低温下压阻式压力传感器性能的实验研究

通过实验对压力传感器的温度效应进行了研究。结果表明 ,当温度在低温范围内变化时 ,压力传感器的零点输出有较大的变化 ,但输出特性仍保持良好的线性 ;灵敏系数随温度的升高而减小。     

霍尔传感器温度漂移补偿电路设计

霍尔传感器作为一种半导体器件,其灵敏度随着温度变化而产生漂移的特性,限制了其在高精度磁场测量场合的应用。传统的温度补偿方法虽然对温度变化的一次项进行了完全补偿,但是却引入了温度变化二次项的误差。因此,对于温度变化显著的高精度测量场合,传统温度补偿法将不再适用。设计了一种闭环反馈电路,通过温度传感器采集温度信号,与信号处理电路的最终输出信号进行运算后送回信号处理电路的输入端进行补偿,而并不是简单地将温度信号与霍尔信号的输入信号进行相加后送入信号处理电路。仿真分析结果表明,通过调节补偿电路的反馈比例系数与霍尔芯片温度漂移系数,可以完全补偿霍尔芯片的灵敏度漂移。因此,这种闭环补偿方法可以不引入与温度变化二次项有关的误差,消除因温度变化产生的漂移,不仅适用于霍尔传感器,也适用于其他会随着温度漂移的传感器。     

热应力和残余气压对光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器温度性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

针对光纤法布里-珀罗（F-P）压力传感器,建立了考虑热应力和残余气压的F-P腔长变化模型,进行了热应力和残余气压对传感器温度性能影响的理论分析。分析表明,热应力和残余气压的引入使F-P腔长改变量与温度的线性关系发生了变化,在外界施加100 k Pa压力,当腔内残余气压小于0.87 k Pa时,热应力起主要影响作用;当腔内残余气压大于0.87 k Pa时,残余气压起主要影响作用。制作了三种不同残余气压的光纤F-P压力传感器,在-20℃~70℃温度范围进行了实验研究,结果显示测量的腔长及其温度灵敏度随温度变化关系与理论分析基本一致。     

热应力和残余气压对光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器温度性能的影响

针对光纤法布里-珀罗(F-P)压力传感器,建立了考虑热应力和残余气压的F-P腔长变化模型,进行了热应力和残余气压对传感器温度性能影响的理论分析。分析表明,热应力和残余气压的引入使F-P腔长改变量与温度的线性关系发生了变化,在外界施加100 k Pa压力,当腔内残余气压小于0.87 k Pa时,热应力起主要影响作用;当腔内残余气压大于0.87 k Pa时,残余气压起主要影响作用。制作了三种不同残余气压的光纤F-P压力传感器,在-20℃~70℃温度范围进行了实验研究,结果显示测量的腔长及其温度灵敏度随温度变化关系与理论分析基本一致。     

霍尔效应在直流电压隔离传送中的应用

应用基于霍尔效应的磁平衡原理设计了直流电压高精度隔离传送传感器,并与光耦传感器进行了比较,结果表明:在温度变化的环境中,该传感器隔离传送直流电压的精度优于光耦传感器28倍.     

真空热试验通用软件平台工作模式与关键技术

针对由压力腔外界干扰、工作电压不稳定和压力检测误差等因素导致的零点漂移问题,基于自调谐整流和谐振自调技术研究了一种多压力传感器零点漂移消除算法;首先根据多压力传感器的外界干扰向量、内置电阻和非线性系数特性建立了三维分析空间,据此研究造成系统工作电压变化的外界干扰因素于是设计了自调谐整流电路,然后分析了保障多压力传感器处于谐振状态的必要条件,设计了谐振自调电路和功率放大器,最后提出了将自调谐整流和谐振自调相结合的零点漂移消除算法;验证实验从检测精度、抗外界干扰和系统稳定性等方面,证明了所提方案与紧凑型多压力传感器和电容式多压力传感器相比的优越性。     

F-P型光纤水听器温度特性研究

温度漂移对水听器系统输出的影响是其实用化进程中的关键技术障碍。这主要表现在温度变化引起水听器探头背衬材料的胀缩和光纤折射率的变化。首先从弹性力学轴对称问题的准静态理论出发分析了背衬材料的应力特性,并用光弹理论及热应力理论分析了温度改变对光纤相位常数的影响,得出了温度影响干涉式光纤水听器光学相位输出的数学表达式。给出了温度变化对水听器光学相位输出影响的实验测量结果,得出了光学相位随温度变化的线性关系图,与理论计算结果吻合。     

ZnS…Cu电致发光电压传感器及其温度漂移补偿

利用ZnS…Cu电致发光粉末与环氧树脂胶混合,设计制作了一种梯形电极结构的电压传感单元,实现了电致发光电压传感器输出信号的温度漂移补偿。电致发光电压传感信号通过2根塑料光纤传输到2个硅光电探测器,并选择其开路电压作为传感器的输出信号。在同一外加电压条件下,梯形电极区域内的电场分布是不均匀的,因而不同场点的发光亮度不同。通过测量梯形电极区域内2个不同发光点的发光强度随外加电压的变化,并对两路输出电压传感信号进行数据拟合与计算,可获知被测电压的有效值,并可实现对输出信号温度漂移的补偿。在-40~60℃范围内,采用上述温度漂移补偿方法测量了有效值在0.7~1.5 k V范围内的工频电压,传感器输出信号的非线性误差低于1.6%,验证了该温度漂移补偿方法的有效性。     

温度弱敏感光纤高温压力传感器

针对高温压力测量需求,提出了一种温度弱敏感的光纤微机械电子(MEMS)压力传感技术.该技术采用非本征光纤法布里-珀罗干涉模型,利用MEMS压力敏感膜片对干涉光信号进行被动调制,进而实现压力信号测量.通过仿真计算热应力和材料自身热膨胀引入的温度寄生响应来分析温度信号对膜片位移的影响.在此基础上结合亚微米级白光干涉响应技术和低热应力封装工艺,研制了高温压力传感器样机.实验测试结果表明,在20—400℃范围内,可满足0—100 kPa压力测量,由温度变化引入测量误差低于4%.     

光子晶体光纤温度压力传感器

提出了一种在高温环境下同时测量温度和气压的光子晶体光纤温度压力传感器.在普通单模光纤和光子晶体光纤之间熔接一段空心光纤构成干涉结构.空心光纤段构成非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪,利用光子晶体光纤的微孔与外界相通,通过气体折射率变化来测量环境中的气压变化;光子晶体光纤段构成本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪,利用热膨胀效应和热光效应来测量环境中的温度.传感器的解调通过自制的白光干涉解调仪实现,实验通过测量腔长得到被测环境的温度和气压.在不同温度和气压环境下,对腔长分别为306μm和1535μm的温度压力光纤传感器进行连续测量.实验结果表明,传感器能够在28~800℃的温度下和0~10 MPa的气压下稳定工作,测量范围内温度灵敏度可达17.4 nm/℃,压力灵敏度随温度增加而降低,在28℃时可达1460.5 nm/MPa.     

Acoustic Transducer of Turbulent Pressure Fluctuations in a Temperature-Stratified Medium

The operation of an acoustic transducer in a temperature-stratified medium is investigated. The formation of a response of piezoceramic transducers of pressure fluctuations under the action of temperature fluctuations in a working medium on the sensor element is considered. The attenuation of the temperature signal of a pressure transducer in a turbulent boundary layer is calculated numerically. The effect of distortions of the spectral levels of pressure fluctuations detected by a sound transducer in the field of temperature inhomogeneities is investigated for the example of measurements of turbulent pressure fluctuations in a boundary layer during vertical ascent of the device to the surface from a specified depth in a deep sea.     

一种新型光纤压力传感器的设计

设计了一种工作波长为800 nm的光纤压力传感器,提出了一种用补偿光纤对温度和双折射进行补偿的方法,并从理论上进行了解释.在不同温度和压力条件下对该传感器进行了实验,相对误差小于1.5％.实验结果表明,该补偿方法是有效的.在0℃~50℃的温度下,对传感器在0～40 MPa的压力范围内进行了测试,其标准偏差在1%以内.     

激发光线宽对原子光致漂移速率的影响

在光致漂移效应的研究中,激发光线宽会改变原子激发的速度选择性,进而影响漂移速率的大小.本文以原子光致漂移速率方程理论为基础,利用强碰撞模型描述原子与缓冲气体的碰撞作用,运用数值方法对速率方程进行求解计算,研究了激发光线宽对原子漂移速率的影响.研究结果表明,其他条件相同时,随着线宽的增大,漂移速率的值呈现先增大后减小的趋势.存在一个最佳的激发光线宽,使得原子的漂移速率达到最大值.最佳线宽与激发光功率密度、温度和缓冲气体压强有关.为了获得最佳的光致漂移效果,激发光应工作在最佳线宽条件下.当激发光线宽在最佳线宽附近波动时,设置激发光线宽略大于最佳线宽可减少线宽波动对漂移速率的影响,对获得较大漂移速率更为有利.     

Effects of vapour bubbles on acoustic and temperature distributions of therapeutic ultrasound

This paper describes the evolution of vapour bubbles and its effect on nonlinear ultrasound propagation and temperature rise through tissues for therapeutic ultrasound. An acoustic-thermo coupling algorithm incorporating nonlinearity, diffraction, and temperature-dependent tissue properties, is employed to describe nonlinear ultrasound propagation and thermal effect. Results demonstrate that an obvious migration of peak pressure toward transducer surface is observed while the position of peak temperature changes little in liver tissue before the generation of vapour bubbles, and that the boiling region enlarges towards the surface of transducer in axial direction but increases slowly in radial direction after the generation of vapour bubbles.     

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊仿真分析及实验

为解决传统的搅拌摩擦焊工艺存在的轴向压力过大、搅拌头易磨损、焊接表面存在缺陷等问题,设计了一种集搅拌头与夹心式纵扭超声振动换能器为一体的超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊工具头。对超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊工具头进行了模态分析与谐响应分析,确保换能器结构满足要求。应用仿真软件对超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊进行了流体场、温度场和声场仿真分析,验证了在搅拌摩擦焊过程中加入纵扭超声振动能够增强材料的软化率,提高焊接材料的塑性流动。搭建实验平台,进行了6061铝合金的超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊焊接实验。结果表明,纵扭超声的引入能够提高焊接过程中材料流动性,减小搅拌头的前进阻力和轴向压力,改善焊接表面质量。在焊头转速900 r/min、焊接速度1.4 mm/s、轴向压力2.6 kN、超声功率100 W时,焊接效果最好,能较好地应在铝合金、镁合金等焊接熔点比较低的轻金属焊接之中。     

利用波长调制光谱技术测量高温环境中的气体压强、温度和H_2O组分浓度

利用基于可调谐半导体激光器的扫描波长调制光谱技术,实现了高温燃烧场内气体参数的测量。提出了基于迭代算法实现气体压强、温度和组分浓度同时测量的方法,迭代算法具有收敛速度快以及对初始值不敏感等优点。采用频分复用技术,利用两条H_2O吸收谱线(7 454.45和6 806.03cm-1)的谐波信号,对高温燃烧场进行了实验研究,并将气体压强、温度和H_2O组分浓度测量结果与压力传感器、热电偶和直接吸收光谱法的测量结果进行比较,结果表明,基于波长调制光谱技术测得的气体压强、温度和H_2O浓度与预测值基本符合,最大偏差分别在7.6%,8.1%和7.5%以内。此方法具有多参数同时测量、免标定等显著优势,但由于依赖的参数较多,容易对测量精度造成影响。     

温度对应变式位移传感系统灵敏系数的影响

应变式位移传感系统的工作原理是基于电阻应变效应,该系统具有精度高﹑稳定性好等优点,但温度尤其是极端低温环境将影响该系统的灵敏系数,进而影响其测量精度.本文介绍了一种可用于低温环境的应变式位移传感系统,理论分析和实验研究了温度对该系统灵敏系数的影响,研究结果为其在低温环境中的应用提供了一定基础。     

Temperature rise induced by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle in multi-layer tissue

In order to improve the operability and accuracy of high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU), an annular focused transducer, whereby a B-ultrasound probe is placed in its center, is used to realize the real time monitoring and control of the treatment. In this paper, the spheroidal beam equation(SBE) was used to calculate the sound field by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle to first derive the heat deposition and the Pennes equation was used to calculate the temperature field in multi-layer tissue. We studied the effect of different parameters on the temperature of the tissues. The result shows that the focal length has a significant influence on both maximum liver temperature rise and skin temperature rise, and both increase with the increase in the focal length. When the frequency increases, the temperature rise first undergoes a rapid increase before gradually reaching a maximum, and then finally decreasing. The temperature rise increases while the inner radius decreases or the sound pressure increases. By choosing suitable parameters, the proper temperature rise both on the target tissue and skin via an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle can be obtained.     

The transducer vibratory profile effects on the detection of the transient ultrasonic field scattered by a rigid point reflector

In this study a generalized approach, based on the impulse response technique, is developed to evaluate the transient ultrasonic field scattered by a rigid point reflector and detected by a planar circular transducer characterized by a non-uniform vibratory profile. For this purpose, several analytical functions are used to represent the non-uniform vibration amplitude of the transducer. All these functions have maximum amplitude at the transducer’s center and decrease monotonically away from axis. The amplitude variation of these functions has a direct effect on the shape of the average pressure detected by the transducer. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of a non-uniformly vibrating source on the detected transient pressure. The results show the relative importance of the edge wave modifications in the case of source having non-uniform vibration amplitude distribution.     

Monitoring of temperature variation in the focal region of an ultrasonic transducer

A method for remote monitoring of temperature in the focal region of a high-intensity ultrasonic transducer is described. Results of measurements and theoretical simulation are presented. The measurements were conducted on a polymer sample with thermophysical and acoustic parameters close to the properties of a soft biological tissue. The sample was heated by a focused piezoelectric transducer with different values of radiation power. The delay of a probe pulse transmitted through the heated region perpendicularly to the axis of the intense ultrasonic beam was detected. The local character of temperature measurements was provided by focusing the probe pulse at the heated region. The application of an additional transducer installed confocally with the probing one provided an opportunity to enhance the precision of measurements. An analysis was conducted on the basis of a numerical solution of the heat conduction equation. The function of thermal sources in the heat conduction equation was calculated according to the results of measuring the pressure distribution in the focal region of the heating transducer. The experimental data obtained agree well with the results of simulation and demonstrate a fundamental possibility of using the proposed ultrasonic technique for remote temperature measurements.