彻领域的研究热点.本文综述了长杆高速侵彻问题的最新研究进展,首先介绍了长杆高速侵彻的基本概念、研究方法和理论模型;其次重点论述了研究中关注的突出问题与应用,包括弹靶材料性质、长杆弹头部形状、长径比效应与分段杆设计、陶瓷靶抵抗长杆侵彻与界面击溃和非理想长杆侵彻;最后对未来的研究工作提出一些建议.     

Review on long-rod penetration at hypervelocity

由高密度金属制成的长杆弹在1.5$\sim$3.0km/s的下具有很强的侵彻和贯穿能力,长杆高速侵彻问题现已成为穿甲侵彻领域的研究热点.本文综述了长杆高速侵彻问题的最新研究进展,首先介绍了长杆高速侵彻的基本概念、研究方法和理论模型;其次重点论述了研究中关注的突出问题与应用, 包括弹靶材料性质、长杆弹头部形状、长径比效应与分段杆设计、陶瓷靶抵抗长杆侵彻与界面击溃和非理想长杆侵彻;最后对未来的研究工作提出一些建议.     

钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料分段弹体侵彻性能研究

结合穿甲实验，基于复合材料细观有限元模拟，系统开展针对钨纤维增强金属玻璃复合材料分段弹体侵彻性能的研究，并与复合材料长杆弹进行对比分析。结果表明，相对于复合材料长杆弹显著的穿甲“自锐”行为和优异的侵彻性能，复合材料分段弹体在侵彻过程中的“自锐”特性有所减弱，且弹体结构容易发生分散，进而导致弹体侵彻能力明显降低。另外，分段数目和分段间隔等因素对复合材料分段弹体的侵彻性能具有一定影响，但总体而言，不同构型分段弹体的侵彻能力均弱于复合材料长杆弹。     

异型截面长杆弹侵彻半无限厚金属靶板实验研究

为了研究截面形状对长杆弹侵彻半无限金属靶板的最终侵彻深度的影响规律,开展了截面形状为圆形、三角形、正方形、十字形的等截面积的长杆弹侵彻半无限厚靶板的实验研究。实验分为两组,分别为长径比为8、弹芯材料为93钨合金的长杆弹侵彻装甲钢靶板实验以及长径比为15、弹芯材料为45钢的长杆弹垂直侵彻45钢靶板实验。实验后得到不同截面形状、不同长径比、不同弹靶材料的长杆弹在不同着靶速度下的侵彻深度。结果表明:三种异型截面长杆弹的侵彻能力均高于相同工况下的圆形截面长杆弹,且其中十字形截面长杆弹侵彻能力最优,正方形截面次之。通过对实验结果的宏观分析,得到三种异型截面长杆弹的截面形状对长杆弹侵彻半无限靶板侵彻威力的影响规律以及侵彻机理的宏观表现。     

Al2O3陶瓷复合靶抗长杆弹侵彻性能和机理实验研究

用DOP(depthofpenetration)实验研究了质量分数为 90 %的Al2 O3 陶瓷复合靶抗长杆弹侵彻性能。实验表明 :随陶瓷厚度的增加 ,以差分效益系数和靶平均阻力表征的陶瓷复合靶的抗长杆弹侵彻性能降低 ;盖板能增强陶瓷复合靶抗侵彻性能。对回收陶瓷和盖板的破坏特征分析表明 :长杆弹对陶瓷复合靶侵彻过程大致可分为初期侵彻和稳定侵彻两个阶段 ,但对薄靶和厚靶 ,两个阶段在整个侵彻过程中所占比重不同。     

长杆高速侵彻的特征控制参量分析

针对理想长杆侵彻,通过对长杆侵彻Alekseevskii-Tate模型近似解进行分析,指出单一的无量纲速度衰减系数α（deceleration index）不足以完全表征长杆高速侵彻的准定常阶段。在此基础上,重新定义了2个无量纲特征参量:Johnson破坏数Φ_Jp和特征时间系数β,2个参量之间的关系为α=β/Φ_Jp。分析表明,Φ_Jp和β（或α和β）可实现对长杆高速侵彻准定常阶段的弹尾速度的完全表征;若再引入长杆弹相对临界速度v_c*,则可完全表征长杆侵彻的准定常阶段。此外,还证明了α能够判定侵彻过程偏离定常状态的程度,并指出通过确定Φ_Jp和β（或α和β）,可针对攻防需求对长杆弹侵彻设计进行指导。     

长径比和分段间隔对理想分段杆侵彻钢靶的影响

利用显式动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,采用Lagrange方法和Johnson-Cook本构模型,对分段间隔相同而分段体长径比不同的理想分段杆和分段体长径比相同而分段间隔不同的理想分段杆侵彻半无限厚钢靶进行了三维数值模拟。计算结果表明:分段体长径比和分段间隔对侵彻深度的影响均不是单调的增加或减小,而是存在一个最优值范围。     

前置组合杆体垂直侵彻钢靶简化模型

针对均质长杆体侵彻能力提高陷入瓶颈的问题,设计了由高密度钨合金和高硬度碳化钨组合的新型前置组合杆体。通过试验和数值模拟验证,前置组合杆体能利用材料的不同性能,在稳定侵彻阶段形成更尖锐头部形状,从而提高侵彻能力。根据试验和数值模拟结果,描述了前置组合杆体垂直侵彻钢靶的物理图像,将前置组合杆体侵彻划分为开坑段、组杆段和单杆段三部分,分别建立其各自侵彻阶段的理论模型,最终得到前置组合杆体总侵彻深度计算模型。通过与试验和数值模拟结果对比,验证了该模型的合理性。     

Hf基非晶合金夹芯结构长杆弹的侵彻行为

为研究Hf基非晶合金的变形行为及高速侵彻性能,分别开展了Hf基非晶合金材料静动态力学性能和Hf基非晶合金夹芯结构长杆弹高速侵彻45钢靶体试验研究,并与45钢夹芯长杆弹侵彻结果进行对比。研究发现:Hf基非晶合金具有较高的断裂强度,断裂时伴随有能量释放现象;Hf基非晶合金夹芯长杆弹侵彻钢靶过程可分为3个阶段:开坑、夹芯结构侵彻和剩余弹体侵彻。Hf非晶合金在侵彻过程中发生了明显的释能反应,显著地增强了弹体毁伤效应,扩大了侵彻弹孔直径,增加了弹体侵彻深度和弹孔体积。在高速冲击下,Hf基非晶合金夹芯长杆弹表现出优异的侵彻性能,可以为非晶合金材料在高效毁伤领域的应用提供新思路。     

On the deep penetration of deforming long rods

A series of 2D numerical simulations was performed in order to follow various features in the penetration mechanics of deforming long rods. In particular, we were interested in the threshold velocity which marks the transition from rigid to deforming rod and the resulting depths of penetration around this transition velocity. We simulated various cases in which we varied the yield strengths of the rod and the target, as well as their densities and the nose shape of the rod. With the results of these simulations we constructed a rather simple model which accounts for the threshold velocity from rigid to deforming rod behavior. This model’s predictions are in good agreement with both our simulations and with experimental data for various rods and targets.     

运动板干扰长杆体分析模型

通过对长杆体与运动板相互作用物理过程分析,在长杆体与半无限靶板高速碰撞的理论模型基础上,建立了长杆与运动板作用直径损失模型,并应用杆体直径损失量来定量地描述运动薄板干扰过程,初步得到了实验和数值模拟结果验证,为研究长杆弹与运动靶板相互作用提供理论基础.     

长管体与长杆体侵彻靶板对比研究

为解决大长径此穿甲弹带来的问题，有必要设计一种由长杆体和长管体组成的异形侵彻体，通过试验和数值模拟的方法，对同材料、同质量、同长度的长管体与长杆体对半无限均质靶板的侵彻能力进行了比较研究，描述了长管件和长杆体的侵砌物理图像，得出了两种侵彻体的质量、速度随时间的变化规律．试验和数值模拟结果均表明，相同条件下，同质量同长度长管体的侵砌能力要差于长杆件，长管体的速度和质量随时间下降速率均大干长杆体。     

长杆弹对混凝土的侵爆效应

对适用于长杆弹在混凝土介质中侵彻和爆炸全过程的三维数值模拟方法和技术进行了研究。描述了进行相应数值模拟的有关方法和关键技术。确定了靶体C30混凝土材料所使用的本构模型及其相应的参数。对卵形头长杆弹在C30混凝土中侵彻到一定深度再爆炸的全物理过程进行了三维数值模拟,分别给出了C30混凝土靶体在侵彻和爆炸作用下的破坏效应图像。将侵彻计算图像与实验结果进行了比较,两者定性符合。     

长杆弹超高速侵彻半无限混凝土靶实验研究及开坑分析

随着超高速动能武器的发展,长杆弹超高速侵彻混凝土靶机理成为当前的研究热点。为了探究长杆弹超高速侵彻混凝土靶的侵彻机理和开坑规律,本文中开展了TU1铜、Q235钢两类长杆弹以初速度1.8～2.4 km/s正侵彻强度26.5、42.1 MPa混凝土靶的超高速实验。结合文献和本文中的实验数据,对开坑直径和开坑体积进行量纲分析,基于开坑截面的弓形形貌几何关系,得到了开坑深度预测公式。结果表明:靶面开坑尺寸明显大于中低速侵彻时的靶面开坑尺寸,在分析侵彻机理的过程中不能忽略开坑阶段;弹体发生严重的长度缩短,直至最后完全侵蚀,弹洞半径明显大于弹体半径,说明长杆弹超高速侵彻半无限混凝土靶属于半流体侵彻机制。另外,在超高速侵彻条件下:弹体长度是影响侵彻深度的最主要参数;侵彻深度随弹体长度和密度的增大而增大,受弹体强度影响不大。     

A study of influence of gravity on bulk behaviour of particulate solid

This paper examines the influence of gravity on the bulk responses of a granular solid. The loading scenarios in this study include confined compression, rod penetration into a granular medium and discharging through an orifice. Similar loading and flow conditions are likely to be encountered in the stress and deformation regimes that regoliths are subjected to in extraterrestrial exploration activities including in situ resource utilisation processes. Both spherical and non-spherical particles were studied using the discrete element method （DEM）. Whilst DEM is increasingly used to model granular solids, careful validations of the simulation outcomes are rather rare. Thus in addition to exploring the effect of gravity, this paper also compares DEM simulations with experiments under terrestrial condition to verify whether DEM can produce satisfactory predictions. The terrestrial experiments were conducted with great care and simulated closely using DEM. The key mechanical and geometrical properties for the particles were measured in laboratory tests for use in the DEM simulations. A series of DEM computations were then performed under reduced gravity to simulate these experiments under extraterrestrial environment. It was found that gravity has no noticeable effect on the force transmission in the confined compression case; the loading gradient in the rod penetration is linearly proportional to the gravity; the mass flow rate in silo discharge is proportional to square root of the gravity and the angle of repose increases with reducing gravity. These findings are in agreement with expectation and existing scientific evidence.     

A study of influence of gravity on bulk behavior of particulate solid

This paper examines the influence of gravity on the bulk responses of a granular solid. The loading scenarios in this study include confined compression, rod penetration into a granular medium and discharging through an orifice. Similar loading and flow conditions are likely to be encountered in the stress and deformation regimes that regoliths are subjected to in extraterrestrial exploration activities including in situ resource utilisation processes. Both spherical and non-spherical particles were studied using the discrete element method (DEM). Whilst DEM is increasingly used to model granular solids, careful validations of the simulation outcomes are rather rare. Thus in addition to exploring the effect of gravity, this paper also compares DEM simulations with experiments under terrestrial condition to verify whether DEM can produce satisfactory predictions.The terrestrial experiments were conducted with great care and simulated closely using DEM. The key mechanical and geometrical properties for the particles were measured in laboratory tests for use in the DEM simulations. A series of DEM computations were then performed under reduced gravity to simulate these experiments under extraterrestrial environment. It was found that gravity has no noticeable effect on the force transmission in the confined compression case; the loading gradient in the rod penetration is linearly proportional to the gravity; the mass flow rate in silo discharge is proportional to square root of the gravity and the angle of repose increases with reducing gravity. These findings are in agreement with expectation and existing scientific evidence.