Effect of varying effective index and random deviations of domain boundary on sum-frequency-generation in quasi-phase-matching waveguides

The effect of varying effective index and random deviations of domain boundary on sum frequency generation (SFG) in quasi-phase-matching waveguides are analyzed and analytical expressions of the conversion efficiency are provided for the first time to our knowledge. By simplifying the coupled equations of SFG in waveguide, we provide analytical expressions of the conversion efficiency for the first time. Four models for variations of effective index and random errors of domains are investigated. The results demonstrate that, when effective index varying regularly along the waveguide, the normalized conversion efficiency of SFG is reduced and the curves of are no longer sinc² function but ripple profiles, which is different from the situation in bulk crystals; with the same magnitude, random period error is of much more significance than random duty cycle error, which is similar with the case in bulk crystals.     

Modulation of spatial spectrum in tunable two crystal optical parametric generator

We report on theoretical and experimental investigations of two crystal traveling-wave optical parametric generator (OPG). It is shown that the efficiency and angular structure of traveling-wave tunable OPG output depends on the distance between the two crystals. Air dispersion driven efficiency modulation at different OPG output wavelengths is observed experimentally and confirmed by theoretical calculations.     

Role of topological phase-defects in the parametric generation process

We show that topological phase-defects are spontaneously generated from noise fluctuations in the degenerate configuration of the parametric interaction. These localized coherent structures are shown to affect the coherence properties of the parametrically generated field. It is shown that the emergence of coherence in the fundamental field relies on a previously unrecognized process of mutual annihilation of pairs of neighboring phase-defects. More precisely, the density of phase-defects N, and the time correlation τ_c of the generated field, are shown to exhibit a power-law behavior with the propagation length, i.e., .     

A scheme of developing frequency encoded tristate logic operations exploiting nonlinear character of PPLN waveguide and RSOA

In binary logic the information is represented by two distinct states only (0 and 1 state). The major disadvantage of the binary or Boolean logic operation is due to its limitation of large information handling capacity. It is established that tristate operations can be accommodated with optics in data processing, as this type of operation can enhance the operation speed very much as well as information capacity. Here in this communication the authors propose a new concept to implement all-optical different logic gates with tristate mechanism using frequency-encoding principle. For this purpose, co-propagating beams having different frequencies in C-band have used for generating cascaded sum and difference frequency, exploiting the nonlinear response character of periodically poled LiNbO₃ waveguide (PPLN). The highly reflecting property of optical add and drop multiplexer (ADM) and high wavelength conversion property of reflecting semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOA) have been exploited here to implement the desired AND, NAND,OR and NOR logic operations with tristate. As NAND and NOR are the universal logic operation, so any other member of this logic family may be implemented with these.     

Phase-matched high harmonic generation for the study of rotational coherence molecular dynamics

We report the observation of periodic modulations in the high order harmonic radiation from diatomic molecules in a semi-infinitive gas cell when a preceding femtosecond laser beam, which is off-axis to the high-harmonic generation beam, modifies the phase-matching condition through the field-free alignment of the molecules. The observed modulations of the high harmonic radiation versus the time delay between the pulses result from periodic changes in the nonlinear refractive index associated with rotational Raman coherence. This opens up a new potential technique for studying rotational coherence dynamics in the ground states of molecules.     

Sum-frequency mixing of optical vortices in nonlinear crystals

Results of theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of walk-off on sum-frequency mixing of optical vortices in nonlinear crystals are presented. Various phenomena of vortex interaction such as decay of higher order vortices into singly charged vortices, formation of aligned arrays of vortices perpendicular to walk-off direction, particle-like pulling and pushing of vortices, and appearance of pairs of vortices having opposite charges were observed.     

宽带低相干光单次时间相干性测量研究

传统测量光束时间相干性的方法是通过机械扫描的方式实现的,这种方法不能够实现单次测量,而且对于相干时间较短的宽带光测量误差较大。本文提出了一种单次时间相干性测量的新方法,通过给迈克尔逊干涉仪的反射镜引入楔角,使光束波前产生随位置变化的延迟差,可从单次测量的一幅干涉图中计算提取出光场完整的时间相干性信息。实验中测量了不同宽带入射光的时间相干性,均与理论结果吻合较好。单次时间相干性测量的方法将为高功率宽带激光装置提供更为方便的时间相干性测量手段,提高实验测量效率。     

Analysis of the temporal power spectral models of angel of arrival fluctuations for optical waves propagating through weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence

New analytical expressions for the temporal power spectral models of angle of arrival (AOA) fluctuations are derived for optical plane and spherical waves propagating through weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence. They consider the finite turbulence inner and outer scales, and have a general power law value in the range of 3–4 instead of the standard power law value of 11/3. The results derived in this work can reduce correctly to the previously published analytic expressions for the case of plane and spherical waves propagation through Kolmogorov turbulence case. These results are useful for the understanding the potential impact of derivations from the standard Kolmogorov spectrum.     

Theoretical expressions of temporal power spectra of irradiance fluctuations for optical waves propagating through weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence

The temporal power spectra of irradiance fluctuations reflect the frequency distribution of temporal statistical property of irradiance fluctuation. In this paper, new analytical expressions of the temporal power spectral models of irradiance fluctuations are developed for optical waves propagating through weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence with horizontal path. They are derived with the general modified atmospheric spectral model, and they consider the finite turbulence inner and outer scales, and have a general spectral power law value in the range of 3 to 4 instead of the standard power law value of 11/3. Numerical calculations are conducted to analyze the influence of non-Kolmogorov weak turbulence on the temporal power spectra of irradiance fluctuations.     

1维部分相干光束的Z扫描理论分析

 对使用高斯-谢尔模型光束的Z扫描做了理论分析,研究了光阑半径和空间相干度变化对Z扫描曲线的影响。研究发现：随着光阑半径的变大,Z扫描峰谷透过率之差逐渐减小直至为零,其作用效果与完全相干光一致;随着空间相干度的增加,峰谷透过率之差也逐渐增大,当空间相干度大于某一定值后,峰谷透过率之差达到饱和不变。部分相干光束的Z扫描实验为测量其空间相干度提供了一种可行的方法。     

Character analysis of slow light with communication waveband in fiber optical parametric amplifier

The comprehensive characters of delay time and delay bandwidth with distortion, signal wavelength dependence and delay bandwidth product in fiber optical parametric amplifier are investigated theoretically when the pump locates at anomalous dispersion region. The delay character of single pulse, data stream with certain bit pattern and pseudo random data stream are analyzed comprehensively. In this category of fiber optical parametric amplifier, the delay time and delay bandwidth product vary from signal wavelengths and bit rates. For the same nonlinear coefficient, pump power and fiber length, the diverse dependences of bit pattern in different signal wavelengths are found by numerical simulation. The impacts of pump power and fiber length on the delay character and distortion are also discussed. These relations are conductive to the design of slow light based on fiber optical parametric amplifier in telecommunication waveband.     

Supercontinuum generation by nanosecond dual-pumping near the two zero-dispersion wavelengths of a photonic crystal fiber

Supercontinuum generation by dual-wavelength nanosecond pumping in the vicinity of both zero-dispersion wavelengths of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is experimentally demonstrated. It is shown in particular that two pumps at 1535 nm and 767 nm simultaneously pumping near the two zero-dispersion wavelengths of a specially designed PCF yields a combined visible and infrared supercontinuum spectrum spanning from 0.55 μm to 1.9 μm. We discuss the generation mechanisms underlying the continuum formation in terms of modulation instability and cascaded Raman generation.     

Simultaneous optical second harmonic and sum frequency intensity image observation of hydrogen deficiency on a H-Si(1 1 1) 1 × 1 surface after IR light pulse irradiation

In this study, we developed a microscope for the simultaneous acquisition of optical sum frequency (SF) and second harmonic (SH) intensity images in UHV conditions, and observed resonant electronic and vibrational images of the H-Si(1 1 1) surface after IR light irradiation of pulse width ∼6 μs. The SH intensity images showed a spatial distribution of resonant electronic states, associated with the dangling bonds formed after hydrogen desorption induced by the IR light pulses. This result indicates that the hydrogen coverage decreased to less than ∼0.6 ML in the irradiated area. The SF intensity images before the IR light pulse irradiation showed signals attributed to Si-H stretching vibration on the H-Si(1 1 1) surface. After the IR light pulse irradiation, non-resonant SF signals appeared in the irradiated area. The non-resonant SF signals may originate from a nonlinear optical transition involving the surface electronic levels in the dangling bonds. We also found an unidentified bonding state on the edges of the irradiated area in some light conditions. Both the resonant and non-resonant signals were very weak in this area.     

Generation and amplification of dual-color femtosecond pulses by a noncollinear optical parametric up-conversion process

Noncollinear optical parametric up-conversion generation and amplification are realized in a thick β-barium borate (BBO) crystal, and a couple of visible femtosecond up-conversion laser pulses can be achieved by a femtosecond pulse at 800 nm as the pump sources. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that there exist phase-matching conditions for dual-color noncollinear parametric up-conversion generation and amplification, and their wavelengths can be tuned by rotating the BBO crystal. This parametric up-conversion generation and amplification can be attributed to three and five-wave mixing in a thick BBO crystal, and it shows the potential application on optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) to generate multi-color ultraviolet or visible femtosecond laser pulses pumped directly by femtosecond fundamental laser pulses without frequency-doubling or tripling.     

Quasi-optical analysis of a far-infrared spatio-spectral space interferometer concept

FISICA (Far-Infrared Space Interferometer Critical Assessment) was a three year study of a far-infrared spatio-spectral double-Fourier interferometer concept. One of the aims of the FISICA study was to set-out a baseline optical design for such a system, and to use a model of the system to simulate realistic telescope beams for use with an end-to-end instrument simulator. This paper describes a two-telescope (and hub) baseline optical design that fulfils the requirements of the FISICA science case, while minimising the optical mass of the system. A number of different modelling techniques were required for the analysis: fast approximate simulation tools such as ray tracing and Gaussian beam methods were employed for initial analysis, with GRASP physical optics used for higher accuracy in the final analysis. Results are shown for the predicted far-field patterns of the telescope primary mirrors under illumination by smooth walled rectangular feed horns. Far-field patterns for both on-axis and off-axis detectors are presented and discussed.     

Numerical investigation of a broadband coherent supercontinuum generation in Ga8Sb32S60 chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with all-normal dispersion

All normal dispersion (ANDi) and highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed and numerically investigated for a broad, coherent and ultra-flat mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. The proposed PCF consists of a solid core made of Ga₈Sb₃₂S₆₀ glass surrounded by seven rings of air holes arranged in a triangular lattice. We show by employing the finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) method that the Ga₈Sb₃₂S₆₀ PCF dispersion properties can be engineered by carefully adjusting the air holes diameter in the cladding region and ANDi regime is achieved over the entire range of wavelengths with a zero chromatic dispersion around 4.5?μm. Moreover, we demonstrate that injecting 50?fs width and 20?kW peak power laser pulses (corresponding to a pulse energy of 1.06?nJ) at a pump wavelength of 4.5?μm into a 1?cm long ANDi Ga₈Sb₃₂S₆₀ PCF generates a broad, flat-top and perfectly coherent SC spectrum extending from 1.65?μm to 9.24?μm at the 20?dB spectral flatness. These results make the proposed Ga₈Sb₃₂S₆₀ PCF an excellent candidate for various important mid-infrared region applications including mid-infrared spectroscopy, medical imaging, optical coherence tomography and materials characterization.     

新型光学晶体KABO的非线性频率变换特性

简述了新型非线性晶体KABO的光学特性.根据相位匹配角公式、非线性有效系数公式、走离角公式和允许角公式,详细计算了KABO晶体倍频时的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、倍频时谐波走离角、允许角随波长变化的理论曲线.特别是对LD泵浦掺钕的全固态激光器532 nm输出时,得到了KABO晶体采用I类相位匹配进行四倍频的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、倍频时谐波走离角、允许角分别为:58.1°、0.254×10^-12m/V、2.8°、1.8233 mrad·mm;并将该晶体与目前可应用于紫外倍频的晶体比较,在考虑走离效应的情况下,研究了四倍频转换效率随KABO晶体长度、基频光光斑半径的变化规律.     

混沌光场光子统计分布及二阶相干度的分析与测量

利用通信波段双通道单光子探测器,采用Hanbury Brown-Twiss关联测量方案,理论分析并实验测量了光反馈半导体激光器产生的混沌光场的光子统计分布及不同混沌状态光场的二阶相干度.通过对混沌光场二阶相干度g~((2))(τ)的理论分析,得出随着延迟时间和相干时间的变化,其与相干光、热光及单光子态的二阶相干度可明显区分并呈现出不同分布.同时实验上产生了频谱宽度6.7 GHz的混沌光场,测量了不同光子数分布的结果,并用高斯随机分布、泊松分布、玻色-爱因斯坦分布对光子数分布进行理论拟合,发现随着入射平均光子数的增加,光子数分布从玻色-爱因斯坦分布过渡到泊松分布,但整个过程都与高斯随机分布符合较好,且光场的二阶相干度g~((2))(0)由2降至1.通过改变偏置电流(I=1.0Ith-2.0Ith)和反馈强度(0—10%),实验上研究了混沌光场由低频起伏到相干塌陷的过程中不同状态宏观动力学特性与二阶相干度的对应关系.结果表明:混沌光场在此过程中始终呈现出明显的聚束效应,并在频谱宽度最大时达到最强;同时给出了光子计数测量中聚束效应减弱的物理原因.实验表明该系统及方法能很好地揭示不同状态混沌光场的光子统计特性.     

Wavelet analysis of digital shearing speckle patterns with a temporal carrier

Shearography is an optical technique allows direct measurement of deflection derivatives. This paper presents a novel temporal phase analysis technique based on wavelet transform when shearography is applied to measure a continuously deforming object. A series of shearing speckle patterns is captured by a high-speed camera during the deformation. To avoid the phase ambiguity problem, a temporal carrier is generated by a piezoelectrical transducer (PZT) stage in one beam of the modified Michelson interferometer. The intensity variation of each pixel on recorded images is then analyzed along time axis by a robust mathematical tool - complex Morlet wavelet transform. After the temporal carrier is removed, the absolute phase change representing the first-order derivative of the continuous deformation is obtained without the need of temporal or spatial phase unwrapping process. The results obtained by wavelet transform are compared with those from temporal Fourier transform.     

Investigation of all-optical analog-to-digital quantization using a chalcogenide waveguide: A step towards on-chip analog-to-digital conversion

We have investigated all-optical analog-to-digital quantization by broadening the pulse spectrum in a chalcogenide (As₂S₃) waveguide and subsequently slicing the measured spectrum using an array of filters. Pulse spectral broadening was measured for 8 different power levels in a 6 cm long As₂S₃ waveguide and used to analyze an 8-level all-optical quantization scheme employing filters with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of 2 nm. A supercontinuum spectrum with −15 dB spectral width up to 324 nm was observed experimentally at large powers. This large spectral broadening, combined with filtering using a 128 channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) with 2 nm filter spacing, has the potential for all-optical quantization with 7-bit resolution. In order to encode the quantized signal we propose an encoder scheme which can be implemented using optical Exclusive-OR gates. Demonstrating all-optical quantization using a planar waveguide is an important step towards realizing all-optical A/D conversion on a chip.