杂多铌氧簇聚物的研究进展

多铌氧簇聚物是多金属氧簇聚物的重要组成部分,具有丰富多样的结构类型,在碱催化、光催化产氢等方面具有广泛的应用前景,吸引了越来越多化学工作者的关注。本文系统地综述了主族元素(ⅢA/ⅣA/ⅤA/ⅥA族)为杂原子的杂多铌氧簇聚物和过渡元素(V/Fe/Cu)为杂原子的杂多铌氧聚合物的研究进展,主要包括化合物的合成策略、结构调控、性质及应用的探索。此外,对当前杂多铌氧簇聚物的发展所面临的挑战进行了总结,并对其后续的发展进行了展望。     

杂多铌氧簇聚物的研究进展

多铌氧簇聚物是多金属氧簇聚物的重要组成部分，具有丰富多样的结构类型，在碱催化、光催化产氢等方面具有广泛的应用前景，吸引了越来越多化学工作者的关注。本文系统地综述了主族元素(ⅢA/ⅣA/ⅤA/ⅥA族)为杂原子的杂多铌氧簇聚物和过渡元素(V/Fe/Cu)为杂原子的杂多铌氧聚合物的研究进展，主要包括化合物的合成策略、结构调控、性质及应用的探索。此外，对当前杂多铌氧簇聚物的发展所面临的挑战进行了总结，并对其后续的发展进行了展望。     

质谱在多金属氧簇化学中的应用

随着多金属氧簇化学的发展,迫切需要将多金属氧簇的液相反应过程和固相结构有机结合起来,以便更好地指导功能导向性多金属氧簇的设计与合成。传统的分析方法对一些特殊结构的多金属氧簇以及溶液自组装机理的研究具有局限性。随着软电离技术的发展,尤其是电喷雾电离(ESI)和基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALDI)的发明,质谱(MS)技术越来越多应用在简单无机化合物、配合物及金属有机化合物的研究中。多金属氧簇属无机高分子,是一类结构较特殊的无机配合物,多阴离子自身常带多个负电荷。钼、钨等具有较多同位素,可方便通过理论模拟与实际测量同位素分布的对比确定簇离子的准确组成。本文综述了质谱技术在多金属氧簇化学中的应用,如ESI-MS分析多阴离子在溶液中存在形式、监测反应过程、推断自组装机理,并对其在多金属氧簇化学中的应用前景进行了展望。     

多金属氧簇催化研究进展

多金属氧簇由于其组成和结构易于调控、具有酸性、氧化还原性、低毒性和低腐蚀性等优点,作为工业催化剂具有广阔的应用前景,是多酸化学领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了近5年来多金属氧簇在催化领域中研究的新进展,主要包括多金属氧簇的酸催化、氧化催化、双功能催化、加氢和活化二氧化碳合成碳酸酯等催化反应以及多金属氧簇的工业化应用等,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

具有四帽假Keggin结构“簇阴离子对”的多金属氧簇[Co(2,2-bipy)_3]_4[Mo_5~ⅤMo_5~ⅥV_6~ⅣO_(40)(PO_4)]_2·4H_2O的水热合成与晶体结构

金属 -氧簇合物在催化、医药和材料等方面的应用越来越成为无机化学研究的热点 [1～ 4 ] .在众多的金属 -氧簇合物中 ,只有几种双帽及四帽 Keggin结构被合成出来 [5～ 12 ] ,而含有四帽假 Keggin结构的钼 -钒 -氧簇合物尚未见报道 .我们用水热合成方法合成了第一个具有四帽假 Keggin结构“簇阴离子对”{Mo10 V6 O4 0 ( PO4 ) }2 的多金属氧簇 [Co( 2 ,2 - bipy) 3]4 [Mo10 V6 O4 0 ( PO4 ) ]2 · 4H2 O.该化合物是由四帽假Keggin结构“簇阴离子对”{Mo10 V6 O4 0 ( PO4 ) }2 和 4个配位阳离子 [Co( 2 ,2 - bipy) 3]2 +通过阴阳离…     

水相氧化钛团簇的合成、性质和应用

氧化钛团簇是一类具有明确结构的分子型化合物,可以视为二氧化钛纳米颗粒的分子类似物,不仅具有新奇的分子结构,而且具有优异的光响应性质.近10年来,氧化钛团簇的合成、性质和应用研究取得了快速发展.水相合成的氧化钛团簇是多金属氧团簇(广义多酸、多金属氧酸盐)的一个分支.本文综述了水相氧化钛团簇的合成思路、合成体系和典型案例,...     

取代型钒氧簇合物

钒氧簇是多金属氧簇的一个重要分支.由于钒氧簇具有多样的结构、优良的物理特性,使得其在催化、磁性及光学材料等方面具有广阔的应用前景,引起了人们的日益关注.将主族的金属或非金属元素引入到钒氧簇体系,可以形成结构新颖的取代型钒氧簇.新颖构型及其拓展结构取代型钒氧簇合物的合成,极大地丰富了钒氧簇的结构类型,推动了钒氧簇合成化学...     

无机-有机多金属砷钒氧簇合物的合成及研究进展

多金属砷钒氧簇合物由于具有结构多样性、优良的物理特性以及广泛的应用前景而引起人们的关注。该类簇合物的合成战略是将有机配体和过渡金属配合物连接到砷钒氧骨架上以获得各种新奇结构。按此策略人们合成出一系列新奇的无机有机砷钒氧簇合物。本文综述了多金属砷钒氧簇合物的合成方法、结构性质等方面的研究进展,并对其今后研究前景进行了展望。     

新型间接Z字结型g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6/Bi空心微球等离子共振增强光吸收和光催化性能（英文）

半导体光催化技术是目前最有前景的绿色化学技术,可通过利用太阳光降解污染物或制氢.作为有潜力的半导体催化剂,钼酸铋具有合适的带隙(2.58 eV).但是,由于低的量子产量,钼酸铋的光催化性能并不理想.为了提高钼酸铋的光催化性能,研究者多考虑采取构造异质结的方式.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)能带位置合适,与多种光催化半导体能带匹配,是构造异质结的常用选择.因此,本文选用g-C3N4与钼酸铋复合,构造异质结结构.为了进一步提高光催化性能,多采用负载贵金属(Pt,Au和Pd)作为助催化剂,利用贵金属特有的等离子共振效应,增加光吸收,促进载流子分离,但贵金属价格昂贵.Bi金属单质价格便宜,具备等效的等离子共振效应,是理想的贵金属替代物.钼酸铋可以采取原位还原的方式还原出Bi单质,构造更紧密的界面结构,更有利于载流子传输.Bi的等离子共振效应可以有效提高材料的光吸收能力和光生载流子分离率.本文采用溶剂热和原位还原方法成功合成了一种新型三元异质结结构g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6/Bi(CN/BMO/Bi)空心微球.结果显示,三元异质结结构的最佳配比为0.4CN/BMO/9Bi,该样品表现出最好的光催化降解罗丹明B效率,是纯钼酸铋的9倍.通过计算DRS和XPS的价带数据,0.4CN/BMO/9Bi是一种Z字型异质结.牺牲试剂实验也提供了Z字型异质结的有力证据,测试显示超氧自由基·O^2-(在-0.33 eV)是光催化降解的主要基团.但是,钼酸铋的导带位置低于-0.33 eV,g-C3N4的导带高于-0.33 eV,因此g-C3N4的导带是唯一的反应位点,从而证明了光生载流子的转移是通过Z字型异质结结构实现的.TEM图显示金属Bi分散在钼酸铋表面.DRS和PL图分析表明金属Bi增加了材料的光吸收能力,同时扮演了中间介质的角色,促进钼酸铋导带的电子和g-C3N4价带的空穴快速复合.因此,g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6/Bi的优异光催化性能主要归功于Z字型异质结和Bi金属的等离子共振吸收效应,提高了材料的光吸收能力和光生载流子分离率.     

氢化物负压发生和真空无火焰原子化器的原子吸收光谱法测定铋

在负压发生器中用1% NaBH_4将Bi(Ⅲ)还原为铋化氢后,向发生器中加入一定量的空气。用真空泵将铋化氢和空气的混合物同时吸入到真空电热石英管中,用原子吸收仪器测定。在原子化器内,加入空气中的氧与硼氢化钠分解产生的氢反应,生成水分子。因而消除了氢对测定铋的干扰。     

铋（Ⅲ）苯乙酸-1,10-邻菲罗啉三元配合物[Bi2（PPA）6·（Phen）2]的合成、晶体结构及抑菌活性

合成了铋(III)苯乙酸-1,10-邻菲罗啉[Bi2(PPA)6·(Phen)2](HPPA=苯乙酸(C8H7O2),Phen=l,10-邻菲罗啉(C12H8N2))三元配合物,并通过元素分析和红外(IR)光谱对其进行了表征,用单晶X-射线衍射测定了配合物的晶体结构.配合物属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群,a=0.9100(6)nm,b=1.2617(8)nm,c=1.3324(9)nm,α=89.757(8)°,β=87.277(8)°,γ=81.155(8)°,V=1.5099(17)nm3,Dc=1.748g·cm-3,μ=5.890mm-1,Z=1,F(000)=780,残差因子R1=0.0484,wR2=0.1090[I>2σ(I)],S=1.002.标题化合物为双核铋(III)配合物,金属中心Bi(III)原子与三个苯乙酸根(PPA)中的6个氧原子、一个1,10-邻菲罗啉分子中的两个氮原子和一个桥连氧原子进行配位,形成九配位的扭曲三帽三方柱配位十四面体,围绕铋原子的价键总数VBi(1)=2.897,两个Bi(III)原子通过两个桥连氧原子连结成中心对称的分子,Bi…Bi间距离为0.4469(2)nm.初步抑菌试验结果显示,配合物对大肠杆菌(E.Coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S.Aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(B.Subtilis)表现出相似且良好的抑菌效果.     

Chemical and photochemical functionality of the first molecular bismuth vanadium oxide

Anionic metal oxide clusters, so-called polyoxometalates, can be developed as molecular model compounds to mimic the chemical and photochemical reactivity of solid-state metal oxides on the molecular level. Inspired by the well-known visible-light photocatalyst BiVO(4) , the first molecular bismuth vanadium oxide has been synthesized to investigate the chemical and photochemical similarities between the solid-state and molecular compounds. The cluster H(3) [(Bi(dmso)(3) )(4) V(13) O(40) ]?ca. 4?DMSO was obtained from simple precursors in almost quantitative yield. Structural analysis showed that the cluster shell is based on the unusual all-vanadium ε-Keggin framework [ε-V(12) O(40) ](15-) , which is stabilized by coordination of four Bi(III) centers. The acidic character of the three cluster protons was demonstrated by titration studies. The cluster shows promising photocatalytic properties in visible-light photooxidation reactions and has high activity (turnover number >1200), high quantum yield (Φ=7.6?%), and good recyclability, which make it a promising first example of a new class of heterometallic polyoxometalates.     

Solvation of the bismuth(III) ion by water, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea, and N,N-dimethylthioformamide. An EXAFS, large-angle X-ray scattering, and crystallographic structural study

The structure of the solvated bismuth(III) ion in aqueous, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea, and N,N-dimethylthioformamide solution has been studied by means of EXAFS and large-angle X-ray scattering (LAXS). The crystal structures of the solid compounds octakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)bismuth(III) perchlorate, [Bi(OS(CH3)2)8](ClO4)3, hexakis(N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea)bismuth(III) perchlorate, [Bi(OCN2(CH2)3(CH3)2)6](ClO4)3, and nonaaquabismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate, [Bi(H2O)9](CF3SO3)3 (redetermination), have been determined. The aqueous solutions must be strongly acidic, since the hydrated bismuth(III) ion starts to hydrolyze into Bi6O4(OH)4(6+) complexes already at an excess of strong acid at 1.0 mol.dm-3. For very acidic aqueous perchlorate solutions, the LAXS and EXAFS data gave a satisfactory fit for eight-coordination of the bismuth(III) ion, with a mean Bi-O bond distance of 2.41(1) A. The crystal structure of octakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)bismuth(III) perchlorate shows that the bismuth(III) ion coordinates eight dimethyl sulfoxide molecules via the oxygen atoms in a distorted square antiprismatic configuration. The mean Bi-O bond distance is 2.43 A and the mean Bi...S distance 3.56 A. For the dimethyl sulfoxide solution, the corresponding mean distances were found to be 2.411(6) and 3.535(12) A. The N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea-solvated bismuth(III) ion is octahedrally coordinated in both solid state and solution with the Bi-O bond distances of 2.324(5) and 2.322(3) A, respectively. The bismuth(III) ion is six-coordinated in the sulfur donor solvent N,N-dimethylthioformamide with a mean Bi-S bond distance of 2.794(8) A. A comparison with the structure of the solvated lanthanum(III) ion shows that the bismuth(III) ion is smaller for all coordination numbers. New effective ionic radii for the bismuth(III) ion in different coordination numbers are proposed, based on results in this study and in the literature.     

Stabilization of a subvalent oxidation state of bismuth in N,N-dimethylthioformamide solution: an EXAFS, UV-Vis, IR, and cyclic voltammetry study

At the dissolution of anhydrous bismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate in N,N-dimethylthioformamide (DMTF) a deep red-orange complex, lambda(max) = 457 nm, is formed. Bismuth(III) is reduced by the solvent to a low-valent oxidation state stabilized by the sulfur-coordinating solvent DMTF. The obtained complex is weakly solvated seen by a low EXAFS amplitude and a slightly higher absorption energy of the L(III) edge than of the DMTF-solvated bismuth(III) ion. The EXAFS data reveal a dimeric bismuth complex solvated by a single DMTF molecule, which sulfur atom bridges the bismuth atoms. The Bi-S bond distance is 2.543(2) A, and the Bi...Bi distance is 3.929(7) A giving a Bi-S-Bi angle of 101.2(4) degrees. The very low number of coordinated solvent molecule shows that the lone electron pairs of the reduced bismuth ions are stereochemically active. Cyclic voltammetry investigations provide evidence that at least one bismuth atom in the dimer exists in an oxidation state lower than +III, seen by two peaks at approximately -0.36 and -0.57 V in the reduction half-cycle. The absence of EPR signals excludes the presence of bismuth(II) radicals.     

Structure, bonding, and phase relations in Bi2Sn2O7 and Bi2Ti2O7 pyrochlores: new insights from high pressure and high temperature studies

One of the key points of interest in pyrochlore materials containing bismuth derives from the dielectric properties of some such materials that are linked to the displacements of the bismuth atoms from the ideal site. This study uses high pressure to probe the variations in, and causes of, these displacements. Under compression Bi(2)Ti(2)O(7) does not undergo any phase changes, but Bi(2)Sn(2)O(7) undergoes a similar series of changes to those observed during heating. The trigonal β-Bi(2)Sn(2)O(7) structure is solved from high temperature powder neutron diffraction data and hence the sequence of phases observed in Bi(2)Sn(2)O(7) is discussed for the first time. The variation in Bi displacements can be considered in terms of the frustration of the tetrahedral lattice that accommodates them. It can also be inferred that the main driver for Bi displacement is a deficiency in the bond valence sum of bismuth.     

Synthesis and x-ray structural investigation of bismuth 2-methyl-8-quinolineselenolate Bi[C<Subscript>9</Subscript>H<Subscript>5</Subscript>(CH<Subscript>3</Subscript>)NSe]<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Bismuth 2-methyl-8-quinolineselenolate, Bi[C₉H₅(CH₃)NSe]₃, was synthesized. X-ray analysis was used to determine the structure of this complex. The crystal chemistry of bismuth(III), antimony(III), and arsenic(III) 2-methyl-8-quinolineselenolates and 2-methyl-8-quinolinethiolates was discussed relative to the effect of going from Se to S as the ligand atoms and presence of a methyl group at C-2 of the quinoline system and unshared electron pair of the central atom in the complex.     

Synthesis and structure of bismuth 8-quinoline-selenolate Bi(C<Subscript>9</Subscript>H<Subscript>6</Subscript>NSe)<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Bismuth 8-quinolineselenolate Bi(C₉H₆NSe)₃ was synthesized. The molecular and crystal structure of this compound was determined by X-ray diffraction structural analysis. The effect of replacing the ligand atoms Se→S and the role of the unshared electron pair on the formation of the coordination polyhedron of the central bismuth atom in bismuth(III) 8-quinolineselenolate and bismuth(III) 8-quinolinethiolate, which are complexes of a Group V p-element in an incomplete valence state was discussed. Dedicated to the memory of Academician Yurii Bankovsky, the founder of the chemistry of 8-mercaptoquinoline (December 22, 1927–January 28, 2003) on the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of his birth. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1866–1874, December, 2007.     

Bismuth coordination chemistry with allyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, and tetraphenylborate ligands and the {[2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]2Bi}+ cation

A series of bis(aryl) bismuth compounds containing (N,C,N)-pincer ligands, [2,6-(Me(2)NCH(2))(2)C(6)H(3)](-) (Ar'), have been synthesized and structurally characterized to compare the coordination chemistry of Bi(3+) with similarly sized lanthanide ions, Ln(3+). Treatment of Ar'(2)BiCl, 1, with ClMg(CH(2)CH═CH(2)) affords the allyl complex Ar'(2)Bi(η(1)-CH(2)CH═CH(2)), 2, in which only one allyl carbon atom coordinates to bismuth. Complex 1 reacts with KO(t)Bu and KOC(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6 to yield the alkoxide Ar'(2)Bi(O(t)Bu), 3, and aryloxide Ar'(2)Bi(OC(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6), 4, respectively, but the analogous reaction with the larger KOC(6)H(3)(t)Bu(2)-2,6 forms [Ar'(2)Bi][OC(6)H(3)(t)Bu(2)-2,6], 6, in which the aryloxide ligand acts as an outer sphere anion. Chloride is removed from 1 by NaBPh(4) to form [Ar'(2)Bi][BPh(4)], 5, which crystallizes from THF in an unsolvated form with tetraphenylborate as an outer sphere counteranion.     

Rational syntheses, structure, and properties of the first bismuth(II) carboxylate

Bismuth(II) trifluoroacetate (1), the first inorganic salt of bismuth in oxidation state +2, has been obtained in its pure, unstabilized form. Several synthetic routes suggested for the isolation of the new compound include (i) mild oxidation of elemental bismuth with some metal trifluoroacetates, e.g., Ag(I) and Hg(II); (ii) mild reduction of bismuth(III) trifluoroacetate with metals, such as Zn; (iii) comproportionation reaction between Bi and Bi(O(2)CCF(3))(3). The last approach gives the title compound 1 in quantitative yield as a sole product. Bismuth(II) trifluoroacetate has been characterized by NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic study reveals the dinuclear paddle-wheel structure for diamagnetic molecules Bi(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4). The Bi-Bi bond distances in dimetal units of 1 are averaged to 2.9462(3) A, and there are no axial intermolecular contacts between these units in the solid state. The compound is volatile and exists in vapor phase up to 220 degrees C when it disproportionates back to Bi(0) and Bi(III) species, i.e., by the reverse of the synthetic route iii. In contrast, the solution chemistry is quite limited: the bismuth(II) trifluoroacetate is decomposed by the majority of common solvents, but it can be stabilized by aromatic systems. The dibismuth unit has been shown to be preserved in the latter solvents and can be crystallized out in a form of pi-adducts with arenes. Two such adducts, Bi(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4).(C(6)H(5)Me) (2) and Bi(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4).(1,4-C(6)H(4)Me(2))(2) (3), have been isolated as single crystals and characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. In the structures of both 2 and 3, the bismuth(II) centers exhibit weak eta(6)-coordination to aromatic rings.     

Determination of Lead(II) Using Screen‐Printed Bismuth‐Antimony Film Electrode

This work presents a disposable bismuth‐antimony film electrode fabricated on screen‐printed electrode (SPE) substrates for lead(II) determination. This bismuth‐antimony film screen‐printed electrode (Bi‐SbSPE) is simply prepared by simultaneously in situ depositing bismuth(III) and antimony(III) with analytes on the homemade SPE. The Bi‐SbSPE can provide an enhanced electrochemical stripping signal for lead(II) compared to bismuth film screen‐printed electrodes (BiSPE), antimony film screen‐printed electrodes (SbSPE) and bismuth‐antimony film glassy carbon electrodes (Bi‐SbGC). Under optimized conditions, the Bi‐SbSPE exhibits attractive linear responses towards lead(II) with a detection limit of 0.07 µg/L. The Bi‐SbSPE has been demonstrated successfully to detect lead in river water sample.