氮自由基环化反应的新进展

三十年前,自由基反应在有机合成中的应用已经非常普遍,但其主要集中在碳自由基的应用上,而杂原子自由基却一直得不到发展.氮自由基环化反应是在近十年内才逐步应用到有机合成中的,它对合成一系列的氮杂环化合物有重要的意义,如内酰胺类、吡咯烷类、生物碱类物质等.从四个方面对氮自由基经环化反应合成多种氮杂环化合物的研究进展做一介绍.     

自由基加成环化合成含氧或含氮杂环化合物的研究进展

含氧及含氮杂环化合物广泛应用于医药、化工及材料等领域,其合成方法一直备受关注.近年来,自由基加成串联环化策略被认为是构筑含氧及含氮杂环化合物的简洁、高效方法之一.根据杂环种类的不同进行分类,综述了近年来基于自由基加成环化历程合成各类含氧及含氮杂环化合物的研究进展.     

以二氧化碳为C1合成子的羧基化/环化反应研究进展

二氧化碳具有价廉易得、储量丰富及无毒等优点,在有机合成反应中是一种理想的C1合成子.近年来,以二氧化碳作为羰基/羧基源,通过环化反应,特别是多组分环化反应构建含羰基杂环化合物,已经取得了重要的研究进展.主要总结了利用含氮、氧亲核原子的试剂与常压条件下二氧化碳的环化反应构建苯并噁嗪、环碳酸酯、内酰胺、2,4-二噁唑啉酮等含羰基杂环结构的工作;其次,也总结了利用含碳亲核原子的试剂与二氧化碳羧基化反应的相关工作.     

有机硒参与的硒环化反应研究进展

有机硒化物是一类重要的分子,在药物、农用化学品、有机材料以及催化等领域有着广泛的应用,在有机分子中引入硒原子在合成化学中具有重要意义.杂环化合物是构成多种生物活性分子的重要骨架,因此,合成含硒杂环衍生物的研究备受关注.分别描述了近年来快速发展的金属催化、电化学驱动、可见光驱动、有机分子催化以及其它类型的硒环化反应,并对...     

Japanese试剂的环化反应

利用Japanese试剂与含活泼氢的双官能团化合物的环化反应,合成了含N-P-N,N-P-O的五元磷杂环化合物,并用IR,NMR和MS对新化合物进行了表征。     

自由基促进硫甲基取代的炔酮的环化反应

硫代吡喃酮是一种重要的结构骨架, 广泛存在于天然产物、潜在药物及生物活性分子中. 因此, 发展简洁、高效构建硫代吡喃酮的合成方法具有重要意义. 发展了一种自由基促进的硫甲基取代炔酮的加成环化反应来构建硫代吡喃酮环的新方法. 该方法具有底物适用性广, 一系列自由基前体如二苯基膦氧、硫酚、醛等都可以在该反应体系中实现转化. 机理研究表明, 自由基前体对炔酮的选择性加成得到C(sp ²)自由基中间体, 该中间体促进的C(sp ²)—S键构建及C(sp ³)—S键断裂是关键步骤.     

联炔环化反应研究进展

联炔是一种具有较高反应活性的有机合成中间体,与单炔相比联炔具有共轭结构和更多的反应活性位点,既能够作为四合成子构建单环化合物,也能够发生串联环化反应形成多环化合物,因此成为有机化学家的研究热点。本文综述了近年来联炔环化反应的研究进展,并对该领域未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

二氧化碳参与的自由基型烯烃双官能团化反应

二氧化碳(CO₂)是一种理想的C1合成子. 利用其参与化学转化合成羧酸和含羰基杂环等具有高附加值的产品, 具有重要意义. 另一方面, 烯烃的双官能团化反应是有机合成化学中的一类重要反应, 可以将简单易得的烯烃快速高效地转化为结构多样性的重要化合物. 然而, 由于CO₂反应活性较低, 而且烯烃官能团化反应的选择性难以控制, CO₂参与的烯烃双官能团化反应具有较高的挑战性. 近年来, 自由基化学的蓬勃发展为该类反应的开发提供了新的策略, 实现了一些重要转化反应. 基于此, 从CO₂参与烯烃的氧-烷基化反应、碳羧基化反应、硅羧基化反应、硫羧基化反应以及双羧基化反应等反应入手, 全面总结和深入分析了最近几年CO₂参与的自由基型烯烃双官能团化反应进展; 在介绍上述进展的同时, 重点阐述了其可能经历的四类自由基化学历程. 最后对该领域的未来发展方向进行了展望, 希望为该领域的进一步发展提供一些思路.     

金属有机化合物催化的环化反应新进展

综述了近年来金属有机化合物催化的环化反应在合成碳20环及杂环化合物中的应用。     

氯仿参与的烯烃自由基加成反应的研究进展

多卤甲基化合物,尤其是具有二氯甲基或三氯甲基结构的多氯甲基化合物,被广泛应用于医药、农业及有机功能材料等领域.此外,多氯甲基还可以很容易地转化为氨基、羟基、羧基和羰基等各种官能团,这些官能团可进一步用于构建复杂的环状结构.因此,开发有效的多氯甲基化策略,在许多具有生物活性的天然分子的合成中具有重要的意义.氯仿是一种容易获得的化学资源,在自由基引发剂存在下可发生自由基转化,通过氢原子转移(HAT)形成·CCl₃自由基或通过卤素原子转移(XAT)形成·CHCl₂自由基.按照氯仿产生自由基种类的不同,对氯仿参与烯烃自由基加成,从而构建多氯甲基取代化合物的最新研究进展进行了梳理和总结,并对反应范围、局限性以及部分机理进行了讨论.     

Consecutive carbon-carbon bond formation approach in tandem cyclization reactions

The conventional tandem cyclization reactions involve the formation of alternating carbon-carbon bonds, whereas the newly developed cyclization reactions involve the formation of consecutive carbon-carbon bonds, in which N-aziridinylimines have been utilized as geminal radical acceptor and donor equivalents in a single operation. This unprecedented tandem cyclization approach becomes feasible by the successful generation of 5- and 6-membered ring radicals by radical cyclizations of N-aziridinylimines. The same notion can be applied to the anionic cyclizations of N-aziridinylimines, thereby allowing anionic consecutive carbon-carbon bond formation. This approach has great synthetic potential, particularly for the construction of quaternary carbon centers, and it provides highly efficient routes for the synthesis of natural products.     

Synthesis of 2-fluorotetralones by oxidative radical cyclization of α-fluoroacetophenones and olefins

The oxidative radical cyclization of α-fluoroacetophenones in the presence of olefins offers an efficient access to 2-fluorotetralones. Fluorinated starting materials can be prepared from α-bromoacetophenones. The reaction was optimized with respect to a future application in the synthesis of 18-fluorine labeled compounds, where reaction times are a critical aspect.     

Recent progress in transition metal catalysed hydrofunctionalisation of less activated olefins

The electrophilic activation(C-H activation) of alkenes by transition metal catalysts is a fundamental step in a rapidly growing number of catalytic processes since it would provide simple, clean, and economic methods for making controlled and selectively functionalized organic moieties directly from simple olefins. Also catalytic activation of C-H bonds leading to useful organic reactions such as new C-C, C-N and C-O bond formation is of considerable interest for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and remained a long-term challenge to chemists. A substantial progress has made in the last decade in this area. Contrary to traditional belief, it is nowadays possible to control the regiochemistry of various additions of nucleophiles to alkenes by the choice of transition metal catalysts. Atom economy, an inevitable factor of current research also can be accomplished in these reactions. Developments in this area of selective hydrofunctionalisation of alkenes by taking into consideration of the mechanistic aspects and the role of organometallic catalyst or active species formed during the reaction on the outcome of the reactions are reviewed.     

Synthesis of novel pyranoquinones using an acyl radical cyclization strategy

The thiol-catalysed cyclization of acyl radicals generated directly from benzaldehyde precursors has been investigated. Hindered β-benzyloxyacrylates cyclize efficiently providing a tin-free radical cyclization approach to the serine/threonine kinase AKT inhibitor frenolicin B, whilst γ-aryloxy crotonates give good yields of benzopyran-4-ones. This method is applied to the synthesis of a novel tetracyclic analogue of the pyranonaphthoquinone antibiotics.     

A copper-catalyzed domino radical cyclization route to benzospiro-indolizidinepyrrolidinones

In this Letter the synthesis of benzospiro-indolizidinepyrrolidinones is described by a domino atom transfer radical cyclization reaction using a copper catalyst. The structure of one of the products was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The investigated precursors, bearing a homo allyl substituent on the N-indole, result in a 5-exo-trig, followed by a 6-endo-trig cyclization. When the N-indole is substituted with an allyl group, only the spiro-cyclization occurs.     

Lewis acid-catalyzed atom transfer radical cyclization of unsaturated β-keto amides

The Lewis acid-catalyzed atom transfer radical cyclization reactions of olefinic -bromo β-keto amides were investigated. It was found Lewis acid Yb(OTf)₃ or Mg(ClO₄)₂ not only promoted the cyclization reactions, but also resulted in excellent trans stereocontrol in the cyclization products. With the catalysis of Lewis acid Yb(OTf)₃ or Mg(ClO₄)₂ at −78°C in the presence of Et₃B/O₂, the cyclization reactions of C-olefinic β-keto amides provided cyclic ketones, while the cyclization reactions of N-olefinic β-keto amides led to the formation of γ-lactams, which could be converted to 3-aza-bicyclo[3,1,0]hexan-2-ones.     

有机金属配合物控制的活性自由基聚合研究进展

活性自由基聚合(Living radical polymerization,LRP)是高效可控地制备结构新颖的高分子材料的重要方法,近年来逐渐成为高分子合成领域的研究热点.本文综述了一类重要的活性自由基聚合方法,即有机金属配合物控制的自由基聚合(Organometallic mediated radical polymerization,OMRP)的最新研究进展,介绍了钛、钒、铬、钼、铁、锇、钴、铑、钯和铜等有机金属配合物为催化剂控制的OMRP,并简述了OMRP方法在光致LRP、嵌段共聚物的合成、与其他LRP方法联用及聚合物端基修饰和转化等方面的拓展.此外,本文还对有待进一步深入探索的领域和问题提出了建议和展望.     

Indole synthesis by radical cyclization of o-alkenylphenyl isocyanides and its application to the total synthesis of natural products

Development of indole synthesis by tin-mediated radical cyclization of o-alkenylphenyl isocyanide is described. Upon heating o-alkenylphenyl isocyanide in the presence of tri-n-butyltin hydride and AIBN, 2-stannyl-3-substituted indole was formed via 5-exo-trig cyclization of the imidoyl radical intermediate. After acidic workup, 3-substituted indoles were isolated. For substrates bearing simple alkyl groups, a substantial amount of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives were generated through 6-endo-trig cyclization. This undesired cyclization was suppressed by using an excess amount (five equivalents based on o-alkenylphenyl isocyanide) of ethanethiol instead of tri-n-butyltin hydride. The 2-stannylindole intermediates proved to be a suitable substrate for Stille coupling, giving 2,3-disubstituted indoles in a one-pot procedure. In addition, the 2-stannylindole intermediates could be converted to 2-iodoindoles by treatment with iodine or N-iodosuccinimide. The 2-iodoindoles thus obtained served as good substrates for Heck reactions, Stille couplings, Suzuki couplings, and palladium-mediated carbonylations, to afford a variety of 2,3-disubstituted indoles. The utility of this protocol was demonstrated by application to synthetic studies on gelsemine and discorhabdin A, and the total synthesis of an aspidosperma alkaloid, (-)-vindoline.     

非血红素铁、锰配合物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应研究进展

手性环氧化物是重要的有机反应中间体.金属氧化酶催化的氧化反应通常具有高效、高选择性、反应条件温和和绿色的特点,模拟其中的非血红素铁加氧酶设计合成一系列手性四氮铁锰配合物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应成为获得高产率、高对映选择性的手性环氧化物的一个重要方法.本文综述了近年来非血红素手性四氮铁锰配合物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应的研究进展及相应的机理研究.