Control packet signaling mechanism using electronic code division multiple access for packet-based networks

We propose and experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of a control packet signaling technique using electronic code division multiple access for a wavelength division multiplexing packet-based network, whereby each wavelength channel is assigned a unique electronic code based label on a radio frequency subcarrier. Such a technique allows each wavelength channel to be electronically identified without requiring the use of a WDM demultiplexer. We experimentally demonstrate this technique with two wavelength channels each with 1.25 Gb/s baseband payload data and 10 Mb/s header coded onto an electronic code at 160 Mb/s. A performance study of the electronic code division multiple access based control signaling scheme in a wavelength division multiplexed packet-based access network is also performed in terms of the required power budget to monitor the electronic code division multiple access control signals in the presence of several sources of noise for error-free transmission of both payload data and electronic code division multiple access based control signals. It is shown that the modulation depth of each signal impacts the amount of required optical tap power. As the modulation depth of the electronic code division multiple access based control signal is increased, the required optical tap power is reduced. However, this increases the bit-error-rate for the payload data. Therefore, there lies a maximum and a minimum of the required tap optical power for the successful recovery of both signals. The lower bound of this range is usually determined by the successful recovery of electronic code division multiple access based control signal while the upper bound is determined by the successful recovery of payload data. The required optical tap power is analyzed for different transmission bit rates of the payload data for various receiver architecture scenarios without an optical amplifier at the receiver. The scalability analyses were repeated with an optical amplifier placed in the receiver terminal of the network. The resulting optical tap power that is required for the successful monitoring of the electronic code division multiple access based control signals are compared with that of the case without the amplifier.     

Ring-based PON supporting multiple optical private networks using OCDMA technique

This work is a novel attempt to provide local communications for multiple optical private networks (PNs) within ring-based passive optical network (PON). In order to improve network throughput performance, PNs traffic is decentralized from PON traffic let no extra traffic management into optical line terminal (OLT). To achieve multiple secure optical private networking over ring-based PON layout, optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique is applied. This technique leads to interconnect optical network units (ONUs) in the same PN sharing the same codeword while other PNs benefiting from different codewords. This scheme can be used in access networks to establish discrete communications between different sites in an enterprise or a university campus or even a residential accommodation. The proposed network architecture is then set up and its bit error rate performance is experimentally demonstrated. Finally, the network scalability and throughput performance of the proposed scheme are analyzed.     

Fiber-wireless (FiWi) access network: Performance evaluation and scalability analysis of the physical layer

The fiber-wireless (FiWi) access network is a prestigious architecture for next generation (NG) access network. NG access networks are proposed to provide high data rate, broadband multiple services, scalable bandwidth, and flexible communication for manifold wireless end-users (WEUs). In this paper, the FiWi access network is designed based on a wavelengths division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM PON) at the optical backhaul with data rate of 2.5 Gb/s and wireless fidelity-worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiFi–WiMAX) technologies at the wireless front-end along a 50 m–5 km wireless links with data rate of 54–30 Mb/s, respectively. The performance of the optical backhaul and the wireless front-end, in the proposed FiWi access network, has been evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the physical (PHY) layer. The scalability of the optical backhaul based on maximum split ratio of 1/32 for each wavelength channel and a fiber length of 24 km from the central office (CO) to the access point (AP) is analyzed with bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻⁹.     

Analysis of physical layer performance of hybrid optical-wireless access network

The hybrid optical-wireless access network (HOWAN) is a favorable architecture for next generation access network. It is an optimal combination of an optical backhaul and a wireless front-end for an efficient access network. In this paper, the HOWAN architecture is designed based on a wavelengths division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM PON) at the optical backhaul and a wireless fidelity (WiFi) technology at the wireless front-end. The HOWAN is proposed that can provide blanket coverage of broadband and flexible connection for end-users. Most of the existing works, based on performance evaluation are concerned on network layer aspects. This paper reports physical layer performance in terms of the bit error rate (BER), eye diagram, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the communication system. It accommodates 8 wavelength channels with 32 optical network unit/wireless access points (ONU/APs). It is demonstrated that downstream and upstream of 2 Gb/s can be achieved by optical backhaul for each wavelength channel along optical fiber length of 20 km and a data rate of 54 Mb/s per ONU/AP along a 50 m outdoor wireless link.     

All‐optical virtual private network in passive optical networks

We review recent progress on all‐optical virtual‐private‐network (VPN) schemes in passive optical networks (PONs). PON is a promising candidate in future access areas to provide broadband services with low cost. With all‐optical virtual private network (VPN) function, PON can support efficient internetworking among end users with dedicated optical channels, thus enabling guaranteed bandwidth and enhanced security at the physical layer. Here, we discuss and compare existing schemes of all‐optical VPNs in time‐division‐multiplexed (TDM) PONs, and also recently proposed schemes for deployment in wavelength‐division‐multiplexed (WDM) PONs and two‐stage TDM/WDM PONs.     

多噪音背景下引入光硬限幅器及并行干扰抑制器的光码分多址系统

为了抑制光码分多址中的多址干扰及多噪音,提出了一种引入光硬限幅器及基于最大值判决的并行干扰抑制器的光码分多址系统.在系统中存在APD噪音及热噪音的情况下,研究了系统对多址干扰的抑制作用.系统采用光正交码作为地址码,APD作为光电检测器,分析推导了系统的误码率表达式.根据所得的误码率表达式,进行了数值仿真,比较了该方法与其他方法的多址干扰抑制效果.研究结果表明:与现有其他有效方法(单比特引入一个光硬限幅器、单比特引入两个光硬限幅器、多比特传输、多比特引入光硬限幅器、基于最大值判决的并行干扰抑制器等)相比,本系统对多址干扰的抑制作用优于并行干扰抑制器、多比特传输、多比特引入光硬限幅器方法;当接收功率较低时,该系统优于引入双光硬限幅器的方法,因此可以有效的抑制多址干扰及多噪音.     

Experimental demonstration of polarization multiplexing for simultaneously providing broadband wireless and wired access

A fiber-based wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) network utilizing polarization multiplexing (PolMUX) is proposed to simultaneously provide broadband wireless and wired services. In such a dual-service access network, the wireless and wired services are separately delivered in two orthogonal states of polarization with well independence in a single WDM channel. The impact of several polarization-dependent interferences becomes insignificant due to the relatively short transmission distance in access networks. The feasibility of PolMUX is experimentally demonstrated with a power penalty at BER = 10^-9 of about 0.5 dB and 1 dB for 2.5 Gb/s wired and wireless downstream services, respectively. The proposed system is compatible with the current reported techniques in either WDM passive optical networks (WDM-PON) or radio-over-fiber (ROF) systems.     

Hybrid WDMA/OCDM system with the capability of encoding multiple wavelength channels by employing one encoder and one corresponding optical code

<正>A hybrid wavelength division multiple access(WDMA)/optical code division multiplexing(OCDM) system is proposed,where the optical code is not the same as the address of every optical network unit(ONU); rather,the code is a virtual fiber of hybrid passive optical network(PON).To our knowledge,this is the first report analyzing a single encoder/decoder with a single corresponding optical code being exploited to encode/decode multiple wavelength signals simultaneously.This system enables OCDM to become transparent to ONU so that the existing wavelength division multiplexing(WDM) PON can be upgraded. Thus,redesigning the optical line terminal and ONU can be easily accomplished,and greatly decreasing the number of encoder/decoder becomes possible.In experiment,we only employ two encoder/decoder pairs to combine two WDM-PONs in one fiber.Simulation results confirm the feasibility of the proposed system.     

Multiple access interference cancellation in Manchester-coded synchronous optical PPM-CDMA network

A new interference cancellation technique for direct-detection optical code- division multiple-access (OCDMA) network employing pulse-position modulation (PPM) is proposed in this paper. The multiple access interference (MAI) estimation is achieved by pre-reserving one of optical spreading code sequences at the receiver based on the correlation property of padded modified prime codes (PMPC). The estimated interference is then cancelled out after photo-detection process. Additionally, the transmitted signal is Manchester-coded to further improve the system performance. Based on this proposed interference canceller in a shot-noise limited regime, we have obtained an expression for the upper bound of the bit-error probability (BEP) taking into account effects of both MAI and shot-noise. This BEP is compared with that of a PPM-OCDMA without cancellation. Finally, the receiver structure of the proposed optical network unit (ONU) is fairly simple to compare with the conventional cancellation schemes.     

多噪音背景下引入光硬限幅器及并行干扰抑制器的光码分多址系统

为了抑制光码分多址中的多址干扰及多噪音,提出了一种引入光硬限幅器及基于最大值判决的并行干扰抑制器的光码分多址系统.在系统中存在APD噪音及热噪音的情况下,研究了系统对多址干扰的抑制作用.系统采用光正交码作为地址码,APD作为光电检测器,分析推导了系统的误码率表达式.根据所得的误码率表达式,进行了数值仿真,比较了该方法与其他方法的多址干扰抑制效果.研究结果表明:与现有其他有效方法(单比特引入一个光硬限幅器、单比特引入两个光硬限幅器、多比特传输、多比特引入光硬限幅器、基于最大值判决的并行干扰抑制器等)相比,本系统对多址干扰的抑制作用优于并行干扰抑制器、多比特传输、多比特引入光硬限幅器方法|当接收功率较低时,该系统优于引入双光硬限幅器的方法,因此可以有效的抑制多址干扰及多噪音.     

Enhanced performance for 10 Gb/s long reach RSOA based WDM-PON by using power pre-emphasized OFDM signal

An extended reach 10 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) system based on reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is proposed by using power pre-emphasized orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can effectively enhance the system performance against the limited bandwidth and chirp induced fading effect from direct modulation of RSOA. The receiver sensitivity is improved by 5 dB at the limit of BER for forward error correction (FEC) code over the 60 km and 85 km fiber transmission without any dispersion compensation module.     

Efficient parallel interference cancellation algorithm for multiuser detection schemes in CDMA-based 20.48-Gb/s optical MIMO-OFDM system over 1200 km of SSMF

This paper presents an efficient algorithm to cancel the parallel interference for multiuser detection (MUD) schemes in code division multiple access (CDMA) based 20.48 Gb/s optical multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-MIMO-OFDM) system over 1200 km of standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The performance of the system is compared by simulation results using the efficient algorithm and minimum mean square error (MMSE) schemes. It shows the superior performance of efficient algorithm.     

多噪声背景下光码分多址多用户干扰的抑制

针对光码分多址(OCDMA)的多用户干扰问题, 研究采用APD光电检测器的系统中存在多种噪声情况下, 基于最大值判决的光码分多址并行干扰抑制方法的多用户干扰抑制效果。阐述了其工作原理, 即在发送端对比特“0”和比特“1”分别使用一个地址码和它的移位变形进行映射, 以避免发送比特“0”时无光脉冲通过, 实现并行干扰抑制; 接收端判决电路采用最大值判决, 以避免门限判决所引起的误判, 进一步减小多用户干扰。系统采用光正交码作为地址码, 分析推导了系统的误码率表达式。根据所得的误码率表达式, 进行了数值仿真并与其他多用户干扰抑制方法进行比较。仿真结果表明, 本方法对多用户干扰的抑制作用与系统用户数和码重有关; 与引入双硬限幅器方法、多比特传输方法的多用户干扰抑制作用相比, 抑制效果要优于多比特传输的方法; 当接收功率较低时, 该方法优于引入双硬限幅器的方法, 因此可以有效的抑制多用户干扰。     

Cardinality enhancement of spectral/spatial modified double weight code optical code division multi-access system by PIIN suppression

A new two-dimensional (2-D) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme to increase the achievable system capacity is proposed. The code exhibits good cross-correlation property time and wavelength shift. Performances are analyzed on code size and correlation properties affecting two important system parameters, bit error rate (BER) as a function of cardinality generated and optical power transmission requirement. The proposed system can effectively suppress phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) and has multi-access interference (MAI) cancellation property. Results in a good agreement indicate that 2-D modified double weight (MDW) offers 163.7% and 336.2% larger cardinality compare to 2-D perfect difference code (PDC) and 2-D modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code. By increasing spatial code (N) and keeps similar code length system performance can be further optimized. 2-D MDW (M = 45, N = 18) accommodates 252.2% and 18.3% cardinality increment and low effective transmitted power (P_sr) at −17.9 dBm, compare to 2-D MDW (M = 247, N = 3) and (M = 84, N = 9) at 10⁻⁹ BER error floor. The architecture of the spectral/spatial MDW OCDMA system with property of MAI cancellation is presented.     

All-optical code routing in interconnected optical CDMA and WDM ring networks

We propose an all-optical hybrid network composed of optical code division multiple access (CDMA) rings interconnecting through a reconfigurable wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) metro area ring. This network retains the advantages of both the optical CDMA and WDM techniques, including asynchronous access and differentiated quality of service, while removing the hard limit on the number of subscribers and increasing network flexibility. The all-optical network is enabled by using nonlinear optical loop mirrors in an add/drop router (ADR) that performs code conversion, dropping, and switching asynchronously. We experimentally demonstrate the functionalities of the ADR in the proposed scheme asynchronously and obtain error-free performance. The bit-error rate measurements show acceptable power penalties for different code routes.     

Design and performance analysis in multiuser optical CDMA systems

The article presents comparative performance analysis of the proposed Optical CDMA system for 32 and 16 users with two dimensional codes. Numerical simulations have been done under interference significant environment, considering noise and dark current at data rates 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 Gbps over single mode fiber for transmission distance of more than 270 km. Results illustrate overall good performance, degraded with augment in bit rate and transmission distance, impervious with raise in number of simultaneous active users. Depicts significant performance improvement with inclusion of forward error correction RS (255,239), for low attenuation and chirp factor. It perceived, this is one of the efficient functional techniques for next generation broadband optical networks together with higher security owing to encoding and decoding, as it allow multiple users in the network to access the same fiber channel asynchronously.     

Optimal design of 32 channels spectrum slicing WDM for optical fiber access network system

In this article, the spectrum sliced dense wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (SS-DWDM–PON) has been investigated as a power efficient and cost effective solution for optical access networks. In this work an AWG demultiplexer is used to operate as slicing system. The high speed SS-DWDM system has been realized and investigated for 32 channels with data rate up to 3 Gb/s using broadband ASE source (LED). The 3 Gb/s signals both non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) were demonstrated in 40 km optical fiber link with BER < 10⁻¹². The results obtained here demonstrate that SS-DWDM is well suited for Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) network.     

Performance Evaluation of a Gigabit Optical CDMA Network for Two Distinct Families of Two-Dimensional Codes and Different Transmission Rates

This paper investigates the performance of a given gigabit optical code division multiple access (O-CDMA) network for two distinct families of two-dimensional (2-D) codes. The purpose of this analysis is to provide additional information regarding code adequacy to a given system availability so that performance optimization can be more efficiently carried out. The analysis takes into account construction aspects of the codes as well as dispersive and nonlinear effects in the single-mode fiber (SMF), such as group velocity dispersion (GVD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), self-phase modulation (SPM), and cross-phase modulation (XPM). The analysis focuses on four different transmission rates, i.e., 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 Gbit/s, and describes how signal degradations impact the performance of the network. The simulations are carried out for a back-to-back system and for a 50-km dispersion-compensated fiber-optic link.     

A Techno-Economic Study on the Outside Plant Cost of Current and Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-X Deployments

Abstract

A techno-economic study on the outside plant costs of fiber-to-the-X infrastructures is presented in this article. Standardized passive optical network and active optical network technologies, implemented in fiber-to-the-home architectures, are presented/compared in terms of costs. Future architectures based on passive optical networks are investigated, their outside plant infrastructure, and corresponding costs are reviewed. Cost comparisons of fiber-to-the-X infrastructures reveal significant differences. Besides fiber-to-the-node being the less costly, it is shown that the cost of high splitting ratio passive optical network fiber-to-the-home infrastructures is not increasing linearly with the splitting ratio. The highest splitting ratio is not always the one with the largest savings percentage. Referring to current and future fiber-to-the-home access network architectures/technologies, the flexibility of wavelength division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical networks is estimated to reach a 40% reduction in outside plant cost compared with the home run architecture.     

Energy-Efficient Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Based on Sleep Mode and Heuristic Optimization

Abstract

In this article, an energy-efficiency mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks is investigated through heuristic particle swarm optimization. Ten-gigabit Ethernet–wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiplexing–passive optical network next-generation passive optical networks are based on the use of a legacy 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network with the advantage of using only an en/decoder pair of optical code division multiplexing technology, thus eliminating the en/decoder at each optical network unit. The proposed joint mechanism is based on the sleep-mode power-saving scheme for a 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network, combined with a power control procedure aiming to adjust the transmitted power of the active optical network units while maximizing the overall energy-efficiency network. The particle swarm optimization based power control algorithm establishes the optimal transmitted power in each optical network unit according to the network pre-defined quality of service requirements. The objective is controlling the power consumption of the optical network unit according to the traffic demand by adjusting its transmitter power in an attempt to maximize the number of transmitted bits with minimum energy consumption, achieving maximal system energy efficiency. Numerical results have revealed that it is possible to save 75% of energy consumption with the proposed particle swarm optimization based sleep-mode energy-efficiency mechanism compared to 55% energy savings when just a sleeping-mode-based mechanism is deployed.