红外探测系统的激光辐照热效应仿真分析

为研究红外探测系统受激光辐照后的热效应与二次热辐射对探测器成像的影响,使用Ansys软件对红外探测器进行热辐射仿真和有限元结构仿真;采用黑体辐射定律和DO辐射计算模型模拟计算探测器内光学系统在不同激光辐照度下的温度随时间变化情况以及探测器内部温升对靶面成像的二次热辐射干扰情况;采用热弹性力学模型仿真计算探测器内部的热应力和热变形情况。结果表明:探测器受到1.06μm激光照射,矫正镜激光辐照度在50 W/cm²时,靶面受到二次热辐照度在0.6 s时达到100μW/cm²的量级,使红外探测器达到饱和;探测器受激光辐照后系统最高温度出现在矫正镜中心处,拟合得到系统最高温度与受照时间函数关系,可预测探测器升温结构破坏;最大热变形出现在矫正镜背面中心处,由外向内形成不等附加光程差,干扰探测器的成像效果;最大热应力出现在矫正镜前面中心处,得到最大热应力与激光辐照度间的线性关系曲线,为矫正镜热应力破坏提供预测参数。     

高能激光远场辐照度分布测量技术及其进展

测量高能激光远场辐照度分布是评估激光武器系统性能指标的一个有效方法。对国内外现有的几种高能激光远场辐照度分布测量方法进行了比较和归纳,对各种技术的优点和缺点作了深入的分析,并对靶面抗损伤技术、取样衰减技术和功率密度定标技术3项关键技术研究进展进行了介绍,在该基础上阐述了高能激光能量远场辐照度分布直接测量技术的发展趋势。     

Process mapping of laser surface modification of AISI 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications

A 1.5-kW CO₂ laser in pulsed mode at 3 kHz was used to investigate the effects of varied laser process parameters and resulting morphology of AISI 316L stainless steel. Irradiance and residence time were varied between 7.9 to 23.6 MW/cm² and 50 to 167 μs, respectively. A strong correlation between irradiance, residence time, depth of processing and roughness of processed steel was established. The high depth of altered microstructure and increased roughness were linked to higher levels of both irradiance and residence times. Energy fluence and surface temperature models were used to predict levels of melting occurring on the surface through the analysis of roughness and depth of the region processed. Microstructural images captured by the SEM revealed significant grain structure changes at higher irradiances, but due to increased residence times, limited to the laser in use, the hardness values were not improved.     

便携式激光辐照度测量系统

激光驾束制导中,制导激光的辐照度是一个重要的性能参数。为了实现制导激光辐照度的野外快速、准确测量,研制了小型、便携式激光辐照度测量系统。系统利用微处理器进行控制和数据采集处理,实现了测试数据的自动修正,提高了测量结果的准确性。同时可选择测量0.92μm、0.98μm和1.06μm三种波长的激光辐照度。经实验验证,该系统测量准确、结构简单、使用方便,适合室内以及野外测试。     

Optical emission studies of sulphur plasma using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

We present the optical emission studies of sulphur (S) plasma generated by the first (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) wavelengths of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The target material was placed in front of laser beam in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral sulphur have been used to extract the electron temperature (T _e ) using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density (N _e ) has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying, distance from, the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. Beside we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser irradiance as well as its variation with distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increases as laser irradiance is increased.     

Spectroscopic studies of sodium nitrate plasma produced by nanosecond laser ablation

We present the optical emission characteristics of the sodium plasma produced at the surface of sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) also known as Chile saltpeter. We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG (Quantel Brilliant) pulsed laser having a pulse duration of 5?ns and 10?Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400?mJ at 1064?nm and 200?mJ at 532?nm. The target material was placed in front of laser beam in air (atmospheric pressure). The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral sodium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying the distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of the plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser irradiance as well as its variation with the distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as the laser irradiance is increased.     

光谱辐射照度量值复现中计算大口径固定点黑体拐点温度的新方法

我国光谱辐射照度基准量值复现的理论基础是普朗克定律,它揭示了波长、温度和光谱辐射照度之间存在着精确的定量关系。采用比较法、通过卤钨灯来进行光谱辐射照度量值的保存与传递。其中,黑体的温度测量在量值复现中是最主要的不确定来源。以往都是采用变温黑体作为量值复现的辐射源,其温度通过高温计溯源至温标固定点黑体。为满足我国对地观测、气象遥感、应对气候变化、海洋水色等领域对光谱辐射照度高精度的测量需求,中国计量科学研究院NIM建立了一套14 mm大口径钨碳-碳WC-C高温固定点黑体系统,作为基准辐射源直接复现光谱辐射照度量值,进一步缩短了量值溯源链,减少了温度测量误差。实验中高温计用来测量黑体的相对温度,采用固定点熔化温坪曲线的拐点POI值校准后得到温度绝对值。因此拐点POI的合理评估计算就十分重要。与小口径WC-C固定点黑体不同,大口径固定点的熔化温坪曲线的持续时间更长,但温度起伏也更大,因此广泛用于小口径固定点的传统拐点POI算法不再适用。提出了一种可筛选多次拟合法,用于计算大口径固定点黑体的拐点温度。采用3 mm小口径WC-C和Re-C固定点对新方法的有效性进行验证,结果表明新方法与三种传统方法的平均值的最大偏差为-0.007和-0.001 K,在500 nm引入的光谱辐射照度测量误差分别为0.002 2%和0.000 3%。进一步采用14 mm大口径WC-C大口径固定点对新方法的稳健性进行验证。分析比较了筛选条件、数据平滑处理、拟合范围对拐点POI计算结果的影响,新方法和三种传统POI计算方法的最大影响量分别为0.001和0.633 K,在500 nm引入的光谱辐射照度不确定度分别为0.000 3%和0.20%。所提出的新方法能够有效减小外界因素引入的温度误差,进一步提升光谱辐射照度量值的复现准确度,更适用于大口径高温固定点黑体拐点温度的计算。     

Optical Emission Studies of Molybdenum Plasma Produced by an Nd:yag Laser

We study the optical emission characteristics of a molybdenum (Mo) plasma produced at the surface of a target material in air at atmospheric pressure using the fundamental (1,064 nm) wavelength of an Nd: YAG laser. We estimate the temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the number density is calculated using the Stark broadening profile of the neutral iron (Fe I) transition line at 538.34 nm. We investigate variations in the temperature and number density at different laser irradiance as well as the distance from the target surface along the axial direction of plasma propagation using the spectroscopic technique. We observe that the temperature and number density increase with increase in the laser irradiance.     

Measurements of electron transport in foils irradiated with a picosecond time scale laser pulse

The heating of solid foils by a picosecond time scale laser pulse has been studied by using x-ray emission spectroscopy. The target material was plastic foil with a buried layer of a spectroscopic tracer material. The laser pulse length was either 0.5 or 2 ps, which resulted in a laser irradiance that varied over the range 10(16)-10(19) W/cm(2). Time-resolved measurements of the buried layer emission spectra using an ultrafast x-ray streak camera were used to infer the density and temperature conditions as a function of laser parameters and depth of the buried layer. Comparison of the data to different models of electron transport showed that they are consistent with a model of electron transport that predicts the bulk of the target heating is due to return currents.     

Spectroscopic studies of laser induced aluminum plasma using fundamental,second and third harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser

In the present work, we have studied the spatial evolution of the aluminum plasma produced by the fundamental (1064 nm), second (532 nm) and third (355 nm) harmonics of a Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral aluminum have been used to extract the excitation temperature using Boltzmann plot method whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadened profiles. Besides we have studied the variation of excitation temperature and electron number density as a function of laser irradiance at atmospheric pressure. In addition, we have performed quantitative analysis of photon absorption and vapor ionization mechanism at three laser wavelengths and estimated the inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) absorption and photoionization (PI) coefficients. The validity of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is discussed in the light of the experimental results.     

Characterization of Laser-Induced Plasma in Nitrogen

We perform optical and spectroscopic studies of laser-induced plasmas (LIPs) in nitrogen under different experimental conditions. Our aim to determine the characteristics of LIPs associated with laser-ignition applications. The plasma is generated in nitrogen with the help of a 10 Hz and ~ 7 ns Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm. We investigate the effects of nitrogen pressure and laser irradiance on the electron temperature and laser-energy-absorption rate by LIPs. The electron temperatures are found almost unchanged from 2.85 to 2.98 eV. The laser-energy-absorption rate by the LIP increases with increase in the laser-pulse energy and nitrogen pressure. Consequently, the laser irradiance and increasing nitrogen pressure improve the plasma-particle density and plasma energy and thus improve the laser-ignition probability.     

Emission properties of laser ablation of SnO2: Sb transparent conducting film and KTiOPO4 crystal

Optical emission spectra of Nd:YAG laser ablation of KTiOPO₄ (KTP) crystal and SnO₂:Sb transparent conducting thin film were recorded and analyzed in vacuum and in air. The integral intensities of spectral lines from laser-ablated KTP crystal were obtained as functions of distance from the target surface and laser power density in vacuum and in air. The ambient gas effects on pulsed laser ablation of target were discussed. We also performed laser ablation of SnO₂:Sb transparent conducting thin film in air and the electron temperature and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of atomic and ionic spectral lines in the plasma were quantified using Boltzmann plot method and Lorentzian fit, respectively. Integral intensities of atomic and ionic Sn spectral lines were also obtained as functions of distance from the target surface and laser irradiance. The intensity ratio of ionic and atomic Sn spectral lines as a function of laser power density was got which gives some information about the variation of ionization ratio with laser irradiance in the plasma produced by high-power laser.     

激光点阵扫描法绝对定标太阳辐射计直射通道研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准传递探测器作为激光束功率测量探测器,采用激光点阵扫描方法在太阳辐射计有效孔径光阑面形成均匀照度场,精确测量太阳辐射计870 nm无偏直射通道中心波长处绝对辐照度响应度。利用灯-单色仪系统扫描获得该通道相对光谱辐照度响应度,最终在实验室条件下获得该通道绝对光谱辐照度响应度,联合大气层外太阳照度谱数据通道内积分得到该通道大气层外响应常数V₀值,与NASA的GSFC中心的2009年定标结果差异仅为3.75%,定标不确定度达到2.06%,验证了这一新技术的原理可行性。     

Titanium plasma spectroscopy studies under double pulse laser excitation

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for parametric studies of titanium (Ti) plasma using single and double pulsed laser excitation scheme. Here a pulsed Nd:YAG laser was employed for generation of laser produced plasma from solid Ti target at ambient pressure. Several ionized titanium lines were recorded in the 312–334 nm UV region. The temporal evolution of plasma parameters such as excitation temperature and electron number density was evaluated. The effect of incident laser irradiance, position of the laser beam focal point with respect to the surface of illumination, single and double laser pulse effect on plasma parameters were also investigated. This study contributes to a better understanding of the LIBS plasma dynamics of the double laser pulse effect on the temporal evolution of various Ti emission lines, the detection sensitivity and the optimal dynamics of plasma for ionized states of Ti. The results demonstrate a faster decay of the continuum and spectral lines and a shorter plasma life time for the double pulse excitation scheme as compared with single laser pulse excitation. For double pulse excitation technique, the emissions of Ti lines intensities are enhanced by a factor of five which could help in the improvement of analytical performance of LIBS technique. In addition, this study proved that to avoid inhomogeneous effects in the laser produced plasma under high laser intensities, short delay times between the incident laser pulse and ICCD gate are required.     

太阳辐射计直射通道实验室定标方法研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递标准,将可调谐激光导入积分球,通过功率稳定、退相干等措施,形成均匀、稳定、无偏的辐照度场。利用替代定标技术,对太阳辐射计CE318的870nm直射通道的三个偏振通道(P1、P2和P3)和无偏通道(UP)的绝对光谱辐照度响应度进行了光谱扫描定标,获得这四个通道的光谱辐照度响应度,并预测了大气层顶太阳辐照度的信号值。最后,对定标过程的不确定度进行评价,三个偏振通道和无偏通道的定标不确定度分别达到了1.83%、1.98%、1.73%和1.2%,与Langley定标法定标精度相当。     

Spectral measurements of incipient plasma temperature and electron number density during laser ablation of aluminum in air

Plasmas generated during incipient laser ablation of aluminum in air were studied using emission spectroscopy. A plasma emission model was developed, invoking one-dimensional radiative transfer, to describe the observed emission spectra, while taking into account the effects of continuum radiation. Theoretical spectra were calculated and compared to experimental spectra in the range 387–406 nm. Satisfactory agreement was found between the experimental and predicted spectra, especially at delay times of 30–200 ns, thus providing plasma temperatures and electron number densities as functions of delay time and laser irradiance (1.8–8.0 GW/cm²). In general, both the plasma temperature and electron number density rise at greater laser irradiances but drop at increasing delay times, with a more rapid drop for delay times less than 60 ns. PACS 42.62.Fi; 52.25.-b     

Time-resolved plasma diagnostics and mass removal during single-pulse laser ablation

Laser ablation processes occurring over several orders of magnitude in time were investigated by using time-resolved spectroscopy, shadowgraphs and interferograms. A picosecond ablation plasma was measured with an electron density on the order of 10²⁰ cm^-3 originating from the breakdown of air. The longitudinal expansion of this plasma was suppressed due to the development of a strong space-charge field. At post-pulse times, the lateral (radial) expansion of the plasma was found to follow the relation, r~t^1/2, consistent with the expansion from an instantaneous line source of energy. The electron number density and temperature were deduced by measuring spectroscopic emission-line broadening during the early phase (30-300 ns) of a mass (atomic/ionic) plasma. These properties were measured as a function of the delay time and irradiance. Possible mechanisms such as inverse bremsstrahlung and self-regulation were used to describe the data before an explosion threshold of 20 GW/cm². The laser self-focusing and critical temperature are discussed to explain dramatic changes in these properties after the irradiance threshold. On the microsecond time scale, the surface explodes and large (>7m) particles are ejected. Mass removed from single-crystal silicon by high power (10⁹-10¹¹ W/cm²) single-pulse laser ablation is studied by measuring the crater morphology. Time-resolved shadowgraph images show that the rapid increase in the crater depth at the threshold corresponds to large-size droplets leaving the surface. This rapid growth of the crater volume is attributed to explosive boiling.     

Foamy coating obtained by laser ablation of glass ceramic substrates at high temperature

This paper presents a study of the effect of temperature in the machining of glass ceramic cooking plates by laser ablation. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at its fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm with pulsewidths in the nanosecond range was used. The beam was focalized and scanned over the surface covering an area of several squared millimetres. With the same irradiance and process parameters the rise of the surface temperature some hundreds of degrees changes drastically the ablation conditions. As temperature is risen the amount of particles ejected from the interaction zone diminishes, recasting over the processed area generating a white and foamy self-layer.The size of the ejected particles and the morphology, composition and microstructure of the new layer is described. This layer could be used to change the thermal conductivity of the glass ceramic plate as well as for aesthetic purposes.     

Diagnostics of a Potassium Plasma Produced by Visible and IR Nanosecond Laser Ablation

We present spectroscopic emission studies of a laser-produced potassium plasma generated by the fundamental mode (1064 nm) and the second harmonic (532 nm) of a Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The spectra predominantly reveal the spectral lines of neutral potassium. We use experimentally observed line profiles of neutral potassium to determine the excitation temperature using Boltzmann plots, and the Stark-broadened line profiles to determine the electron-number density. We also study variations in the excitation temperature and electron-number density as functions of the laser irradiance.     

激光大气闪烁的间歇特征

 以小波变换法观察了湍流大气中激光光强起伏的间歇特征, 并用奇性测度进行了定量的描述。根据间歇性参量的周日变化规律发现：激光大气闪烁的间歇性存在于所有的时间和起伏条件下,并且保持稳定,间歇性参量约为0.1,基本不随起伏条件和时间变化。