ARGO-YBJ detector simulation using GEANT4

'G4argo', a GEANT4-based simulation package for the ARGO-YBJ detector, is described in this paper. G4argo incorporates in the simulation the true RPC time resolution and another 0.5 ns time uncertainty which is introduced from the offline calibration of TDC. In addition, the correct RPC geometry and the true materials for the ARGO-YBJ experimental hall are implemented. As a result, G4argo simulation shows a very good agreement with real data.     

ARGO-YBJ detector simulation using GEANT4

‘G4argo＇, a GEANT4-based simulation package for the ARGO-YBJ detector, is described in this paper. C4argo incorporates in the simulation the true RPC time resolution and another 0.5 ns time uncertainty which is introduced from the offline calibration of TDC. In addition, the correct RPC geometry and the true materials for the ARGO-YBJ experimental hall are implemented. As a result, G4argo simulation shows a very good agreement with real data.     

Precise measurement of dp elastic scattering at 270 MeV and three-nucleon force effects

The cross section, the deuteron vector A(d)(y) and tensor analyzing powers A(ij), the polarization transfer coefficients K(y('))(ij), and the induced polarization P(y(')) were measured for the dp elastic scattering at 270 MeV. The cross section and A(d)(y) are well reproduced by Faddeev calculations with modern data-equivalent nucleon-nucleon forces plus the Tucson-Melbourne three-nucleon force. In contrast, A(ij), K(y('))(ij), or P(y(')) are not described by such calculations. These facts indicate the deficiencies in the spin dependence of the Tucson-Melbourne force and call for extended three-nucleon force models.     

Studies of final-state neutron-neutron interaction in the nd breakup reaction at energies 40–140 MeV

An experiment is proposed for determining the nn-scattering length with necessary accuracy from the dependence of the nd breakup reaction yield on the energy of relative motion of two neutrons in the kinematic region where the final-state nn interaction is best manifested. Reaction events are simulated under actual experimental conditions. The test experiment carried out at the neutron channel of the Moscow Meson Factory (INP) gives grounds to believe that statistically grounded data can be obtained in the experiment on determination of the nn-scattering length.     

The Li exclusive breakup on Si at 13 MeV

We have undertaken the study of ⁶Li breakup on a ²⁸Si target near the Coulomb barrier through an angular distribution measurement. Alpha particles were recorded in coincidence with deuterons in order to determine exclusively the breakup of lithium. The results are analysed and are discussed, in a continuum discretized coupled channel framework (CDCC).     

Measurement of the neutron-induced deuteron breakup reaction cross-section between 5 and 25 MeV

High-spin states in ¹⁸⁷Pt have been studied by means of ??-ray spectroscopy techniques. Known bands have been significantly extended and new bands have been found. The band structures are discussed in the framework of the cranking model and negative-parity states are compared with calculations performed with a semi-microscopic axial-rotor plus one-quasiparticle coupling model. Shape coexistence is observed from low excitation energy.     

The deuteron breakup reaction induced by protons of 65, 85 and 100 MeV

Coplanar energy sharing spectra for p + d breakup at 65, 85 and 100 MeV proton bombarding energies were measured using the University of Maryland sectored isochronous cyclotron, by measuring the energies of either two protons or one proton and one neutron in coincidence. The detector angles were chosen to enhance either the p-p or p-n quasifree scattering, or the p-n final state interaction. The energy dependence of the peak cross section at equal symmetric quasifree scattering angle pairs was extracted for the ²H(p, 2p)n and ²H(p, pn)p reactions. Quasifree angular distributions were obtained for the reaction ²H(p, 2p)n at 65 MeV and for the reaction ²H(p, pn)p at 65, 85 and 100 MeV. The plane wave impulse approximation theory can only qualitatively reproduce the shape of the quasifree scattering peak in the energy sharing spectra and the shape of the p-p quasifree angular distribution. The discrepancies observed between the plane wave impulse approximation theory and the experimental data imply that the presence of the spectator particle (i.e., the multiple scattering effects) has a strong influence on the magnitude and the shape of the experimental results. Multiple scattering calculations were carried out in the three-body model of Aaron, Amado and Yam except that the S-wave separable two-body amplitudes were modified to fit two-nucleon elastic scattering data at higher energies. Comparisons of the results of these multiple scattering calculations to the experimental data show excellent quantitative agreement throughout the energy range and the angular region of this experiment, except for a few cases in which this model is inherently insufficient; namely, regions in which the Coulomb interaction is important, or regions for which a Hulthén wave function is inaccurate and the off-shell effects are not properly taken into account.     

GEANT4和FLUKA计算256 MeV质子诱发散裂中子能谱

散裂反应产生的中子能谱等数据是ADS系统设计中的关键参数。由于涉及到的能量范围大、反应道复杂,目前没有完善的评价核数据库可供使用,需要使用合适的核理论模型来进行计算。CiADS （Chinainitiative Accelerator Driven System）即将开始建设,在第一阶段将使用能量约为250 MeV的质子束。利用FLUKA及GEANT4中的BERT_HP、BIC_HP和INCLXX_HP等物理模型列表分别计算了256 MeV质子轰击薄的铝、铁、铅和铀靶后,在7.5°,30°,60°和150°等方向出射的中子双微分截面及轰击厚的铝、铁和铀靶后,在30°,60°,120°和150°等方向出射的中子双微分产额,并与已有的实验数据进行对比。结果表明,FLUKA和INCLXX_HP的计算结果整体上能够更好地符合实验数据。BIC_HP计算的薄靶结果,除铝靶的150°和铅靶的30°外,在5~30 MeV能量范围内要明显高于实验结果,能够达到实验结果的2倍以上。BIC_HP计算的厚铀靶结果在30°和60°方向的5~30 MeV能量范围内要比实验结果高出70%以上,在120°和150°方向的5 MeV以上要高于实验结果的2倍。BERT_HP计算的7.5°和30°方向上铝、铁和铅靶结果在20s100 MeV要比实验结果低40%以上,计算的铀靶结果在20 MeV以下能够达到实验结果的2倍以上。Neutron spectra produced through spallation reaction are key parameters in the design of Accelerator Driven Subcritical Systems. Since the energy span is large and reaction channels are complicated, no complete evaluated nuclear data library is ready for use. Suitable theoretical models are required to calculate the data. The CiADS (China initiative Accelerator Driven System) is going to be constructed in China. At the first stage, the adopted proton energy is about 250 MeV. FLUKA and GEANT4 are used to calculate the double differential cross sections at 7.5°, 30°, 60° and 150° induced by 256 MeV protons bombarding on thin aluminum, iron, lead and uranium targets, respectively. The double differential neutron yields at 30°, 60°, 120° and 150° are also calculated for 256 MeV protons bombarding on thick aluminum, iron and uranium targets, respectively. Three model lists INCLXX_HP, BIC_HP and BERT_HP implemented in GEANT4 are used separately. The calculation results are compared with corresponding experimental data. It is shown that results calculated with FLUKA and INCLXX_HP in GEANT4 fit the corresponding experimental data much better. The calculation results with BIC_HP overestimate the experimental data for thin targets in 5~30 MeV for more than 100%, except for aluminum at 150° and lead at 30°. For uranium target, the results calculated with BIC_HP is greater than the experimental results by more than 70% in the energy range 5~30 MeV at 30° and 60° and by more than 100% in the energy range above 5 MeV at 120° and 150°. In 20~100 MeV for aluminum, iron and lead targets, calculation results at 7.5° and 30° with BERT_HP underestimate the experimental data by more than 40%. And for uranium target, the experimental data up to 20 MeV are overestimated by more than 100%.     

GEANT4 simulation study of over-response phenomenon of fiber x-ray sensor

The purpose of this article is to explore the cause of the over-response phenomenon of fiber x-ray sensor.The sensor is based on a length of PMMA fiber,whose en...     

pp Partial-waves analysis at 400 and 500 MeV/c

We have performed a partial-wavesanalysis of the $\text{p}$p elastic scattering, at fixed momenta 400 and 500 MeV/c (lab.). It is mainly assumed that most of the amplitude comes from orbital mementa l?2. Although polarization values are lacking, adjustment to available experimental data leads to a restricted number of solutions, because of strong unitarity constraints.     

Proton-neutron correlation in the deuteron breakup at 56 MeV and prior-form DWBA analysis

Proton-neutron angular correlations in the ¹²C, ⁵¹V and ¹¹⁸Sn(d, pn) reactions have been measured at 56 MeV to investigate the deuteron breakup process. The elastic breakup which leaves the target nucleus in its ground state dominates the coincident spectra. The elastic breakup cross sections are estimated to be 36–48% of the inclusive breakup yields at 15° or 17.5°. In the angular correlations the protons are emitted predominantly on the side of the beam opposite to the neutrons. The experimental data have been analyzed using the prior-form DWBA. For both nuclear and Coulomb breakup, sufficient convergence of the calculations is obtained by including the pn angular momenta up to l = 2. For the nuclear breakup calculations, the l = 0 and 2 contributions dominate the cross sections. For the Coulomb breakup the l = 1 contribution is predominant. In the calculations the effect of the Coulomb breakup is seen at forward angles of the angular correlation. The DWBA calculations reproduce fairly well the coincident energy spectra and the angular correlations in the angular region where the protons are emitted on the side of the beam opposite to the neutrons. On the other hand the calculations overestimate the break-up cross sections by a factor of 2 to 10 in the angular region where the protons are emitted on the same side of the beam as the neutrons. The distributions of deuteron c.m. angular momenta that contribute to the breakup amplitude are examined to obtain information on the region of space in which the breakup reactions takes place.     

Final state interactions in deuteron breakup by protons at 585 and 800 MeV

Neutron-proton final state interactions (FSI) were observed in the deuteron breakup reaction ²H(p, 2p)n-via a kinematically complete experiment at incident proton energies of 585 and 800 MeV. Kinematic conditions were chosen which allowed the final state proton and neutron to have small relative energies; data were taken at four proton c.m. scattering angles at 800 MeV, ranging from 71° to 119° and at 94° and 106° at 585 MeV. The data are analyzed in terms of the Goldberger-Watson formalism for final state interactions, and the individual contributions of the ¹S₀ and ³S₁ np states are determined. The ${}^3\text{S}{}_1{}^1\text{S}{}_0$ ratio is large, as expected from some reaction models. The ratio of ³S₁ (almost elastic) to pd elastic cross sections is in good agreement with FSI analysis.     

Deuteron breakup with 3He at 89.4 and 118.9 MeV

Quasifree processes were studied by measuring coincident energy spectra for the ²H(³He, ³Hep)n, ²H(³He, tp)p and ²H(³He, dd)p reactions at 89.4 and 118.9MeV. The spectral shape was reproduced with two types of spectator model, that is, a three-body model (TBM) and a four-body model (FBM). The latter contains the effects of projectile breakup processes. Angular correlations of peak cross sections were explained by calculations in the FBM in contrast with those in the TBM. The absolute cross sections were not explained by either model.     

Measurement of the vector and tensor analyzing powers in dp elastic scattering at the energy of 880 MeV

The preliminary results on the angular distributions of the vector A _y and tensor A _yy , A _xx analyzing powers in dp elastic scattering at T _d = 880MeV are presented. A region of center-of-mass system angles from 60° to 140° is covered. The experimental data are compared with the preliminary calculations obtained within framework of different theoretical approaches. The experiment has been performed at the Internal Target Station at Nuclotron within the framework of the program on the study of light nuclei spin structure proposed at JINR (Russia) and RIBF (Japan).     

Photonuclear reaction yields from59Co at 35 MeV and 54 MeV

In energy loss measurements with 50 keV electrons the damping of the 15 eV volume plasma loss in Al was investigated by means of its energy half widthΔ E as function of the scattering angle?. For angles smaller than 1.5 · 10^?3 rad a damping is observed, which cannot be explained by former theories. It comes into play when the wavelength of the plasmons is larger than the mean crystal sized. — For large crystal size (d ≧250 Å) the half width of the plasma loss obtained at ?=0 was 0.53 eV.