Experimental demonstration of tunable multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences-based optical label for optical packets switching

In this paper, the tunable multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences (MOOCS)-based optical label for optical packet switching (OPS) (MOOCS-OPS) is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The tunable MOOCS-based optical label is performed by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based optical en/decoders group and optical switches configured by using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and the optical label is erased by using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA). Some waveforms of the MOOCS-based optical label, optical packet including the MOOCS-based optical label and the payloads are obtained, the switching control mechanism and the switching matrix are discussed, the bit error rate (BER) performance of this system is also studied. These experimental results show that the tunable MOOCS-OPS scheme is effective.     

Research on application of MOOC in optical packet switching

An experiment on receiving and identifying multiple optical orthogonal codes （MOOC） sequence-based optical labels in an optical packet switching （OPS） network is reported. Two groups of MOOC with a code length of 23 and a code weight of 3 are used to identify the optical labels. The scheme and principle of OPS networks based on MOOC sequence-based optical labels are presented. Because optical labels contain OPS and routing information, the importance of optical label processing with multiple inconsecutive, random, and burst optical labels in an OPS network is pointed out. Considering the MOOC-based optical labels, we design a circuit consisting of a broadened network and a cascaded amplifier to receive multiple groups of low-power narrow pulses （optical labels in the MOOC-OPS network） with a period of 2 ns. The successful experimental results demonstrate that the designed scheme is feasible.     

光分组交换网络中多组光正交码组合光标签识别处理及实验

报道了光分组交换网络中基于多组光正交码组合光标签的识别与接收实验,光标签采用了码长为19,码重为3的2组光正交码组合光标签方案.给出了基于多组光正交码光标签的光分组交换网络(MOOC-OPS)基本原理,通过分析指出在MOOC-OPS网络中处理多组在时域上非连续、随机、突发光标签是现实MOOC-OPS关键技术之一.设计出了基于展宽网络和放大器级联方式接收多组低功率窄脉冲(MOOC-OPS网络的光标签)的实验方案,完成了实验电路板制作与实验验证.实验结果表明成功地实现了MOOC-OPS网络中周期为2ns基于多组光正交码光标签脉冲的识别接收,验证了该方案的可行性.     

Design of strict optical orthogonal codes with nonconstant weights for use in optical code-division multiplexing multimedia systems

We report the design of a new family of strict optical orthogonal codes (SOOCs) that permit the use of nonconstant code weights in optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) systems. Because this new code can possess any number of pulses (i.e., 1s) in each codeword while still maintaining the minimum autocorrelation and cross-correlation constraints (i.e., “1”) for incoherent optical processing, its use can flexibly support multimedia applications in an OCDM system to meet varieties of transmission performance and traffic requirements which are demanded by different types of communication services. The method of designing the proposed codes is presented, and the bound on code length is also given.     

A novel scheme of two-dimension time-stacked wavelength-time optical code label for optical packet switching network

A novel scheme of time-stacked optical code label based on optical code division multiple (OCDM) technique for optical packet switching network is proposed, in which two-dimensional wavelength-time OCDM code is used as the optical label. Packet loss rate and system characteristic based on the proposed scheme are studied. Results show that less packet loss rate of proposed scheme can be achieved as compared with that of one-dimension time-stacked optical code label system.     

全光地址识别机理的研究

在面向分组业务的全光交换系统中,采用全光地址处理技术可以减少处理时延,大大提高信息处理速度和网络吞吐量,对全光网络的研究具有重要意义。分析了光正交码的自相关性与互相关性,并将其特性应用于全光传送网中,以针对未来基于光分组业务的全光环网为例,提出了一种光分插复用器的新型结构,给出了总体应用设计规则,重点研究和分析了全光地址识别机理和相关的应用设计方法,给出了针对全光环网组网规模的仿真分析结构和基本实验结果。结果表明采用所提出的设计原则和设计方法来实现全光地址识别是可行的。     

Cutting-Edge Technologies on Broadband and Scalable Photonic-Network—Packet switched networks based on all-optical label processing—

Ultra-high speed all-optical label processing methods are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. These methods dramatically increase the label processing capability. Optical packet switch (OPS) systems and networks based on OPS nodes are expressed as an application of optical processing technologies. First, the 40 Gbit/s/port OPS prototype with all-optical label processor, optical switch, optical buffer, and electronic scheduler is described. The feasibility of OPS networks is verified by experimental demonstrations.     

A novel optical burst switching architecture for high speed networks

A novel optical burst switching （OBS） high speed network architecture has been proposed. To verify its feasibility and evaluate its performance, just-enough-time （JET） signaling has been considered as a high performance protocol. In the proposed architecture, to avoid burst losses, firstly, a short-prior- confirmation-packet （SPCP） is sent over the control channel that simulates the events that the actual packet will experience. Once SPCP detects a drop at any of the intermediate nodes, the actual packet is not sent but the process repeats. In order to increase network utilization, cost effectiveness and to overcome some limitations of conventional OBS, inherent codes （e.g., orthogonal optical codes （OOC））, which are codified only in intensity, has been used. Through simulations, it shows that a decrease in burst loss probability, cost effectiveness and a gain in processing time are obtained when optical label processing is used as compared with electronic processing.     

基于2D-OOC的OCDMA系统的地址码结构研究

提出了二维光正交码 (2D OOC)设计方案 ,围绕光码分多址 (OCDMA)技术实用化的两个主要指标—最大并发用户数和系统误码率的改进和提高 ,系统地研究了基于 2D OOC的OCDMA的性能 ,分析了 2D OOC码字的相关性 ,导出了系统的最大用户容量 ,详细研究了 2D OOC系统以多址干扰为主的系统误码率 .研究表明 :较之一维时域扩频码或一维谱域扩频码 ,2D OOC系统性能大大提高 ,在大信息量传输时 ,适当选择码长和码重 ,系统总容量可高达Tbits/s量级 ,性能优于基于 1D OOC的OWDM和OCDMA混合系统 .     

基于2D-OOC的OCDMA系统的地址码结构研究

提出了二维光正交码(2D-OOC)设计方案,围绕光码分多址(OCDMA)技术实用化的两个主要指标-最大并发用户数和系统误码率的改进和提高,系统地研究了基于2D-OOC的OCDMA的性能,分析了2D-OOC码字的相关性,导出了系统的最大用户容量,详细研究了2D-OOC系统以多址干扰为主的系统误码率.研究表明:较之一维时域扩频码或一维谱域扩频码,2D-OOC系统性能大大提高,在大信息量传输时,适当选择码长和码重,系统总容量可高达Tbits/s量级,性能优于基于1D-OOC的OWDM和OCDMA混合系统.     

采用OFDM信号作为标记的光分组交换方案

以光正交频分复用信号作为光标记,利用两个不同波长的光载波分别经过强度调制,产生了10 Gb/sOOK光载荷和2.5 Gb/sOFDM光标记。测得了光分组信号经光纤传输前后接收载荷的眼图和标记的星座图以及误码率曲线,结果表明:经过40 km光纤传输后,载荷与标记的功率代价分别为1dB和0.5dB。     

一种严格最佳(ν,k,1)光正交码的设计方法

介绍了严格最佳和准最佳(ν,k,1)光正交码的定义，阐述了它们与(ν,k,1)循环差集族的关系。基于Wilson均匀分布差引理和初等数论的基本理论，提出一种最佳(ν,k,1)循环差集族的构造方法，即构造定义在ν阶有限域上满足特定约束条件的k元集合。将该方法用于光正交码的设计中，可以有效地设计一些严格最佳(ν,k,1)光正交码，其中，码长ν为素数，码重k的取值为4、5和6。最后结合具体实例，给出严格最佳(ν,k,1)光正交码的计算机辅助设计方法。同其他设计方法相比，该设计方法既简单又实用，尤其对严格最佳（ν,k,1）光正交码而言，设计效率较高；随着码重k的增加，码的设计效率逐渐降低。     

基于最大值判决及光硬限幅器的光码分多址并行干扰抑制系统

针对光码分多址（OCDMA）的多用户干扰问题,提出一种引入光硬限幅器、基于最大值判决的光码分多址并行干扰抑制系统.该系统在发送端对比特“0”和比特“1”分别使用一个地址码和它的移位变形进行映射,以避免发送比特“0”时无光脉冲通过的问题,实现并行干扰抑制;在接收端光电检测器前引入一个光硬限幅器,判决电路采用最大值判决,以避免门限判决所引起的误判,进一步减小多用户干扰.阐述了其工作原理,系统采用光正交码作为地址码,PIN光电检测器,分析推导了系统的误码率表达式,进而对新型系统的多用户干扰抑制作用进行误码性能仿真.仿真结果表明,当信号光子到达率为25时,新型系统比常规系统的误码性能改善10个数量级以上,比常规并行干扰抑制系统改善2个数量级以上.     

Performance enhancement of optical burst switched networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is an optical switching paradigm which offers a good tradeoff between the traditional optical circuit switching (OCS) and optical packet switching (OPS) since it has the relatively easy implementation of the first and the efficient bandwidth utilization of the second. Hence, OBS is a promising technology for the next generation optical Internet. A buffer-less OBS network can be implemented using ordinary optical communication equipment without the need for either wavelength converters or optical memories. In an OBS network, burst-loss performance is a critical concern. In OBS, the data-burst transmission is delayed by an offset time (relative to its burst control packet (BCP), or header) and the burst follows its header without waiting for an acknowledgment for resource reservation. Thus, a burst may be lost at an intermediate node due to contention, which is generally resolved according to the local routing and bandwidth information. The routing table maintained in each OBS node is generally pre-computed and fixed to forward the data bursts. Such a static forwarding feature might have limited efficiency to resolve contentions. Moreover, a burst may be lost and the network may be congested when a network element (e.g., fiber link) fails. In this paper, an efficient integrated scheme based on dynamic routing and burst segmentation has been proposed to improve reliability of data transport and network load balancing in optical burst switched networks. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces effectively blocking probability and hence contention. Further, it provides end-to-end throughput performance also. Hence, it establishes an appropriate tradeoff between loss rate and end-to-end throughput.     

Design and performance analysis of various one dimensional codes using different data formats for OCDMA system

In this paper, the design, implementation and performance analysis of various one dimensional codes in an OCDMA system for different data formats is presented. A number of different codes are used with optical CDMA to improve its error performance. Here, three such codes, optical orthogonal codes (OOC), Walsh Hadamard codes and zero cross-correlation (ZCC) codes have been compared using different data formats, NRZ raised cosine, NRZ rectangular, RZ raised cosine and RZ rectangular. It is found that NRZ raised cosine has the best system performance for all the codes used. After that, the three codes have been compared in terms of the BER, eye diagrams and received optical power using NRZ raised cosine modulation format. It is analyzed that ZCC codes have zero cross-correlation property. The simulation results revealed that ZCC codes can provide a better BER compared to the OOC and Walsh Hadamard codes and it is most suitable to be employed in the OCDMA systems.     

Trellis ternary line coding scheme for asynchronous optical CDMA systems

In this paper, we investigate the employment of a ternary line coding technique based on Ungerboeck's trellis-coded method in asynchronous optical CDMA systems. The ternary coding we use is predicated upon the equal-weight orthogonal (EWO) scheme. Each user transmits two mutually orthogonal signature sequences to represent “+1” and “−1”, respectively, and nothing is transmitted for “0”. The receiver employs a maximum-likelihood soft-decoder to select the path with minimum Euclidean distance as the preferred path. This trellis ternary coding scheme applies set partitioning with partially overlapping subsets to increase the free Euclidean distance, which considerably improves system performance. Furthermore, due to line coding technique, such scheme comprises sufficient clock information, and thus benefits for baseband timing extraction (i.e. clock recovery). Numerical results reveal that the proposed trellis ternary coding scheme can significantly reduce the error floor and allow more active users to be accommodated in the network.     

All-optical wavelength conversion for 10-Gb/s NRZ payload and 2.5-Gb/s OFDM label in optical-packet-switched network

Simultaneous wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing (FWM) for 10-Gb/s NRZ payload and 2.5-Gb/s OFDM label signals in optical switching network is experimentally demonstrated. The dual-pump scheme based on FWM in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is employed and simultaneous wavelength conversion for optical packet with one optical payload of 10-Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) signals and one optical label of 2.5-Gb/s OFDM signals are realized. The bit-error-rate performance is evaluated for both payload and label after wavelength conversion.     

A new family of two-dimensional codes for optical CDMA systems

The design of a new family of two-dimensional single pulse per column codes for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks is reported. The 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes have been known to be orthogonal and their generation and system design based on these codes is rather simple. But their performance is limited due to the bandwidth constraints if the code length increases. Hence, using these 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes, modified 2-D pseudo-noise matrix codes (MPMCs) are generated. The system performance is evaluated for two, three and four simultaneous users using the link with all the sources responsible for degradation included: attenuation, chromatic dispersion, non-linear refractive effects, non-linear scattering and four-wave mixing. The effect of the non-linear and lossy dispersive medium over the system performance is shown by plotting the BER with respect to the link length for the systems designed using encoders/decoders base on 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes and our MPMCs. The performance is compared for the two types of codes by finding the crosstalk due to interfering users simultaneously operating in the network.     

A resource-saving decoding scheme of the orthogonally concatenated codes for optical transport networks in FPGA

A decoding scheme of the orthogonally concatenated codes with low resource utilizations is proposed. In the optical transport networks (OTN), forward error-correction (FEC) techniques are used to reduce the errors which occur in transmissions. Two-orthogonal-concatenated (TOC) codes are widely used in FEC techniques for their powerful error-correction capabilities based on the iterative decoding procedure. However, the framing structure is complex so the decoding procedure is more difficult than the decoding of in–out concatenated codes. And the powerful error-correction capability relies on the multi-iterative decoding processing, thus how to effectively utilize the hardware resources is a very important problem. Especially when the decoding procedure is implemented in the field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices, effective optimizations are required for the limited resources. In this paper we present an iterative decoding scheme in FPGA with low resource utilizations. As an example, an actual engineering application under the G.975.1 recommendation is given to show the efficiency of the proposed design.     

A high efficiency construction method of multilength optical orthogonal codes with correlation constraint two for OCDMA multimedia network

In order to construct multilength optical orthogonal codes (ML OOCs) with correlation constraint 2 for multi-rate OCDMA passive optical networks, a high efficiency construction method is presented. The main idea is to construct high efficiency mapping sequences to map optimal short length OOCs with cross correlation 2 into long length OOCs with cross correlation 2. Fundamental of constructing high efficiency mapping sequence is derived, and the mapping sequences based on multiplication table of integer domain is examined. Simulations based on the method show that the cardinality of long length OOCs is just slightly lower than Johnson bound. Therefore, it has very high variable length efficiency.