An improved approximation of Bergmann's form for the Rayleigh wave velocity

In the present paper an improved approximation for the Rayleigh wave velocity in isotropic elastic solids is obtained using the method of least squares. It is of Bergmann’s form, i.e. the form of the ratio of two binomials. It is shown that this approximation is the best one of the Rayleigh wave velocity, in the sense of least squares, with respect to the class of functions whose elements are the ratio of two binomials. This approximation is much more accurate than Bergmann’s one. Its maximum percentage error is 10 times smaller than that of Bergmann’s. It is 7.6 times better than the one obtained recently by Royer and Clorennec [D. Royer, D. Clorennec, An improved approximation for the Rayleigh wave equation, Ultrasonics 46 (2007) 23–24]. An approximation of Bergmann’s form for the squared Rayleigh wave velocity is also derived and its maximum percentage error is 5 times smaller than that of Royer and Clorennec’s approximation. Some polynomial approximations with very high accuracy are also obtained.     

An improved approximation for the Rayleigh wave equation

We derive a simple expression, which gives an approximate value of the Rayleigh wave velocity in an isotropic solid. This approximation is five times better than that given by Viktorov. The velocity equation can be easily inverted in order to obtain an accurate determination of the elastic constants. This procedure can be worthwhile for elastic microanalysis of bulk materials by scanning acoustic microscopy.     

超声光栅测声速的方法运用到液体表面波波速的测量

理论上分析了超声光栅衍射和液体表面波光栅衍射,得到了表面波光栅衍射图样与表面波参数的解析关系.实验上得到清晰的衍射图样,利用表面波光栅衍射法测量了液体表面波波速,实验结果与理论值误差不超过1%.     

High sampling-rate measurement of turbulence velocity fluctuations in Mach 1.8 Laval jet using interferometric Rayleigh scattering

Interferometric Rayleigh scattering diagnostic technique for the time-resolved measurement of flow velocity is studied. Theoretically, this systematic velocity-measured accuracy can reach up to 1.23 m/s. Measurement accuracy is then evaluated by comparing with hot wire anemometry results. Moreover, the distributions of velocity and turbulence intensity in a supersonic free jet from a Laval nozzle with a Mach number of 1.8 are also obtained quantitatively. The sampling rate in this measurement is determined to be approximately 10 k Hz.     

Rayleigh scattering in fused silica samples for gravitational wave detectors

Laser interferometer gravitational wave detectors require very high optical quality test masses. We report the bulk Rayleigh scattering in high quality fused silica samples. Results show that the scattering of the high quality fused silica is similar for various grades of fused silica from Heraeus. The total integrated scattering is about 0.7 ppm cm^− 1at 1064 nm wavelength, which agrees with the theoretical value calculated using known fused silica parameters. All samples show Rayleigh scattering ratio inhomogeneity of ~ 4%.     

Experimental study on the surface stress measurement with Rayleigh wave detection technique

In this paper, experimental study on the surface stress measurement of a metallic material based on the Rayleigh wave acoustoelastic theory is introduced. A Rayleigh wave acoustoelastic formula deduced by Husson is optimized to estimate the surface stress of the material. Two micro Rayleigh wave transducers with 5 MHz frequency one of which is used for acoustic pulse emitter and another for receiver are used to determine the time of flight of Rayleigh wave propagating in a certain distance along the surface of the material. The difference in time of flight between two ultrasonic signals obtained in stressed and unstressed object surface is identified by the digital correlation method. A specimen made of Q235 steel and applied with tensile load is used for calibration to obtain the acoustoelastic coefficients of Q235 steel. Furthermore, some principal factors which may result in errors in the experiment are discussed and some measurements are proposed to prevent these errors. Finally the surface stress of a cantilever beam is detected by the Rayleigh wave acoustoelastic technique and the experimental result is well compared with the theoretical value.     

一种研究非旋波近似演化问题的系统近似方法

以一个与玻色场耦合的二能级粒子为例，证实了在静态极化子问题的研究中取得成功的相干态近似方法，同样也能够有效地用于非旋波近似下量子系统的时间演化问题。结果同时表明，在一般情况下，哈密顿算符中的非旋波项不能被忽略；并提供了在频率空间进一步检测非旋波项效应的可能性。     

驻波法测量声速实验的讨论

根据声波在2个换能器之间多次反射和声波在空气中的衰减,研究了驻波法测量声速实验中接收器输出信号随接收器到发送器间距离的变化.理论推导结果表明:声波在一般情况下不是严格的驻波,但是当反射比接近-1时则是双曲函数形式的驻波,这与实验测量结果一致.只有接收器到发送器的距离比较远,反射比接近-1时,才能得到几乎理想的驻波.     

一种传播速度可以是任意值的特殊"电磁波"

通过对一个具体事例的求解--一种特殊静磁场的坐标变换,得出了一种特殊的"电磁波",它的传播速度可以是任意值.指出了这种特殊的"电磁波"与传统意义上的电磁波的本质区别,并对一般意义的电磁波与传统意义上的电磁波的概念进行了厘清.本文对于深刻理解和认识电磁场、电磁场的坐标变换和电磁波具有一定意义.     

On the new exact traveling wave solutions of the time-space fractional strain wave equation in microstructured solids via the variational method

In this paper, we mainly study the time-space fractional strain wave equation in microstructured solids. He’s variational method, combined with the two-scale transform are implemented to seek the solitary and periodic wave solutions of the time-space strain wave equation. The main advantage of the variational method is that it can reduce the order of the differential equation, thus simplifying the equation, making the solving process more intuitive and avoiding the tedious solving process.Finally, the numerical results are shown in the form of 3D and 2D graphs to prove the applicability and effectiveness of the method. The obtained results in this work are expected to shed a bright light on the study of fractional nonlinear partial differential equations in physics.     

辐射温度与其驱动Al冲击波速度的定标关系研究

利用一维辐射流体力学程序,对不同脉冲波形的辐射温度与Al中冲击波速度关系进行模拟计算和分析.指出定标公式T_r=0.0126D^0.63主要适用于整形脉冲的辐射温度波形,而对高斯型和方波脉冲激光产生的辐射温度波形则不完全适用,通过计算给出修正的定标公式,且与自相似解得到的结果一致.另外对神光Ⅲ原型装置的整形脉冲辐射温度驱动Al样品冲击波轨迹进行了计算,得到第二个冲击波稳定传播所要求的Al样品的最小厚度.最后利用神光Ⅱ装置产生的辐射驱动冲击波,由修正的定标关系得到的辐射温度与软X射线能谱仪测量的辐射温度十分相符,从实验证实了修正定标关系的可靠性. 关键词： 辐射温度 冲击波速度 定标关系 整形脉冲     

石墨烯力常数和弹性波波速随温度变化规律研究

在哈里森键联轨道法框架下,考虑到原子的短程相互作用和原子的非简谐振动,建立石墨烯弹性模型并求出原子振动的简谐系数和非简谐系数。在此基础上,确定了石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速随温度和形变势参量的变化关系式,探讨了原子非简谐振动对它们的影响。结果表明：（1）石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速均随温度升高而非线性减小,但有不同的变化特征：在C11、C12、C44这三个力常数中,以C12随温度的变化最大,以C44的变化最小;纵波波速随温度的变化要大于横波;（2）石墨烯的三个力常数随形变势参量的变化有不同的特征：C11随η和γ的增大而增大、而C12则随η的增大而减小,随γ的增大而增大;C44随η的增大而增大,而几乎不随γ而变;（3）若不考虑原子振动的非简谐项,则石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速均为常数。考虑到非简谐项后,不仅它们均随温度的升高而减小,而且,非简谐情况的力常数Cij和弹性波波速vi与简谐近似的值Cij0、vi0的差|Cij－Cij0|、|vi－vi0|均随温度的升高而增大,即温度愈高,非简谐效应愈显著。     

石墨烯力常数和弹性波波速随温度变化规律研究

在哈里森键联轨道法框架下,考虑到原子的短程相互作用和原子的非简谐振动,建立石墨烯弹性模型并求出原子振动的简谐系数和非简谐系数。在此基础上,确定了石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速随温度和形变势参量的变化关系式,探讨了原子非简谐振动对它们的影响。结果表明：（1）石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速均随温度升高而非线性减小,但有不同的变化特征：在C11、C12、C44这三个力常数中,以C12随温度的变化最大,以C44的变化最小;纵波波速随温度的变化要大于横波;（2）石墨烯的三个力常数随形变势参量的变化有不同的特征：C11随η和γ的增大而增大、而C12则随η的增大而减小,随γ的增大而增大;C44随η的增大而增大,而几乎不随γ而变;（3）若不考虑原子振动的非简谐项,则石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速均为常数。考虑到非简谐项后,不仅它们均随温度的升高而减小,而且,非简谐情况的力常数Cij和弹性波波速vi与简谐近似的值Cij0、vi0的差|Cij－Cij0|、|vi－vi0|均随温度的升高而增大,即温度愈高,非简谐效应愈显著。     

测量水的振动频率与水波传播速度

利用激光器、硅光电池等器件,采用光折射方法设计了激光测量水的振动频率与水波传播速度实验.本文介绍了实验原理和装置,测量了水的振动频率和水波向外传播的速度,观察了小块物体落水激起的水波情况.     

石墨烯力常数和弹性波波速随温度变化规律研究

在哈里森键联轨道法框架下,考虑到原子的短程相互作用和原子的非简谐振动,建立石墨烯弹性模型并求出原子振动的简谐系数和非简谐系数.在此基础上,确定了石墨烯的力常数随温度和形变势参量的变化关系式,以及弹性波波速随温度和形变势参量的变化关系式,并探讨了原子非简谐振动对它们的影响.结果表明:(1)石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速均随温度升高而非线性减小,但有不同的变化特征:在C_(11)、C_(12)、C_(44)这三个力常数中,以C_(12)随温度的变化最大,以C_(44)的变化最小;纵波波速随温度的变化要大于横波;(2)石墨烯的三个力常数随形变势参量的变化有不同的特征:C_(11)随η和γ的增大而增大、而C_(12)则随η的增大而减小,随γ的增大而增大;C_(44)随η的增大而增大,而几乎不随γ而变;(3)若不考虑原子振动的非简谐项,则石墨烯的力常数和弹性波波速均为常数.考虑到非简谐项后,不仅它们均随温度的升高而减小,而且,非简谐情况的力常数C_(ij)和弹性波波速v_i与简谐近似的值C_(ij)~0、v_i~0的差|C_(ij)-C_(ij)~0|、|v_i-v_i~0|均随温度的升高而增大,即温度愈高,非简谐效应愈显著.     

微波瑞利散射法测定空气电火花激波等离子体射流的时变电子密度

大气压空气电火花激波等离子体射流的电子密度在亚微秒时间尺度上瞬变,其电子密度的测定很难.基于微波瑞利散射原理,本文测量了空气电火花冲击波流注放电等离子体射流的时变电子密度.实验结果表明:测量系统的标定参数A为1.04 × 105 V·Ω·m–2;空气流注放电等离子体射流的电子密度与等离子体射流的半径和长度有关,结合高速放电影像展示的等离子体射流的等效半径和等效长度,测定的电子密度在1020 m–3的量级,且随时间先快速增长至峰值再成指数衰减.此外,本文还探讨了等离子体射流的不同等效尺度对测定结果的影响;分析结果表明,采用时变等效半径和时变等效长度的计算结果最有效,且第1个快速波峰是由光电离的电离波导致的.     

声速测量实验中界面反射问题的探讨

探讨在声速测量实验中,声波在发射器和接收器两个端面之间反向形成极大值的位置和条件,以及声波强度随距离变化的规律。这有利于学生正确实验和理解声波特性。     

光速在相对论中的核心地位

介绍了关于真空中光速的假定的重要作用,它不仅是相对论理论的基础,而且使人们能够定义同时性并测量空间距离.     

超声脉动环颈动脉局域脉搏波速检测性能评估

基于超声同时检测血流速度(U)和管腔直径(D)脉动变化的血流量-横截面积(QA)和直径-速度(ln (D) U)法是当前局域脉搏波速(PWV)检测的研究热点。通过仿真和临床实验系统比较了QA与ln (D) U方法的检测精度。对临床实测的颈动脉管腔半径和中心血流速度脉动变化,利用FIELDⅡ建立估计PWV的理论模型。30例仿真结果表明,QA法和ln (D) U法检测PWV与理论预设值的归一化均方根误差分别为0.30±0.08和0.45±0.13;两个年龄组20例临床结果表明,QA法和ln (D) U法对同一受试者连续两次颈动脉PWV检测的相关系数为0.94,变异系数分别为12.08V和13.17V。仿真和临床实验结果均表明QA法局域PWV的检测性能更好。     

一种评价固体板材表面性质的非线性超声兰姆波方法

在基频与二倍频兰姆波相速度匹配但群速度失配的条件下, 通过选择适当的兰姆波二次谐波时域信号的测量起止时间, 可完全扣除换能器对二次谐波积分振幅测量所带来的影响。本文提出采用兰姆波二次谐波的积分振幅作为评价参量, 以实现对板材表面性质的准确评价。当板材表面性质发生改变时, 原本在理想表面条件下成立的基频与二倍频兰姆波相速度匹配的条件不再严格满足, 这将显著地影响到兰姆波的二次谐波发生效率, 相应的二次谐波积分振幅随表面性质的改变也将发生非常敏感的单调变化。实验结果表明,利用扣除换能器影响之后所测得的兰姆波二次谐波的积分振幅,可对板材表面性质的变化情况进行准确评价。