催化动力学光度法测定痕量钼的研究

研究了在氨水介质中钼（Ⅵ）催化过氧化氢氧化噻嗪红Ｒ的褪色反应其动力学条件，建立了一种高灵敏，高选择性测定食品和水中痕量钼（Ⅵ）的新方法，可测定０．０１－１．０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内的钼（Ⅵ），方法当敏度为６．４×１０＾－＾１＾０ｇ／ｍｌ。     

Kinetic Determination of Iodide Based on its Effect on the Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Triflupromazine

Summary.  A new selective, sensitive, and simple kinetic method is developed for the determination of trace amounts of iodide. The method is based on the catalytic effect of iodide on the reaction of triflupromazine (TFP) with H₂O₂. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by tracing the oxidation product at 498 nm within 1 min after addition of H₂O₂. The optimum reaction conditions are TFP (0.4 × 10⁻³ M), H₂SO₄ (1.0M), H₃PO₄ (2.0M), and H₂O₂ (1.6M) at 30°C. Following this procedure, iodide can be determined with a linear calibration graph up to 4.5 ng ċ cm⁻³ and a detection limit of 0.04 ng ċ cm⁻³, based on the 3 S_b criterion. The method can also be applied to the determination of iodate and periodate ions. Determination of as little as 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ng ċ cm⁻³ of I⁻, IO₃ ^-, or IO₄ ^- in aqueous solutions gave an average recovery of 98% with relative standard deviations below 1.6% (n = 5). The method was applied to the determination of iodide in Nile river water and ground waters as well as in various food samples after alkaline ashing treatment. The method is compared with other catalytic spectrophotometric procedures for iodide determination. Received January 19, 2001. Accepted (revised) March 12, 2001     

催化极谱法连续测定岩石中钨和钼

本文提出了在二苯基乙醇酸-二苯胍-氯酸钠催化极谱体系测钨后,加入少许钛铁试剂,使钼产生一个极灵敏的导数波。谊波形尖锐、对称,便于测量钼。建立的连测体系简便灵敏,用于岩石样品中钨和钼的测定,取得了满意的效果。     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量钼（VI）

研究了在ＮＨ３－ＮＨ４Ｃｌ介质中，钼催化过氧化氢氧化偶氮胂Ⅲ的褪色反应及其动力学条件，建立了一种高灵度测定痕量钼的新方法，可测定０．０２～０．９０μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内的钼，方法检出限为１．３×１０＾－１０ｇ／２５ｍＬ。     

Highly sensitive catalytic determination of molybdenum

A novel, highly sensitive, selective, and simple kinetic method was developed for the determination of Mo(VI) based on its catalytic effect on the oxidation of 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (ANSA) with H₂O₂. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by tracing the oxidized product at 465 nm after 30 min of mixing the reagents. The optimum reaction conditions were: 10 mmol l⁻¹ ANSA, 50 mmol l⁻¹ H₂O₂, 100 mmol l⁻¹ acetate buffer of pH 5.0 ± 0.05 and at 40 °C. Addition of 200 μg ml⁻¹ diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) conferred high selectivity for the proposed method. Following the recommended procedure, Mo(VI) could be determined with a linear calibration graph up to 2.5 ng ml⁻¹ and a detection limit, based on the 3S_b-criterion, of 0.027 ng ml⁻¹. The unique sensitivity and selectivity of the implemented method allowed its direct application to the determination of Mo(VI) in natural and industrial waste water. The method was validated by comparison with the standard ETAAS method. Moreover, published catalytic-spectrophotometric methods for the determination of molybdenum were reviewed.     

Micro Determination of Ammonia by a Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method

 A simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of micro amounts of ammonia. The method is based on the inhibiting effect of ammonia on the oxidation rate of aqua ethylenediamine-tetraacetate chromium(III) [Cr(HEDTA)(H₂O)] with N-bromo succinimide (NBS) to yield chromium(VI). The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the rate of change in absorbance with time at 365 nm, which is the maximum absorption wavelength of chromium(VI). Using the recommended procedure, ammonia can be determined up to 153 μg ml⁻¹ with a linear calibration graph and a detection limit of 0.09 μg ml⁻¹. The method was successfully applied to the determination of ammonia in waste water samples. Recovery experiments for the analyzed samples were 97–100% with relative standard deviation, Sr (%) of ≤ 2.9% indicating high accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The interference of various cations and anions in the determination of ammonia was investigated. Received March 30, 2001 Revision September 3, 2001     

钼矿石物相分析及催化极谱法测定钼

为测定钼矿中钼的总量,将矿样与盐酸加热后加硝酸-硫酸(8+2)混合酸蒸发冒烟至干。用150 g.L-1氢氧化钠溶液溶解残渣取代了常用的碱融熔法,在所得上清液中测定总钼量。为溶解钼矿中不同相态,另取一份矿样先用氨水处理以溶解钼华矿(MoO3),在每次分相溶解中所得的残渣先后用40 g.L-1酒石酸溶液和150 g.L-1碳酸钠溶液处理依次溶解出钼钨钙矿[Ca(W,Mo)O4]和钼酸铅矿(PbMnO4),在溶解分去钼酸铅矿后的残渣中存在有辉钼矿(MoS2)。将其在580℃灼烧后按测定总钼的溶解方法处理,在所得溶液中测定辉钼矿的钼量。采用催化极谱法测定上述各溶液中的钼量,所用底液为含有氯酸钾、二苯羟乙酸、二苯胍及硫酸的混合液。按所提方法分析了3个钼矿标准样品,所测得每一试样中各物相中钼量之和与该样品的总钼量测定值一致,其相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于3.5%。     

Catalytic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry of Molybdenum: Redox Kinetic Measurements

The electrode mechanism of Mo(VI) reduction was studied under catalytic adsorptive stripping mode by means of square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). Mo(VI) creates a stable surface active complex with mandelic acid. The electrode reaction of Mo(VI)‐mandelic acid system undergoes as one‐electron reduction, exhibiting properties of a surface electrode process. In the presence of chlorate, bromate, and hydrogen peroxide, the electrode reaction is transposed into a catalytic mechanism. The experimental results are compared with the recent theory for surface catalytic reaction, enabling qualitative characterization of the electrode mechanism in the presence of different catalytic agents. Utilizing both the method of “split SW peaks” and “quasireversible maximum” the standard redox rate constant of Mo(VI)‐mandelic acid system was estimates as k_s=150±5 s^?1. By fitting the experimental and theoretical results, the following catalytic rate constants have been estimated: (8.0±0.5)×10⁴ mol^?1 dm³ s^?1, (1.0±0.1)×10⁵ mol^?1 dm³ s^?1, and (3.2±0.1)×10⁶ mol^?1 dm³ s^?1, for hydrogen peroxide, chlorate, and bromate, respectively.     

溴酸钾氧化酸性品红催化光度法测定亚硝酸根

研究了在强酸介质中亚硝酸根催化溴钾氧化酸性品红的褪色反应及其动力学条件，建立了高灵敏测定痕量亚硝酸根的新催化光度法。方法灵敏度为３．７×１０＾－１１ｇ／ｃｍ＾２亚硝酸态氮，线性范围为０．０６－０．４２μｇ／１０ｍＬ，用于测定唾液及硝钾中亚硝酸根。     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Vanadium Based on its Catalytic Effect on the Reaction of Diphenylamine and Hydrogen Peroxide

 In this work a kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of vanadium is presented. The method is based on the catalytic effect of the vanadium(V) on the reaction between diphenylamine (DPhA) and hydrogen peroxide in a concentrated solution of formic acid. The formation of the deep-blue oxidation product is followed by a filter spectrophotometer, equipped with an optical fiber assembly, on line with a PC provided with the suitable software. The measurements were taken at 583 nm, with an immersed type cell of 1 cm light path length. The optimization of the operating conditions regarding concentrations of the reagents, temperature and interferences are also investigated. The working curve is linear over the concentration range 0.40–4.0 μg/ml vanadium(V). The relative standard deviation for a standard solution of 0.6 μg/ml of vanadium is 0.5% (n = 5). The proposed method proved highly sensitive, selective and relatively rapid for the assay of vanadium, at low level of 0.40 μg/ml without any pre-concentration step. The method was applied to alloys and cosmetics samples. The results were compared to those received with a reference method. Good agreement was attained, with a mean error of 0.5%. Received February 25, 2000. Revision May 15, 2000.     

Determination of Molybdenum(VI) At Trace Levels by a Catalytic Polarographic Method

Abstract

ARSTRACT

A d.c. polarography method for molybdenum (VI) determination at trace levels has been developed. The reaction is catalytic between molybdenum, salicylaldoxime (SCAD) and bromate in acetic-acetate medium. The obtained peak is proportional to molybdenum (VI) concentrations in the range 1.08.10^?a to 1.37.10^?6 M. The proposed procedure is selective, the most serious interferents being W(VI), Pb(II) and Fe(II). It is applied to molybdenum determination in steel samples after iron extraction by ethyl ether.     

催化光度法测定痕量敌百虫

以过氧化氢－联苯胺为指示反应，在檬檬钠弱碱性介质中建立了催化光度测定痕量敌百虫亲方法。方法灵敏度为０．０５４ｍｇ／Ｌ，线性范围为０－２８．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，应用于痕量敌百虫试样的快速分析，结果满意。     

A Novel Catalytic Procedure for the Determination of Ultratrace Zirconium

 A novel catalytic procedure for zirconium was proposed based on Zr(IV) catalyzed oxidation of gallocyanine by hydrogen peroxide in hexamethylene tetramine-hydrochloric acid buffer medium. The calibration graph is linear for 0–110 ngċml⁻¹, and the detection limit is 0.4 ngċml⁻¹ Zr(IV). Most foreign ions do not interfere with the determination, except for Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cr(VI). The interferences of Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ could be eliminated by masking with EDTA and mannitol, and that of Cr(VI) by reducing to Cr(III) with ascorbic acid. The typical features of this procedure are that it is sensitive for zirconium, and the determination could be carried out at room temperature. It had been used to the determination of zirconium in zirconium bronze, simulated samples and a certified reference material. The recoveries were 98.6 ∼ 102%, and relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were 0.9 ∼ 1.5%, respectively. Received September 12, 1999. Revision April 10, 2000.     

催化动力学极谱法测定痕量钼

在稀Ｈ２ＳＯ４介质中，钼（Ⅵ）对硫酸联氨还原乙基橙的反应有强烈的催化作用。建立了催化动力学极谱法测定痕量钼的新体系，方法线性范围为２０－３００ｎｇ／ｍＬ，检出限为３．５４ｎｇ／ｍＬ。方法应用于尿中中钼的测定，结果满意。     

Voltammetric and Spectrophotometric Determination of Nizatidi ne in Pharmaceutical Formulations

 Two methods are described for quantitative determination of nizatidine. The first is a cathodic stripping voltammetric method which is based on the accumulation of the compound at the hanging mercury drop electrode. The adsorptive stripping response was evaluated with respect of accumulation time, potential, concentration, pH and other variables. A linear calibration graph was obtained over the range 3.0×10⁻⁸–1.0×10⁻⁶ M with a detection limit 3.0×10⁻⁸ M after a 20s accumulation time at −0.2 V accumulation potential. On the other hand, it was found that the detection limit could be lowered to 1.0×10⁻⁸ M after 180s accumulation time at −0.2 V accumulation potential. The relative standard deviation was in the range 1.2−2.0% for six measurements. The tolerance amounts of the common excipients have also been reported. The second is a spectrophotometric method which is based on the formation and extraction of the ion-pair complex formed between nizatidine and either bromocresol green or bromothymol blue. The extracted colored ion-pair complexes absorb at 416 nm. The effect of different factors such as: type of organic solvent, pH, reagent concentration, number of extraction times, shaking time, temperature and the tolerance amount of the common excipients have been reported. The calibration graph was linear in the range 6.0×10⁻⁷–1.8×10⁻⁵ M with a detection limit of 6.0×10⁻⁷ M and molar absorptivity of 2.1×10⁴ lċmol⁻¹ċcm⁻¹ when using bromocresol green, while the calibration graph was linear in the range 3.0×10⁻⁷–1.1×10⁻⁵ M with a detection limit of 3.0×10⁻⁷ M and molar absorptivity of 3.2×10⁴ lċmol⁻¹ċcm⁻¹ when using bromothymol blue. The spectrophotometric methods offer alternative methods with reasonable sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy with relative standard deviation in the range 2.1−6.0% and 1.2−4.7% (for six measurements) when using bromothymol blue and bromocresol green, respectively. The proposed two methods were applied for the determination of nizatidine in commercially available dosage forms. A comparison between the voltammetric and the extraction-spectrophotometric methods was also reported. Received April 19, 1999. Revision August 30, 1999.     

Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxalic Acid Based on the Catalytic Oxidation of Bromophenol Blue by Dichromate

 A sensitive catalytic method is developed for the spectrophotometric determination of oxalic acid. It is based on the catalytic action of oxalic acid on a new indicator reaction – the oxidation of Bromophenol Blue by dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid medium. The reaction rate is monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at 600 nm after quenching the reaction with sodium hydroxide. A calibration graph from 0.1 to 8.0 μg mL⁻¹ of oxalic acid and a detection limit of 0.04 μg mL⁻¹ was obtained. The applicability of this method was demonstrated by the determination of oxalic acid in water extracts from vegetables such as spinach, mushrooms and fresh kidney beans. Received October 18, 1999. Revision June 14, 2000.     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量锰（Ⅱ）

研究了在Ｎａ２ＨＰＯ４－ＮａＯＨ介质中，Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）催化高碘酸钾氧化镁试剂１［４－（对硝基苯偶氮）间苯二酚］的反应及其动力学条件，建立了一种高灵敏、高选择性测定痕量Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）的新方法。可测０．０１－２．５μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围的锰（Ⅱ），方法的检测限为６．４３×１０＾－１１ｇｍ／ｍＬ。     

Catalytic Kinetic Determination of Trace Amounts of Palladium with Photometric Detection

 A new, simple photometric method for the determination of palladium was described. Palladium was determined photometrically at 600 nm and pH = 5.4 based on its heterogeneous catalytic effect on the reduction of thionine (TN) with hypophosphite (HP) using a probe-type photometer system (variable time method). The influence of reaction variables was discussed. The calibration curve was found linear in the range 0.11–5.55 μg/ml (at 30 °C) and the detection limit was 0.06 μg/ml. The relative standard deviation of the developed method was 1.6% (for 10 replicate determinations of 2.22 μg/ml Pd(II)). The effect of interference from other metal ions and anions was studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to catalysts, Pd–C, Al–Si–Pd (new and used). Received March 1, 2001 Revision August 10, 2001