Colored conical emission in BBO crystal induced by intense femtosecond pulses

We present the experimental and theoretical study of colored conical emission (CCE) during intense femtosecond pulses propagating in a β-barium borate (BBO) crystal. CCE revealed special nonlinear dynamics of the strong coupling between the fundamental and second harmonic pulses due to the spatiotemporal modulation instability (MI). The underlying physics of CCE involve three three-photon processes, according to which the beam angular spectra was calculated on the phase-matching conditions and accords with the experimental observation.     

Nonlinear X-wave formation and conical emission at different powers of a femtosecond laser pulse in water

Nonlinear X-wave formation at different pulse powers in water is simulated using the standard model of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). It is shown that in near field X-shape originally emerges from the interplay between radial diffraction and optical Kerr effect. At relatively low power group-velocity dispersion (GVD) arrests the collapse and leads to pulse splitting on axis. With high enough power, multi-photon ionization (MPI) and multi-photon absorption (MPA) play great importance in arresting the collapse. The tailing part of pulse is first defocused by MPI and then refocuses. Pulse splitting on axis is a manifestation of this process. Double X-wave forms when the split sub-pulses are self-focusing. In the far field, the character of the central X structure of conical emission (CE) is directly related to the single or double X-shape in the near field.     

Talbot effect under illumination of double femtosecond laser pulses

The Talbot effect under illumination of double femtosecond laser pulses has been reported. Spectrums of double femtosecond laser pulses with phase differences are quite different from that of one single femtosecond laser pulse. Therefore, the Talbot images of the double femtosecond laser pulses with phase differences are different from that of one single femtosecond laser pulse. Specifically, for the phase difference corresponding to π, the Talbot image shows the largest difference from that of one single pulse. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The behaviors of Talbot images under double femtosecond laser pulses illumination cannot be obtained under one femtosecond laser pulse, monochromatic or polychromatic light illumination. Therefore, it is a new interesting optical phenomenon for the Talbot effect which should have potential applications.     

Self-assembled volume vortex grating induced by femtosecond laser pulses in glass

We presented a microfabrication process for optical volume vortex grating inside glass by femtosecond laser pulses. The self-trapped filament of femtosecond laser pulses can induce hundreds μm-long region refractive-index changes in glass. We realized the restructured optical vortex beams using a collimated He–Ne laser beam. The maximum first-order diffraction efficiency was about 19.6%. The volume vortex grating structure fabricated in glass is polarization dependent.     

Long-delay engraving and recovery of chirped femtosecond pulses by spectro-temporal holography in spectral hole-burning molecular solids

The persistent spectral hole-burning (PSHB) phenomenon observed in molecular doped polymers cooled down to liquid helium temperatures allows the engraving of spectral structures in the inhomogeneous absorption profile of the material. Therefore, a PSHB molecular-doped solid can be programmed in the spectral domain and then converted in an optical processor capable to achieve user-defined optical functions. We demonstrate the high storage capacity of naphthalocyanine-doped polymer materials by engraving and retrieving the phase information stored in femtosecond-chirped pulses, even with nanosecond time delay, which correspond to information registered with sub-GHz spectral resolution. Perspectives for the coherent control of light fields or photochemical processes are also evoked.     

Accurate characterization of complex pulses by delay-controlled fringe-free interferometry of spectral high-resolution technique

We discuss the disadvantage in conventional Spectral Phase Interferometry for Direct Electric-field Reconstruction (SPIDER) technology in complex femtosecond pulse measurement. An improved version of conventional technology named DC-FISH is presented, where single replica of the unknown pulse upconverts synchronously with two frequency-shifted narrow-banded long pulses. The spectral phase of the unknown pulse can be directly calculated from the fringe-free spectra with the introduction of a suitable small delay between the upconverted pulses. The numerical simulation results are achieved to identify a higher efficiency and lower requirements on measurement in novel approach.     

Spectral and temporal characteristics of metallic nanoparticles produced by femtosecond laser pulses

We study the time of flight optical emission from titanium and tungsten nanosized particles, generated through femtosecond laser-matter interaction in vacuum, in the wavelength spectral range from 300 to 900 nm. Typical spectra consist of broadband structureless signals similar to black body emission from a macroscopic object. Nanoparticles temperature, deduced from their emission spectra, decreases drastically as a function of their time of arrival at a given distance from the target. This behaviour is seen to be independent of individual particle velocities.     

Insight into the thermionic emission regimes under gold film thermal relaxation excited by a femtosecond pulse

We theoretically investigated different thermal relaxation participating in the ultrafast thermionic emission processes on gold film surface with a femtosecond pulse excitation. The thermionic emission regimes under the two temperature relaxation and the thermal diffusion relaxation were demonstrated. The simulations showed that the thermionic emission properties can be defined in the regime under two temperature relaxation by reducing the laser fluence, or widening the pulse duration or increasing the laser wavelength. It was also found that there exists a transition between the two distinct thermionic emission regimes under peculiar laser parameters of laser fluence, pulse duration and laser wavelength. The results were explained as significant intervene of laser irradiation parameters into gold film thermal relaxation processes.     

Electron dynamics and spatial characteristics of emission from electron oscillation driven by femtosecond laser pulses

The dynamics and characteristics of spatial distribution of emission are analyzed with a single electron model in the cases of different intensities and different polarized femtosecond laser pulses. It is discovered that with the increase of laser intensity, for circularly polarized laser pulse, the angular distribution is tipped forward more and more; for linearly polarized laser pulse, the radiation pattern is changed from the fourfold rotational symmetry bifoliate pattern same as that from a dipole antenna to twofold rotational symmetry trefoil pattern.     

BEPCII横向束流反馈系统的梳状滤波器

BEPCII是一个多束团、大流强的装置, 由于高频腔的高次模和电阻壁阻抗等因素，不可避免地会出现束流不稳定性。BEPCII中采用束流反馈系统来抑制束流不稳定性。横向束流反馈系统主要包括前端电子学、信号处理电子学、反馈器件和放大器等几个部分。梳状滤波器是信号处理电子学的重要部件，利用两根长短不同的电缆以及一个功分器和合成器构成了一种简单有效的梳状滤波器，其梳状深度达到-41 dB，使用这种梳状滤波器的横向反馈系统成功地抑制了束流中出现的不稳定性。     

Micromachining of circular ring microstructure by femtosecond laser pulses

In this paper, integration of interference phenomenon into femtosecond laser micromachining was reported as the femtosecond laser pulses were reshaped spatially to perform ablation. The generation of circular interference pattern was demonstrated by overlapping infrared femtosecond laser pulses. The interference pattern was subsequently focused on a copper substrate to ablate microstructures of concentric circular rings. The present technique is expected to open up new applications in the areas of rapid fabrication of micro-Fresnel lenses, hybrid microlenses and lens arrays.     

Suppression of amplified spontaneous emission in a femtosecond chirped-pulse amplifier

The suppression of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) that arises during the femtosecond chirped-pulse amplification is presented. On the basis of the distinct differences in the spatial, temporal and spectral region between ASE and the amplified laser signal, the noise arising from ASE was effectively filtered out. The ratio between the amplified femtosecond pulse and the ASE peak power was higher than 10⁷. Pulses as short as 38 fs were amplified to peak power of 1.4 TW.     

In-bulk and surface structuring of sapphire by femtosecond pulses

The actual space-time dependent intensity distribution of a tightly focused (numerical aperture NA = 1.35) Gaussian femtosecond pulse is modeled inside dielectric material. Such focusing is typically used for recording with sub-wavelength resolution inside dielectrics. The multi-pulse structuring inside the bulk and on the surface of sapphire are demonstrated. Formation of nano-cracks and nano-crystals is revealed inside the crystalline sapphire. Ripple formation on the surface is discussed in terms of the efficacy map calculated by theory given in ref. [J.E. Sipe, J.F. Young, J.S. Preston, H.M. van Driel, Laser-induced periodic surface structure. I. Theory, Phys. Rev. B 27 (2) (1983) 1141-1154.].     

Laser-active colour centres with functional periodic structures in LiF fabricated by two interfering femtosecond laser pulses

We report a new technique to fabricate both laser-active F₂ and F₃⁺ colour centres in lithium fluoride and permanent periodic gratings with fringe spacings as fine as sub-micron size simultaneously by two interfering infrared femtosecond (fs) laser pulses. In particular, the optical properties of such colour centres produced by a single fs laser pulse are compared with those created by damage from radiation such as X-rays. Moreover, the present technique is applied to the first production of three-dimensional active channel waveguide and a pulsed distributed-feedback (DFB) laser at around 700 nm in LiF containing F₂ colour centres with fine-pitched micro-grating structures.     

3D features of modified photostructurable glass-ceramic with infrared femtosecond laser pulses

The exclusive ability of laser radiation to be focused inside transparent materials makes lasers a unique tool to process inner parts of them unreachable with other techniques. Hence, laser direct-write can be used to create 3D structures inside bulk materials. Infrared femtosecond lasers are especially indicated for this purpose because a multiphoton process is usually required for absorption and high resolution can be attained. This work studies the modifications produced by 450 fs laser pulses at 1027 nm wavelength focused inside a photostructurable glass-ceramic (Foturan^®) at different depths. Irradiated samples were submitted to standard thermal treatment and subsequent soaking in HF solution to form the buried microchannels and thus unveil the modified material. The voxel dimensions of modified material depend on the laser pulse energy and the depth at which the laser is focused. Spherical aberration and self-focusing phenomena are required to explain the observed results.     

Color center formation in KCl and KBr single crystals with femtosecond laser pulses

Because of their extremely high instantaneous powers, femtosecond lasers can color many nominally transparent materials. Although the excitations responsible for this defect formation occur on subpicosecond time scales, subsequent interactions between the resulting electronic and lattice defects complicate the evolution of color center formation and decay. These interactions must be understood in order to account for the long-term behavior of coloration. In this work, we probe the evolution of color centers generated by femtosecond laser radiation in potassium chloride and potassium bromide single crystals on time scales from microseconds to hundreds of seconds. By using an appropriately chosen probe laser focused through the femtosecond laser spot, we follow the changes in coloration due to individual or multiple femtosecond pulses and the evolution of that coloration for long times after femtosecond laser radiation is terminated.     

Spectral modulation of ultra-broadband femtosecond laser pulses based on surface plasmon resonance

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for spectral modulation of the femtosecond laser pulses with 110 nm ultra-broad bandwidth is demonstrated on the basis of the development of ultrashort pulse laser sources which supports good spatial resolution and high peak intensity. Employing the femtosecond surface plasmon polariton pulses launched by a Kretschmann configuration, whose reflectivity curve has the characteristic of the ultra-broad bandwidth, we observe a frequency-dependent loss with greater attenuation at the peak of the spectrum profile than in the wings, which is very useful for adequate spectral modulation. The SPR for the spectral modulation is investigated in theoretical and experimental aspects. The arbitrary spectral modulation of the femtosecond laser pulses can be fulfilled by controlling and optimizing the SPR of the gold film. The experimental result agrees well with the calculation.     

飞秒激光空气等离子体发射光谱的实验研究

对强飞秒激光聚焦在空气中所激发的等离子体的发射光谱进行了实验研究.结果表明,光谱特征表现为短波段(截至波长为340 nm)强烈的连续谱和长波段(波长在800 nm附近)强度相对较低的线光谱.在脉冲宽度(50 fs)保持不变而不断调节激光脉冲能量时,等离子体光谱形状的特征基本相似;当激光脉冲能量(1 mJ)保持不变而脉冲宽度从50 fs增加至500 fs和1 ps时,连续谱的峰值(500 nm)显得格外突出,并开始呈现出线光谱特征. 关键词： 飞秒激光 激光空气等离子体 发射光谱 线光谱