Cylindrically and spherically symmetrical rapid intense compression of an ideal perfect gas with adiabatic exponents from 1.001 to 3

The problem of the rapid intense cylindrically or spherically symmetrical compression of an ideal (non-viscous and non-heat-conducting) perfect gas with different adiabatic exponents is considered. We mean by rapid and intense a compression in a time much less than the time taken for the sound wave to propagate through the uncompressed target up to temperatures and densities as high as desired. It is found that the solution previously obtained with a focused non-self-similar compression wave at the point where the shock wave is reflected from the axis or centre of symmetry (henceforth the centre of symmetry) holds for adiabatic exponents not exceeding 1.9092 and 1.8698 respectively in the cylindrical and spherical cases. It was not possible to construct a complete solution with focusing at the centre of symmetry for gases with higher adiabatic exponents. On the other hand, one can focus the compression waves into a cylinder or sphere of as small, but finite, radius as desired at the instant of arrival on them, for example, of a special characteristic or reflected shock wave of the Guderley problem. It is shown that for high degrees of compression, the time dependences of the coordinates of the pistons which produce such focusing, and of the gas density on them are close to power laws.     

A process of axisymmetric unlimited shock-free compression of a perfect gas

Using Sidorov's ideas and analytical methods for solving the problem of the shock-free compression of a gas acted upon by a piston, a new parameterc form of the solution of the equation for the self-similar velocity potential of a gas is proposed. This enables the problem of constructing the flow with an unlimited increase in the gas-dynamic parameters to be reduced to solving the Cauchy problem for a single ordinary differential equation with a bounded integration interval. The solution of the gas-dynamic equations thus obtained may be of interest in constructing the process of unlimited compression of a perfect gas, at rest at the initial instant of time inside a solid of revolution of the “plate” type, and its describes the gas flow in a certain part of the compressed volume. Asymptotic estimates of the gas-dynamic quantities are established analytically.     

Global spherically symmetric flows for a viscous radiative and reactive gas in an exterior domain

We consider the equations for a viscous, compressible, radiative and reactive gas (pressure $P=R\rho \theta +a{\theta }^4/3$, internal energy $e=c_v\theta +a{\theta }^4/\rho$) over an unbounded exterior domain in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$, where $n\ge 2$ is the space dimension. The existence, uniqueness, and large-time behavior of global spherically symmetric solutions are established for large initial data. The key point in the analysis is to deduce certain uniform a priori estimates on the solutions, especially on lower and upper bounds of the specific volume and temperature.     

A self-similar solution to the equation of gas filtration in a spherically symmetric porous medium

We consider the Cauchy problem for the Boussinesq equation which describes filtration of a gas in a spherically symmetric porous medium. For the self-similar solution to this problem we construct a formal in the neighborhood of the point r → ∞ expansion and a convergent near r = 0 one.     

The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a spherically symmetric anharmonic oscillator

We show that the operator H_s has a complete set of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues , which satisfy [2l(l + 1) - (3n² + 3n + 1)]s + o(s) and lim_s→0 = 0. The functions are given in spherical coordinates as a product of generalized Laguerre functions and spherical harmonics.     

Identifying a spherically symmetric conductivity in a nonlinear parabolic equation

In this article we determine, i.e. we prove existence and uniqueness of a radially symmetric operator conductivity in a nonlinear heat equation of the form (1.1) related to a spherical corona Ω ? R ³ under a suitable additional information.     

On the topology of spherically symmetric space-times

Spherically symmetric space-times have attained considerable attention ever since the early beginnings of the theory of general relativity. In fact, they have appeared already in the papers of K. Schwarzschild [12] and W. De Sitter [5] which were published in 1916 and 1917 respectively soon after Einstein's epoch-making work [7] in 1915. The present survey is concerned mainly with recent results pertainig to the toplogy of spherically symmetric space-times. Definition. By space-time a connected time-oriented 4-dimensional Lorentz manifold is meant. If (M,<,>) is a space-time, and Φ: SO(3)×M→M an isometric action such that the maximal dimension of its orbits is equal to 2, then the action Φ is said to be spherical and the space-time is said to be spherically symmetric [8]; [11]. Likewise, isometric actions Ψ: O(3)×M→M are also considered ([10], p. 365; [4]) which will be called quasi-spherical if the maximal dimension of its orbits is 2 and then the space-time is said to be quasi-spherically symmetric here. Each quasi-spherical action yields a spherical one by restricting it to the action of SO(3); the converse of this statement will be considered elsewhere. The main results concerning spherically symmetric space-times are generally either of local character or pertaining to topologically restricted simple situations [14], and earlier results of global character are scarce [1], [4], [6], [13]. A report on recent results concerning the global geometry of spherically symmetric space-times [16] is presented below.     

Ground states of a nonlinear curl-curl problem in cylindrically symmetric media

We consider the nonlinear curl-curl problem \({\nabla\times\nabla\times U + V(x) U= \Gamma(x)|U|^{p-1}U}\) in \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) related to the Kerr nonlinear Maxwell equations for fully localized monochromatic fields. We search for solutions as minimizers (ground states) of the corresponding energy functional defined on subspaces (defocusing case) or natural constraints (focusing case) of \({H({\rm curl};\mathbb{R}^3)}\). Under a cylindrical symmetry assumption corresponding to a photonic fiber geometry on the functions V and \({\Gamma}\) the variational problem can be posed in a symmetric subspace of \({H({\rm curl};\mathbb{R}^3)}\). For a defocusing case \({{\rm sup} \Gamma < 0}\) with large negative values of \({\Gamma}\) at infinity we obtain ground states by the direct minimization method. For the focusing case \({{\rm inf} \Gamma > 0}\) the concentration compactness principle produces ground states under the assumption that zero lies outside the spectrum of the linear operator \({\nabla \times \nabla \times +V(x)}\). Examples of cylindrically symmetric functions V are provided for which this holds.     

A boundary value problem for the spherically symmetric motion of a pressureless gas with a temperature‐dependent viscosity

We consider an initial‐boundary value problem for the equations of spherically symmetric motion of a pressureless gas with temperature‐dependent viscosity µ(θ) and conductivity κ(θ). We prove that this problem admits a unique weak solution, assuming Belov's functional relation between µ(θ) and κ(θ) and we give the behaviour of the solution for large times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Free boundary problem for the equations of spherically symmetric motion of compressible gas with density-dependent viscosity

We consider a free boundary problem for the equations of spherically symmetric motion of a isentropic gas with a density-dependent viscosity , where and λ are positive constants. We prove that the problem admits a weak solution provided that 0 < λ < 1/4.      

A new class of spherically symmetric gravitational collapse

Theoretical and Mathematical Physics - We discuss the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric perfect fluid distribution of uniformly contracting stars. In a uniformly contracting star,...     

Estimation of location parameters for spherically symmetric distributions

Estimation of the location parameters of a p×1 random vector with a spherically symmetric distribution is considered under quadratic loss. The conditions of Brandwein and Strawderman [Ann. Statist. 19(1991) 1639-1650] under which estimators of the form dominate are (i) where -h is superharmonic, (ii) is nonincreasing in R, where has a uniform distribution in the sphere centered at with a radius R, and (iii) . In this paper, we not only drop their condition (ii) to show the dominance of over but also obtain a new bound for a which is sometimes better than that obtained by Brandwein and Strawderman. Specifically, the new bound of a is 0<a<[μ₁/(p²μ_-1)][1-(p-1)μ₁/(pμ_-1μ₂)]^-1 with for i=-1,1,2. The generalization to concave loss functions is also considered. Additionally, we investigate estimators of the location parameters when the scale is unknown and the observation contains a residual vector.     

On the regularity of spherically symmetric wave maps

Wave maps are critical points U: M → N of the Lagrangian ??[U] = ∞_M ‖dU‖², where M is an Einsteinian manifold and N a Riemannian one. For the case M = ?^2,1 and U a spherically symmetric map, it is shown that the solution to the Cauchy problem for U with smooth initial data of arbitrary size is smooth for all time, provided the target manifold N satisfies the two conditions that: (1) it is either compact or there exists an orthonormal frame of smooth vectorfields on N whose structure functions are bounded; and (2) there are two constants c and C such that the smallest eigenvalue λ and the largest eigenvalue λ of the second fundamental form k_AB of any geodesic sphere Σ(p, s) of radius s centered at p ? N satisfy sλ ≧ c and s A ≦ C(1 + s). This is proved by first analyzing the energy-momentum tensor and using the second condition to show that near the first possible singularity, the energy of the solution cannot concentrate, and hence is small. One then proves that for targets satisfying the first condition, initial data of small energy imply global regularity of the solution. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Identifying an unknown source term in a spherically symmetric parabolic equation

The aim of this work is to solve the inverse problem of determining an unknown source term in a spherically symmetric parabolic equation. The problem is ill-posed: the solution (if it exists) does not depend continuously on the final data. A spectral method is applied to formulate a regularized solution, and a Hölder type estimate of the error between the approximate solution and the exact solution is obtained with a suitable choice of regularization parameter.     

Numerical treatment of the spherically symmetric solutions of a generalized Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piscounov equation

In the present work, the connection of the generalized Fisher-KPP equation to physical and biological fields is noted. Radially symmetric solutions to the generalized Fisher-KPP equation are considered, and analytical results for the positivity and asymptotic stability of solutions to the corresponding time-independent elliptic differential equation are quoted. An energy analysis of the generalized theory is carried out with further physical applications in mind, and a numerical method that consistently approximates the energy of the system and its rate of change is presented. The method is thoroughly tested against analytical and numerical results on the classical Fisher-KPP equation, the Heaviside equation, and the generalized Fisher-KPP equation with logistic nonlinearity and Heaviside initial profile, obtaining as a result that our method is highly stable and accurate, even in the presence of discontinuities. As an application, we establish numerically that, under the presence of suitable initial conditions, there exists a threshold for the relaxation time with the property that solutions to the problems considered are nonnegative if and only if the relaxation time is below a critical value. An analytical prediction is provided for the Heaviside equation, against which we verify the validity of our computational code, and numerical approximations are provided for several generalized Fisher-KPP problems.     

The asymptotic laws of shockless strong compression of quasi-one-dimensional gas layers

The solutions of initial-boundary-value problems describing the shockless compression of cylindrically and spherically symmetric layers on an ideal polytropic gas to infinite density are investigated. Attention is also devoted to the quasi-one-dimensional case, when the surface on which the compression takes place is in one-to-one correspondence with the sonic characteristic surface separating the initial background flow and the compression wave. The solutions are expanded in convergent power series in a space of special dependent and independent variables, both in the neighbourhood of the final time. Asymptotic laws of shockless strong compression are found, and it is proved that they are described by curves in the convergence domains of the series. The additional external energy resources required for the transition from the compression of plane layers to that of quasi-one-dimensional layers are shown to be finite, provided that the polytropy index of the gas is not greater than three.     

Asymptotics of the convex hull of spherically symmetric samples

In this paper we consider the convex hull of a spherically symmetric sample in R^d. Our main contributions are some new asymptotic results for the expectation of the number of vertices, number of facets, area and the volume of the convex hull assuming that the marginal distributions are in the Gumbel max-domain of attraction. Further, we briefly discuss two other models assuming that the marginal distributions are regularly varying or O-regularly varying.