炼厂干气综合利用方案评选

炼厂干气是石油化工的一种重要资源,它的综合利用日益受到重视.本文对炼厂千气的分离利用、直接加工及利用途径的国内外进展状况进们了评述,并着重对烃化制乙苯和默基化制丙醛、丙酸方案进行了技术经济评价。结果表明,烃化制乙苯经济性能较差,但技术、市场占优,建议优先考虑;建议对其它的炼厂干气利用途径也进行详细的技术经济评价,并建立数据库,为有关部门决策及时提供信息。     

电纺丝法制备聚乳酸/多壁碳纳米管/羟基磷灰石杂化纳米纤维的研究

电纺丝是一种利用聚合物溶液或熔体在强电场中进行喷射纺丝的加工技术,所制得的纤维、直径一般在数十纳米至几微米之间,比传统方法制得的纤维直径小几个数量级,是获得纳米尺寸长纤维的有效方法之一．     

一个开放式研究性实验——不锈钢表面刻蚀

为了进一步强化实验教学,培养学生的实验研究能力、创新意识和创新精神,我们在现代化学实验与技术课程的教学实践中,积极实施开放式实验教学,每年都新开设10多个开放式、研究性实验,吸引大批学生参与这一教学活动。本文介绍不锈钢表面刻蚀实验的基本要点。不锈钢具有很高的力学强度、硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性以及易于加工等优良性质,随着其装饰加工工艺的发展和成熟,在各个领域中的应用日益扩大,如在招牌制作、仪器设备表面图文刻印、制造印刷用的金属字板、在机械加工较为困难的薄板或薄片零件(电子线路板、金属网板的小孔以及光栅)等器件上制…     

人造纤维的诞生

人造纤维是天然高分子化合物经化学加工后制得的纤维,不同于合成纤维,那是以低分子物质为原料完全经过化学加工合成的纤维。因此,人造纤维是由天然高分子化合物,淀粉、纤维素等的研究孕育而诞生。     

整体蜂窝催化剂Ru/Al2O3/Cordierite上循环式苯选择加氢制环己烯

苯选择加氢制环己烯,因工艺相对简单、副产物少、资源利用率高等优点而备受关注[1～3].当前以日本Asahi公司的苯选择加氢制环己烯专利技术最为成熟,并已于1989年实现了产业化生产,也是迄今为止,唯一实现产业化的苯选择加氢制环己烯工艺[4].     

用红薯制造可溶性淀粉

红薯(又叫白薯)是我国主要粮食作物之一,特别是山区地带,产量更为丰富,在1958年的生产大跃进里,我国农村各个地区的红薯产量比过去几年是大大的提高了,除了能满足农村和城市食用需要外,还剩余大量的红薯急需用来加工制成其它各种工业产品,以进一步满足建设需要,目前在各个地区已大量的用来酿酒,制酒精,熬糖,制食用淀粉等,除此之外,我们还可以利用红薯制成食用淀粉(粗淀粉)后再制成品质较好的分析纯的可溶性(能溶化的)淀粉,用作化学分析的指示剂和用于医药方面,不但扩大了红薯的综合利用范围,同时可以提高红薯经济价值十多倍。经鉴定结果,红薯淀粉加工制成的可溶性淀粉,较之由大米、小麦、玉蜀黍、马铃薯等淀粉制成的质量更     

紫外高压汞灯诱导马来酸钠溶液反应制备苹果酸钠

苹果酸钠是苹果酸的钠盐.苹果酸是有机化学中一个非常重要的有机酸,又名羟基丁二酸,是一种白色或银白色粉状,粒状或结晶状固体,存在于不成熟的山楂,苹果和葡萄果实的浆汁中^[1].苹果酸被广泛应用于食品工业中,如作为食品酸味剂,调节食物的pH值和用于食品加工,食品添加剂加工等.     

异丁醛氧化制甲基丙烯酸杂多酸催化剂的研究

以丙烯羰基合成制丁辛醇装置副产物异丁醛为原料制甲基丙烯酸(MAA)是有机玻璃单体生产的最经济的工艺路线。我们在异丁酸氧化脱氢制甲基丙烯酸杂多酸催化剂研究的基础上,为了进一步提高甲基丙烯酸的收率和解决异丁酸与甲基丙烯酸分离上的困难,开展了异丁醛一步氧化脱氢制MAA的研究工作。其结果与两步法比较,MAA总收率提高了10%以上。     

路布兰制碱法的历史演变及教育价值*

人教社新版教材中介绍,化工史上制碱法主要有:路布兰制碱法、索尔维制碱法和侯氏制碱法。检索发现,介绍索尔维法和侯氏联合制碱法的中文文献较多,而介绍路布兰制碱法的中文文献不多。通过梳理文献,介绍了路布兰制碱法产生的历史背景,在法国的产生、在英国的成熟以及与索尔维法的相互竞争而消亡的演变过程,最后在此基础上总结了路布兰制碱法在化工史上的历史地位及其教育价值。     

研究型实验活动——设计与制作家用制氧机

氧立得制氧机是当前家庭用于缺氧预防和治疗的主要设备之一,具有制氧纯、产氧足、供氧快、易携带、操作简单等特点。剖析了氧立得制氧机的反应原理和产品结构,探究了过碳酸钠的制氧性质,通过与过氧化氢的制氧效果进行对比,揭示了实际应用中制氧剂的选择依据。自主设计并制作了简易制氧机,分析了真实制氧机的产品形成与加工设计思路,从而培养学生工程技术素养,为教师教学提供借鉴。     

An economic and environmental comparison of a biochemical and a thermochemical lignocellulosic ethanol conversion processes

With the world’s focus on rapidly deploying second generation biofuels technologies, there exists today a good deal of interest in how yields, economics, and environmental impacts of the various conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass to transportation fuels compare. Although there is a good deal of information regarding these conversion processes, this information is typically very difficult to use on a comparison basis because different underlying assumptions, such as feedstock costs, plant size, co-product credits or assumed state of technology, have been utilized. In this study, a rigorous comparison of different biomass to transportation fuels conversion processes was performed with standard underlying economic and environmental assumptions so that exact comparisons can be made. This study looked at promising second-generation conversion processes utilizing biochemical and thermochemical gasification technologies on both a current and an achievable state of technology in 2012. The fundamental finding of this study is that although the biochemical and thermochemical processes to ethanol analyzed have their individual strengths and weaknesses, the two processes have very comparable yields, economics, and environmental impacts. Hence, this study concludes that based on this analysis there is not a distinct economic or environmental impact difference between biochemical and thermochemical gasification processes for second generation ethanol production.     

纤维素乙醇产业化

由于能发挥缓解能源紧张、减少环境污染、促进农村发展等重要作用,利用年产量巨大的植物纤维资源,生产可再生性液体替代燃料乙醇的技术受到了巨大的关注,成为工业生物技术的研究热点。酶法生产纤维素乙醇面临多种困难:纤维素原料比重轻,收集运输不便;原料结构复杂,需要深度预处理;纤维素酶系的酶解效率有待提高;半纤维素中的木糖难以发酵转化为乙醇等。经过多年研究,新技术已经取得重大进展,开始接近实用化。紧迫的社会需求正在迫使国内外政府和企业界大量投资,开展纤维素乙醇的中试研究和试生产,力求在短时期内克服上述难点,尽快实现产业化。充分利用植物纤维资源中的多种组分,联合生产乙醇和部分高值产品的生物精练技术,是实现纤维素乙醇产业化的重要突破口和必然途径。玉米芯生物精练生产乙醇和木糖相关产品的技术正在进行产业化。本文综述了纤维素乙醇产业化的研究进展并做了展望。     

The reactor granule technology: A revolutionary approach to polymer blends and alloys

The new plastic materials frontier in general and in thermoplastic polyolefins in particular developed in the last years and into next century are and will be represented by polymer alloys. The new trend in polymer alloy is to obtain them from monomer directly in the reactor, replacing the polymer blends previously made by mechanical melt extrusion of preformed polymers. It discloses new opportunities in term of properties together with better economics. The reactor granule technology developed by Himont/Montecatini produces spherical form alloys that are a synergistic combination of morphological, chemical, rheological and thermomechanical properties, by which the polymer finds many applications not previously suitable for polypropylene or polyethylene. In reactor granule technology the multimonomer random and heterophasic copolymers can be produced primarly within the granule enclosed by a solid polymer skin free from sticky nature, typical of polymers obtained by gas-phase technology and causing many problems like particles agglomeration and fouling.     

Ultrasound waves at the service of photocatalysis: From sonochemical synthesis to ultrasound-assisted and piezo-enhanced photocatalysis

Sonication induces physical and chemical effects, such as promoting the mass transfer and active radical formation, that can be harnessed for process intensification in numerous fields, including photocatalysis. In this perspective, we discuss recent advances in the main domains where photocatalysis and ultrasound technology overlap, namely ultrasound-assisted synthesis of photocatalysts with controlled structural and morphological features and hybrid technologies combining ultrasound and light irradiation (sonophotocatalysis and piezo-enhanced photocatalysis). The latter, an external field-enhanced photocatalytic technology, is a relatively new approach that promises to boost photocatalytic efficiency (with enhancements up to 400%), even though significant challenges remain to be addressed. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the future of ultrasound-assisted photocatalysis, discussing current gaps in knowledge, economics, and scale-up issues.     

细胞工厂与生物炼制

生物炼制是以可再生生物质资源为原料,生产能源与化工产品的新兴工业模式.是转变经济增长模式,保障社会经济可持续发展的重大战略需求.微生物细胞工厂是生物炼制技术至关重要的核心.世界各国纷纷设立重大研究计划支持细胞工厂的研究,以期获得生物炼制技术的领先地位.本文简要概括了细胞工厂和生物炼制这一新兴工业模式,回顾了生物炼制细胞工厂的重大计划和进展,讨论了目前亟待解决的关键问题和研究对策.     

细胞工厂与生物炼制

生物炼制是以可再生生物质资源为原料,生产能源与化工产品的新兴工业模式。是转变经济增长模式,保障社会经济可持续发展的重大战略需求。微生物细胞工厂是生物炼制技术至关重要的核心。世界各国纷纷设立重大研究计划支持细胞工厂的研究,以期获得生物炼制技术的领先地位。本文简要概括了细胞工厂和生物炼制这一新兴工业模式,回顾了生物炼制细胞工厂的重大计划和进展,讨论了目前亟待解决的关键问题和研究对策。     

零价铁耦合厌氧微生物法在废水处理中的应用

零价铁(ZVI)与厌氧微生物的耦合是一项很有前景的技术,在难降解有机废水的去除中得到了广泛关注。该耦合技术将ZVI技术的高效性与厌氧生物技术的经济性有效融合,在多元微电场和厌氧微生物协同作用下,有效降低难降解有机物的生物抑制性和毒性。本文综述了此技术处理工业废水的潜在机理、实际应用中主要操作参数及影响条件以及处理含氯化合物、重金属、染料等生物难降解污染物的研究进展。归纳了ZVI与厌氧微生物耦合对上述污染物进行高效去除的研究现状,并对该技术在实际工程应用方面的可行策略进行了展望。     

2002—Emergence of the Gas—to—Liquids Industry： a Review of Global GTL Developments

This paper reviews the status of the gas-to-liquids(TGL) industry-including current commercial plants,announced projects and the technologies that are are likely to be implemented in these future projects.Today,only 35,000 B/D of GTL products (0.1% of market) are manufactured from commercial gas-based plants,Advances in technology have lowered the cost of plants to the point where GTL phants can be profitable at crude oil prices of $16/B ,The advanced stage of development of several proposed GTL projects and attractive integrated economicws,for both the gas field and plant ,show that GTL can be a significant alternative for monetizing natural gas in the 21st centruy,GTL technologies includes more than Fischer-Tropsch technology and extends to other liquid fuels,especially in the oxygenate family (methanol,dimethyl ether ,etc.).     

苯直接一步氧化合成苯酚

苯直接一步氧化合成苯酚是开辟苯酚合成路线具有挑战性的热点课题之一.近年来研究和开发了以N2O、H2O2和O23种不同氧化剂体系为核心和主流的苯氧化合成苯酚路线.本文详细综述了目前3种不同氧化体系的研究进展和趋势,分析了各种合成路线的特点和工业应用前景.以N2O为氧化剂合成苯酚路线,技术趋于成熟,但N2O来源受限而影响其经济性和推广应用;以H2O2为氧化剂合成苯酚路线,是环境友好过程,有开发潜力,但技术还很不成熟,而且也因H2O2价格昂贵带来了经济成本问题;以O2为氧化剂、氢气为还原剂体系合成苯酚路线,是环境清洁可持续发展制备路线,具有很好的开发潜力,此外无机膜催化合成苯酚路线也更具吸引力.     

The lignol approach to biorefining of woody biomass to produce ethanol and chemicals

Processes that produce only ethanol from lignocellulosics display poor economics. This is generally overcome by constructing large facilities having satisfactory economies of scale, thus making financing onerous and hindering the development of suitable technologies. Lignol Innovations has developed a biorefining technology that employs an ethanol-based organosolv step to separate lignin, hemicellulose components, and extractives from the cellulosic fraction of woody biomass. The resultant cellulosic fraction is highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis, generating very high yields of glucose (>90% in 12–24h) with typical enzyme loadings of 10–20 FPU (filter paper units)/g. This glucose is readily converted to ethanol, or possibly other sugar platform chemicals, either by sequential or simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The liquor from the organosolv step is processed by well-established unit operations to recover lignin, furfural, xylose, acetic acid, and a lipophylic extractives fraction. The process ethanol is recovered and recycled back to the process. The resulting recycled process water is of a very high quality, low BOD₅, and suitable for overall system process closure. Significant benefits can be attained in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, as per the Kyoto Protocol. Revenues from the multiple products, particularly the lignin, ethanol and xylose fractions, ensure excellent economics for the process even in plants as small as 100 mtpd (metric tonnes per day) dry woody biomass input—a scale suitable for processing wood residues produced by a single large sawmill.