(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + butyric acid + dibasic esters) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were examined for mixtures of {water (1) + butyric acid (2) + dimethyl succinate or dimethyl glutarate or dimethyl adipate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and p = (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the butyric acid is higher in the dibasic esters layers than in the aqueous layer. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + propionic acid + diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate or diethyl adipate) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were examined for {water (1) + propionic acid (2) + diethyl succinate or diethyl glutarate or diethyl adipate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and 101.3 ± 0.7 kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the propionic acid is higher in the dibasic esters layers than in the aqueous layers. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems was predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + butyric acid + esters) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were examined for mixtures of {water (1) + butyric acid (2) + ethyl propionate or dimethyl phthalate or dibutyl phthalate (3)} at T = 298.15 K and (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. The relative mutual solubility of the butyric acid is higher in the layers of esters than in the aqueous layer. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + ethanol + dimethyl glutarate) at several temperatures

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of (water + ethanol + dimethyl glutarate) have been determined experimentally at T=(298.15,308.15 and 318.15) K. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was ascertained by using the Othmer and Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary mixture were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + lactic acid + alcohol) ternary systems

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) measurements of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions were carried out for {water (1) + lactic acid (2) + octanol, or nonanol, or decanol (3)} at T = 298.15 K and 101.3 ± 0.7 kPa. The relative mutual solubility of lactic acid is higher in the water layers than in the organic layers. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The LLE results for the ternary systems were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

Liquid–liquid equilibria of ternary systems (water + carboxylic acid + cumene) at 298.15 K

(Liquid–liquid) equilibrium data for the ternary systems [water + formic acid or acetic acid or propionic acid + cumene (2-phenylpropane, isopropylbenzene)] at 298.15 K are reported. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and the tie-line data. The reliability of the experimental tie-lines was determined through the Othmer–Tobias plots. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. The tie-line data were compared with the results predicted by the UNIFAC method.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + propionic acid + dipropyl ether or diisopropyl ether) at T = 298.2 K

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for (water + propionic acid + dipropyl ether) and (water + propionic acid + diisopropyl ether) were measured at T = 298.2 K and atmospheric pressure. The tie-line data were correlated by means of the UNIQUAC equation, and compared with results predicted by the UNIFAC method. A comparison of the extracting capabilities of the solvents was made with respect to distribution coefficients, separation factors, and solvent free selectivity bases.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of three ternary systems: (heptane + benzene + N-formylmorpholine), (heptane + toluene + N-formylmorpholine), (heptane + xylene + N-formylmorpholine) from T = (298.15 to 353.15) K

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for ternary systems: (heptane + benzene + N-formylmorpholine), (heptane + toluene + N-formylmorpholine), and (heptane + xylene + N-formylmorpholine) have been determined experimentally at temperatures ranging from 298.15 K to 353.15 K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and tie-line data. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer–Tobias and Bachman methods. The universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) and the non-random two liquids equation (NRTL) were used to predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters determined from experimental data. It is found that UNIQUAC and NRTL used for LLE could provide a good correlation. Distribution coefficients, separation factors, and selectivity were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria for (water + 2,3-butanediol + oleyl alcohol) at T = (300.2, 307.2, and 314.2) K

(Liquid + liquid equilibrium) (LLE) data for ternary system: (water + 2,3-butanediol + oleyl alcohol) has been measured at T = (300.2, 307.2, and 314.2) K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and tie-line data. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer–Tobias and Bachman methods. The nonrandom two liquids equation (NRTL) was used to correlate the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters determined from experimental data. It is found that NRTL could give a good correlation for the LLE data. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid), (solid + liquid), and (solid + liquid + liquid) equilibria of systems containing cyclic ether (tetrahydrofuran or 1,3-dioxolane), water,and a biological buffer MOPS

Two liquid phases were formed as the addition of a certain amount of biological buffer 3-(N-morpholino)propane sulfonic acid (MOPS) in the aqueous solutions of tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 1,3-dioxolane. To evaluate the feasibility of recovering the cyclic ethers from their aqueous solutions with the aid of MOPS, we determined experimentally the phase diagrams of the ternary systems of {cyclic ether (THF or 1,3-dioxolane) + water + MOPS} at T = 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. In this study, the solubility data of MOPS in water and in the mixed solvents of water/cyclic ethers were obtained from the results of a series of density measurements, while the (liquid + liquid) and the (solid + liquid + liquid) phase boundaries were determined by visually inspection. Additionally, the tie-line results for (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) and for (solid + liquid + liquid) equilibrium (SLLE) were measured using an analytical method. The reliability of the experimental LLE tie-line results data was validated by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. These LLE tie-line values were correlated well with the NRTL model. The phase diagrams obtained from this study reveal that MOPS is a feasible green auxiliary agent to recover the cyclic ethers from their aqueous solutions, especially for 1,3-dioxolane.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for (water + acetic acid + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol): experimental data and prediction

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for (water + acetic acid + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol) were measured at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of (298.2 to 313.2) K. The UNIFAC model was used to predict the observed LLE data with a root-mean-square deviation value of 2.03%. A high degree of consistency of experimental data was obtained using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The solubility of water in 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was measured at different temperatures.     

Phase equilibria for ternary liquid systems of (water + tetrahydrofuran + nonprotic aromatic solvent) at T = 298.2 K

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the solubility curves and tie-line end compositions are presented for mixtures of {water (1) + tetrahydrofuran (2) + xylene or chlorobenzene or benzyl ether (3)} at T = 298.2 K and P = (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. Among the studied C6 ring-containing aromatic solvents, xylene gives the largest distribution ratio and separation factors for extraction of tetrahydrofuran. A solvation energy relation (SERLAS) has been used to estimate the (liquid + liquid) equilibria of associated systems containing a nonprotic solvent. The tie-lines were also predicted using the UNIFAC-original model. The reliability of both models has been analyzed against the LLE data with respect to the distribution ratio and separation factor. SERLAS matches LLE data accurately, yielding a mean error of 9.9% for all the systems considered.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium data for the ternary systems (cycloalkane + ethylbenzene + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolim ethylsulfate) at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure

In this paper, (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary systems (cyclohexane, or cyclooctane, or methylcyclohexane + ethylbenzene + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate) have been determined experimentally at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The solubility curves and the tie-line compositions of the conjugate phases were obtained by means of density. The degree of consistency of the tie-lines was tested using the Othmer–Tobias equation, and the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) and the Universal Quasi-Chemical (UNIQUAC) models were used to correlate the phase equilibrium in the systems. Selectivity and solute distribution ratio were evaluated for the immiscible region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + linalool + limonene) ternary system at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for {water (1) + linalool (2) + limonene (3)} ternary system at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 ± 0.05) K are reported. The organic chemicals were quantified by gas chromatography using a flame ionisation detector while water was quantified using a thermal conductivity detector. The effect of the temperature on (liquid + liquid) equilibrium is determined and discussed. Experimental data for the ternary mixture are compared with values calculated by the NRTL and UNIQUAC equations, and predicted by means of the UNIFAC group contribution method. It is found that the UNIQUAC and NRTL models provide a good correlation of the solubility curve at these three temperatures, while comparing the calculated values with the experimental ones, the best fit is obtained with the NRTL model. Finally, the UNIFAC model provides poor results, since it predicts a greater heterogeneous region than experimentally observed.     

Liquid–liquid equilibria of the ternary system water + acetic acid + dimethyl succinate

Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of water + acetic acid + dimethyl succinate were measured at 298.2, 308.2, and 318.2 K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining binodal curves and tie lines. The reliability of the experimental tie line data was confirmed by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The UNIFAC and modified UNIFAC model were used to predict the phase equilibrium data in the ternary system. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for (water + 1-propanol + diisopropyl ether + octane,or methylbenzene,or heptane) systems at T = 298.15 K

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria (LLE) data were presented for one ternary system of {water + octane + diisopropyl ether (DIPE)} and three quaternary systems of (water + 1-propanol + DIPE + octane, or methylbenzene, or heptane) at T = 298.15 K and p = 100 kPa. The experimental LLE data were correlated with the modified and extended UNIQUAC models. Distribution coefficients were derived from the experimental LLE data to evaluate the solubility behavior of components in organic and aqueous phases.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for ternary mixtures of (polyvinylpyrrolidone + MgSO4 + water) at different temperatures

Experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data were determined for a ternary system (polyvinylpyrrolidone + MgSO₄ + water) at various temperatures of (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K. The UNIQAC, modified regular solution, modified Wilson and Chen-NRTL models were used to correlate the experimental tie-line data. The results show that at each temperature, the quality of fitting is better with the Chen-NRTL model.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (heptane,or hexane,or cyclohexane + toluene + 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) ternary systems at T = 298.15 K

Experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data for the mixtures of (heptane, or hexane, or cyclohexane + toluene + 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) were determined at T = 298.15 K and P = 101.3 kPa. The solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions are reported for the related mixtures and presented as complete phase diagrams. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. The reliability of the experimental tie-line results was verified by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The experimental tie-line data were correlated by UNIQUAC model, which gave satisfactory representation for the systems. It was observed that the separation of toluene from cyclohexane is easier to achieve than from heptane and hexane.     

Liquid–liquid equilibria for ternary systems of (water + carboxylic acid + 1-octanol) at 293.15 K: modeling phase equilibria using a solvatochromic approach

Liquid–liquid equilibrium data of the solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions are presented for mixtures of [water (1) + formic acid or propanoic acid or levulinic (4-oxopentanoic) acid or valeric (pentanoic) acid or caproic (hexanoic) acid (2) + 1-octanol (3)] at 293.15 K and 101.3 ± 0.7 kPa. A log-basis approach SERLAS (solvation energy relation for liquid associated system) has been proposed to estimate the properties and liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) of tertiary associated systems containing proton-donating and -accepting components capable of a physical interaction through hydrogen bonding. The model combines the solvatochromic parameters with the thermodynamic factors derived from the UNIFAC-Dortmund model. The reliability of the model has been analyzed against the LLE data with respect to the distribution ratio and separation factor. The tie-lines were also correlated using the UNIFAC-original model. The proposed model, reflecting the simultaneous impact of hydrogen bonding, solubility and thermodynamic factors, yields a mean error of 27.9% for all the systems considered.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (water + propionic acid + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol): Experimental data and correlation

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for (water + propionic acid + 2-ethyl-1-hexanol) were determined at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range of (298.15 to 308.15) K. A type-1 LLE phase diagram was obtained for this ternary system. The LLE data were correlated fairly well with UNIQUAC model, indicating the reliability of the UNIQUAC equation for this ternary system. The average root mean square deviation between the observed and calculated mole fractions was 1.57%. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were measured to evaluate the extracting capability of the solvent.