Graphs for the design of laser mirrors at normal incidence

The results of computer calculations concerning the reflectivity in the stop-band at normal incidence are given for periodic multilayer systems made out of layers of ZnS and MgF₂ of equal optical thickness. General formulae are derived to distinguish between the maxima and minima of the reflectivity at the centre of the stop-bands and for the calculation of the width of the stop-band of higher order mirrors as a function of the wavelength.The bandwidth of higher order mirrors and the reflectivity at the centre of the stop-band are presented in a number of graphs for systems with up to 18 layers on substrates with varying refractive index. Quarter-wave layer anti-reflection coatings are treated as special cases. The process of designing laser mirrors can be simplified using the graphs. They may also be useful during the evaporation process when thickness monitoring is done by optical methods. An example of a partially reflecting mirror is given. This uses a flat minimum of reflectivity at the centre of the stop-band to obtain an almost constant reflectivity over the total width of the stop-band.     

Determination of optical Kerr nonlinearity of a photonic bandgap structure by Z-scan measurement

Through analysis of the dispersion relation in a photonic bandgap structure, the effective optical Kerr nonlinearity that determines a Z-scan profile particularly near the stop-band edges, is derived. Near and inside the stop band, the nonlinear optical phase change that originates from an off-resonant response is converted into a change in nonlinear optical intensity through Bragg reflection. The Z-scan measurement of a cholesteric liquid-crystal photonic bandgap structure confirmed that off-resonant Kerr nonlinearity is responsible for the characteristic open-aperture Z-scan profiles near the stop-band edges.     

Fabrication and characterization of photonic crystals with well-controlled thickness and stop-band attenuation

Photonic crystals with stop bands located in the visible region have been fabricated by crystallizing monodispersed spherical colloids (made of polystyrene or silica) into cubic-close-packed lattices within specially designed packing cells. These crystals were oriented with their (111) planes parallel to their solid supports, and the number of these planes could be conveniently controlled from 13 to 127 layers by varying the thickness of packing cells. In accordance, the stop-band attenuation of these crystals monotonically increased from 1 to 21 dB. Our transmission spectral measurements indicated that there exists a non-linear dependence between the stop-band attenuation and the total number of (111) planes, and this dependence could be quantitatively simulated using the dynamic light scattering model or the photonic analogy to KKR method. The colloidal crystals presented here should find use as components in fabricating optical devices that include sensors, mirrors, filters, switches and waveguides. Received: 17 May 2002 / Accepted: 25 July 2002 / Published online: 4 December 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-206/685-8665, E-mail: xia@chem.washington.edu     

Radio frequency characteristics of Fe-filled carbon nanotube film

The conduction noise suppression in radio frequency region using film type of the Fe-filled carbon nanotubes and its epoxy composite was evaluated on a coplanar waveguide. Fe in carbon nanotubes have shown α-Fe crystalline structure and had a coercivity of 650 Oe. The magnitudes of the signal attenuation of Fe-filled carbon nanotubes on coplanar waveguide were shown in the range of about 10–18 dB/cm at 20 GHz (the stop-band frequency region). The power losses of these films exhibited 65–85% at 20 GHz in the stop-band frequency.     

一维光子晶体在热光伏技术中的应用

将光子晶体的禁带特性应用于热光伏技术的光谱选择控制.针对锑化镓(GaSb)热光伏电池,采用硅(Si)和二氧化硅(SiO2)优化设计了一维光子晶体滤光器.研究了这种滤光器的光谱特性,分析了滤光器的介质层厚度偏差、周期以及热辐射能量入射角度对滤光器光谱特性的影响,研究了高温辐射体不同温度时这种滤光器的光谱效率.     

Analysis of enlargement of the omnidirectional total reflection band in a special kind of photonic crystal based on the incident angle domain

A special kind of one-dimensional (1D) magnetic photonic crystal (MPC) is investigated. The refractive indices of the alternating layers in such a MPC are equal. As a result, the stop-band edges of TE mode coincide with those of TM mode, and the stop-bands for both modes expand as the incident angle increases. Based on the incident angle domain method, the omnidirectional total reflection (ODTR) band determined by the wave impedance ratio between the composites can be enlarged substantially using a heterostructure in which the stop-band edges of the sub-PCs can be completely adjacent at any incident angle. Moreover, the requirement of ODTR of each sub-PC is unnecessary, which extends the range of materials; that is, the wave impedance ratio between the composites and the refractive index ratio between the composites and the incident media can be much lower than that required in a single periodic structure.     

Flexible all-plastic mirrors for the THz range

We present a simple and cheap approach to fabricate large-area stop-band filters and mirrors for the THz range. This approach extends the well-known concept of dielectric mirrors to the far infrared. We use alternating layers of different polymer materials with a typical thickness of several tens of micrometers to build a flexible all-plastic mirror. The structures are characterized by THz time-domain spectroscopy. The experimental results are in good agreement with transfer-matrix simulations. Received: 28 September 2001 / Accepted: 4 October 2001 / Published online: 20 December 2001     

Robust wide zero-average-index gap in photonic heterostructures that incorporate left-handed materials

In this article, we theoretically study electromagnetic waves that propagate in a one-dimensional photonic heterostructure that contains left-handed materials. We suggest a type of heterostructure that is composed of two photonic crystals (PCs) that consist of different materials, rather than the previously studied heterostructures that are based on changing the thicknesses of alternating layers, to target zero-average-index gap enlargement. Numerical calculations of the transmittance show that the suggested structure possesses an ultra-wide zero-average-index gap that is robust for both transverse electric and magnetic polarizations. The demonstrated wide gap is independent of the incidence angle. The proposed structure works as a perfect stop-band filter, which completely blocks both polarizations, and may have many other potential applications.     

Fluid Sensor Based on Transmission Dip Caused by Mini Stop-Band in Photonic Crystal Slab

We propose a fluid sensor based on transmission dip caused by mini stop-band in photonic crystal slabs. Simulation results show that this novel type of sensors has large detective range （more than 1.5） and relative high sensitivity （4.3×10^-5 in certain conditions）. The central frequency and bandwidth of the mini stop-bands depend on the structure parameters of PC waveguides, which makes it possible to optimize the detective range and detective sensitivity.     

Dispersive elastodynamics of 1D banded materials and structures: analysis

The elastodynamics of 1D periodic materials and finite structures comprising these materials are studied with particular emphasis on correlating their frequency-dependent characteristics and on elucidating their pass-band and stop-band behaviors. Dispersion relations are derived for periodic materials and are employed in a novel manner for computing both pass-band and stop-band complex mode shapes. Through simulations of harmonically induced wave motion within a finite number of unit cells, conformity of the frequency band structure between infinite and finite periodic systems is shown. In particular, only one or two unit cells of a periodic material could be sufficient for “frequency bandedness” to carry over from the infinite periodic case, and only three to four unit cells are necessary for the decay in normalized transmission within a stop band to practically saturate with an increase in the number of cells. Dominant speeds in the scattered wave field within the same finite set of unit cells are observed to match those of phase and group velocities of the infinite periodic material within the most active pass band. Dynamic response due to impulse excitation also is shown to capture the infinite periodic material dynamical characteristics. Finally, steady-state vibration analyses are conducted on a finite fully periodic structure revealing a conformity in the natural frequency spread to the frequency band layout of the infinite periodic material. The steady-state forced response is observed to exhibit mode localization patterns that resemble those of the infinite periodic medium, and it is shown that the maximum localized response under stop-band conditions could be significantly less than in an equivalent homogenous structure and the converse is true for pass-band conditions.     

Structure and mechanical properties of titanium nitride/carbon nitride multilayers

The structure and mechanical properties of the multilayers consisting of 5-73 nm thick titanium nitride (TiN) and 4.6 nm thick carbon nitride (CN) have been investigated. It has been found that the CN layers are amorphous and the TiN layers thinner than 17 nm are amorphous. The TiN layers become crystallized as the thickness is increased to 30 nm or thicker. The hardness from the composite response of the multilayered films and their substrates determined using continuous stiff measurement is smaller than the film-only hardness (without substrate effects) calculated using Bhattacharya-Nix empirical equation. The hardness increases with raising the thickness of TiN layers. With the crystallization of the TiN layer, the multilayers become even harder than that calculated based on the rule of mixtures. However, no enhancement in hardness has been observed when the TiN layers are amorphous.     

Ultrasonic density measurement cell design and simulation of non-ideal effects

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of a density measurement cell using an unidimensional model composed by acoustic and electroacoustic transmission lines in order to simulate non-ideal effects. The model is implemented using matrix operations, and is used to design the cell considering its geometry, materials used in sensor assembly, range of liquid sample properties and signal analysis techniques. The sensor performance in non-ideal conditions is studied, considering the thicknesses of adhesive and metallization layers, and the effect of residue of liquid sample which can impregnate on the sample chamber surfaces. These layers are taken into account in the model, and their effects are compensated to reduce the error on density measurement. The results show the contribution of residue layer thickness to density error and its behavior when two signal analysis methods are used.     

Determination of strain in epitaxial semiconductor structures by high-resolution X-ray diffraction

High-resolution X-ray diffraction is used to obtain the strain profile of a wide range of epitaxial semiconductor samples. The samples are divided into five categories: Strained layers on a substrate, (partly) relaxed layers on a substrate, strained-layer superlattice structures, multiple relaxed layers and relaxed superlattice structures and ionimplanted samples. For each category a measurement strategy and analysis method is given. Representative examples for each category are shown.     

AlGaN插入层对6H-SiC上金属有机物气相外延生长的GaN薄膜残余应力及表面形貌的影响

研究了具有不同台阶数目的AlGaN插入层对在6H-SiC衬底上利用金属有机物气相外延（MOVPE）生长的GaN体材料残余应力和表面形貌的影响.高分辨率X射线衍射测试表明样品的c轴晶格常数随台阶数目的增多而增大;低温光荧光谱中GaN发光峰也随着台阶数目增多而发生蓝移,这些变化都反映出GaN中残余张应力的减小.此外,原子力显微镜测试表明样品表面起伏和粗糙度也都随着插入层的引入和台阶数目的增多得到了明显的改善. 关键词： 残余应力 表面形貌 SiC衬底 AlGaN插入层     

A Novel E-Plane Waveguide Filter with Three Metal Irises

This paper presents a novel E-plane rectangular-waveguide filter with three metal irises in Ka bard. Comparing with the conventional E-plane waveguide filter with single iris, a great improvment has been made in stop-band of a band pass filter, and wider pass band compare to normal double metal irises waveguide filter. An analysis is given by mode match method and the conservation of complex power technique [1]. Computer-aided design of a new five-resonator Ka band band pass filter has been presented, good agreement has been observed between theory and measurement data.     

Magnetic anisotropy in icosahedral cobalt clusters

Magnetic anisotropy has been measured in multiply twinned, icosahedral cobalt clusters. It is found that the low-temperature magnetization of deposited cluster layers is well defined with the Stoner–Wohlfarth model by averaging over clusters with a range of anisotropy energy. Anisotropy energy calculation based on Néel's pair model shows that the icosahedral structure and the layer-by-layer growth of the clusters induce oscillations of the magnetic anisotropy as a function of the filling of the outer surface of the particle. The magnetization measurement at room temperature indicates a weakly correlated cluster glass, as deduced from the approach to saturation that is well described with 2D random anisotropy model.     

基于等效层法分析对称性倍频分束镜的半波孔

半波孔问题严重影响了倍频分束镜在高功率激光系统中的应用。为研究半波孔的产生机理,分别模拟了由高、低折射率膜层厚度失配和膜料色散失配引起的1/4波长对称规整膜系的半波孔。基于等效层理论,在Matlab平台上计算膜系的等效折射率E,绘出其对应的反射率极值包络曲线。通过研究对称膜系的等效折射率、反射率光谱和反射率包络之间的关系,从原理上分析了半波孔的大小、位置和变化趋势等特点。结果表明,膜层的厚度失配使对称膜系的等效折射率在光谱半波处产生截止带。膜层数越多,膜层厚度和膜料色散的失配越严重,则倍频分束镜的半波孔越深。     

Synthesis and characterization of porous silicon layers for 1D photonic crystal application

In this paper, we studied the optical and physical properties of electrochemically prepared porous silicon layers. The atomic force microscopy analysis showed that the etching depth, pore diameter and surface roughness increase as the etching time increased from 30 to 50 mA/cm². By tuning two current densities J₁ = 50 mA/cm² and J₂ = 30 mA/cm², two samples of 1D porous silicon photonic crystals were fabricated. The layered structure of 1D photonic crystals has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy measurement which showed white and black strips of two distinct refractive index layers. Finally, the measured reflectance spectra of 1D porous silicon photonic crystals were compared with simulated results.     

Optimized procedure for the manufacture of thin film filter prototypes

A simple procedure to minimize the number of trial-and-error high-vacuum depositions required to manufacture a thin film filter prototype is presented. For optical coatings obtained by thermal evaporation, the main difficulty is the accurate characterization (refractive index and thickness) of the layers under the actual deposition conditions. The proposed method is able to describe dispersion as well as inhomogeneity in the refractive index of the component layers. It requires only a suitable substrate holder attachment and standard thin film measurement equipment: a spectrophotometer and a three wavelength ellipsometer. The technique is illustrated with the development of an anti-reflection (AR) coating for glass which also includes an inhomogeneous layer.     

基于双SSLR的小型化双通带带通滤波器设计

设计了一种新的具有良好选择性的小型化的双模双通带带通滤波器。该滤波器的谐振结构由两个短路枝节加载谐振器(SSLR)连接到同一个接地金属柱构成。首先通过奇偶模分析方法分析单个SSLR的谐振频率,得到谐振频率的变化规律;然后为了实现滤波器的小型化,将两个SSLR连接到同一个金属柱上并且折叠微带线,通过调节枝节长度分析滤波器通带的变化;设计中使用双枝节分别对谐振器馈电的结构,并且引入了源与负载耦合,可以在上阻带多提供一个传输零点,以提高阻带抑制;最后对滤波器的传输零点进行分析,提高滤波器的选择性。通过上述的分析,对该滤波器进行仿真、加工以及测试,得到最后实物的测试结果与软件的仿真结果较为一致。