What is the role of acid–acid interactions in asymmetric phosphoric acid organocatalysis? A detailed mechanistic study using interlocked and non-interlocked catalysts

Organocatalysis has revolutionized asymmetric synthesis. However, the supramolecular interactions of organocatalysts in solution are often neglected, although the formation of catalyst aggregates can have a strong impact on the catalytic reaction. For phosphoric acid based organocatalysts, we have now established that catalyst–catalyst interactions can be suppressed by using macrocyclic catalysts, which react predominantly in a monomeric fashion, while they can be favored by integration into a bifunctional catenane, which reacts mainly as phosphoric acid dimers. For acyclic phosphoric acids, we found a strongly concentration dependent behavior, involving both monomeric and dimeric catalytic pathways. Based on a detailed experimental analysis, DFT-calculations and direct NMR-based observation of the catalyst aggregates, we could demonstrate that intermolecular acid–acid interactions have a drastic influence on the reaction rate and stereoselectivity of asymmetric transfer-hydrogenation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids.

Supramolecular acid–acid interactions lead to competing monomeric and dimeric pathways in phosphoric acid catalysis – so that stereoselectivities depend on catalyst concentration.     

Preparation and utilization of perillyl acetate

Perillyl acetate is a fragrance compound that was prepared by the reaction of β-pinenoxide with acetic anhydride and using acetic acid as an acid catalyst. Several selected catalysts were tested (homogenous: phosphoric acid, boric acid, acetic acid, and citric acid; heterogeneous: zeolite USY, SSA, and montmorillonite K-10) and the reaction conditions optimized for this reaction. The yield 78.7 % of perillyl acetate was obtained. Mayol (4-isopropylcyclohexylmethanol), a valuable fragrance compound, was further obtained by a two-step synthesis from perillyl acetate. Firstly, perillyl acetate was saponified to perillyl alcohol. The yield of alcohol was 94.4 %. The last step of the entire preparation was the hydrogenation of perillyl alcohol to Mayol. The yield of the desired product of this reaction was 94.6 %.     

The Process of Acetonitrile Synthesis over γ-Al2O3 Promoted by Phosphoric Acid Catalysts

The influence of principal parameters (reaction temperature, ratio of acetic acid and ammonia, composition of reactionary mixture and promotion of catalysts) on the selectivity and yield of the desired product was studied in the reaction of catalytic acetonitrile synthesis by ammonolysis of acetic acid. The processing of γ-Al₂O₃ by phosphoric acid increases amount of the centers, on which carries out reaction of acetamide dehydration. The kinetic model of a limiting stage of reaction – the acetamide dehydration to acetonitrile was suggested. In the process of ammonolysis of acetic acid it was demonstrated that the use of catalysts promoted by phosphoric acid and ratio NH₃:CH₃COOH=(3-4):1 at temperatures of a reactor 360-390°С leads to the increase of acetonitrile productivity to 0.7-0.8 g/cm³·h and allows to minimize formation of by-products.     

柠檬酸对MoO3/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

将柠檬酸（CA）作为络合剂添加至CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体中,并考察了CA对MoO₃/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响。活性评价结果显示,催化剂活性随柠檬酸添加量的增大而增大,当n（CA）/n（Ce）为3时,CO转化率可达60%。催化剂BET、XRD、H₂-TPR及XPS等表征结果表明,在CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体中加入CA,可以增大载体及催化剂的比表面积,使Mo物种分散性提高。同时,CA对Ce物种起络合作用,致使催化剂表面Ce元素含量明显增加,进而减弱了活性组分Mo物种与载体间相互作用力,并最终导致了催化剂活性的提升。     

新工艺制备固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2-Nb2O5及其催化松油醇酯化

采用新工艺制备固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2-Nb2O5,将其应用于松油酯化反应。催化剂最佳制备条件:Nb2O5引入(SnO2质量分数)3%,浸渍硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L,500℃焙烧3.0 h;最佳反应条件:n(松油醇):n(乙酸酐)=1.0:1.2,催化剂用量(松油醇质量分数)5%,50℃反应3.0 h;并采用FT-IR、XRD、TG-DTA对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:催化剂可使得松油醇转化率达94.3%,乙酸松油酯选择性达86.2%,新工艺制备的催化剂较沉淀法和sol-gel法的活性高。     

Rapid fluorescent screening for bifunctional amine-acid catalysts: efficient syntheses of quaternary carbon-containing aldols under organocatalysis

[reaction: see text] Direct catalytic aldol reactions of alpha,alpha-dialkylaldehyde donors and arylaldehyde acceptors have been performed using pyrrolidine-acetic acid bifunctional catalysts. This general and practical amine-acid combination was identified by screening catalysts using a new fluorescent detection system for carbon-carbon bond formation. Using 0.05 equiv of pyrrolidine and 0.25 equiv of acetic acid as catalyst, we obtained alpha,alpha-dialkylaldol product in 96% yield after 2 h at ambient temperature. Proline was a poor catalyst of this reaction.     

Some observations on catalytic conductometric titrations

Conductometric and high-frequency conductometric methods for the determination of the endpoint of catalytic titrations were developed. Titrations of sodium acetate were made in a mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid (7:3–11:3) which was 0.05–0.1 mol dm⁻³ in sodium perchlorate. Integral and derivative titration curves were recorded in both coulometric and volumetric titrations. Different acylation reactions, as well as dehydration of formic acid, were used as the indicator reactions. The optimal conditions of determination—choice of volume ratio of acetic anhydride to acetic acid, rate of the titrating reagent addition, concentration of sodium perchlorate, and concentration of several alcohols, water, and formic acid as components of the indicator reactions—were determined. Using the catalytic conductometric method, amounts of 0.04–11 mg of sodium acetate were determined with a relative standard deviation of less than 0.8 and 1.6% in volumetric and coulometric addition, respectively. Using the catalytic high-frequency conductometric method, amounts of 1–11 mg of sodium acetate were determined with relative standard deviation less than 0.5% (volumetrically) or less than 1.4% (coulometrically). The obtained results were compared with those of potentiometric and catalytic thermometric titrations.     

溶胶凝胶法制备CexCo2-xAlO4复合氧化物及其催化分解N2O

用柠檬酸-溶胶凝胶法制备了CexCo2-xAlO4系列复合氧化物和K2CO3改性催化剂,考察了复合氧化物组成、母液pH值、钾负载量对N2O催化剂活性的影响,用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、H2程序升温还原（H2-TPR）、O2程序升温脱附（O2-TPD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等方法表征了催化剂结构。结果表明：用Ce取代Co2AlO4中部分Co制得的CexCo2-xAlO4复合氧化物催化活性有所提高,其中母液pH=2、组成为Ce0.05Co1.95AlO4的催化剂活性较高,该催化剂具有较高的比表面积、较小的晶粒及Ce-Co间的协同效应;进一步研究表明,由于K粒子的电子效应,使得0.05K/Ce0.05Co1.95AlO4的催化活性又优于其他催化剂,有氧气氛中450C连续反应50h,N2O分解率达98.5%。     

Reactivation of CoMo/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> hydrotreating catalysts with chelating agents

Effect of various chelating components, multibasic carboxylic acids and glycols, used to prepare hydrotreating catalysts on the activity regeneration of calcined hydrotreating catalysts was studied. Reactivated catalyst samples were tested in a model reaction of hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene. It was shown that the treatment of calcined catalysts with the chelating components leads to an increase in the catalytic activity. The best catalytic characteristics are observed for the catalyst reactivated with a solution containing citric acid and triethylene glycol.     

微波水热改性制备S_2O_8~(2-)/Fe_2O_3-SiO_2固体酸及催化性能

对共沉淀法得到的Fe2O3-SiO2混合氧化物前驱物进行微波水热改性处理,经浸渍(NH4)2S2O8后再焙烧得S2O82-/Fe2O3-SiO2固体酸催化剂。用XRD、TEM、N2气吸附/脱附及化学分析方法对其进行了表征,用乙酸/丁醇酯化催化反应评估固体酸的催化性能,并与通常条件下制得的催化剂进行了比较。结果显示,引入SiO2会延迟Fe2O3晶体的形成与长大;对前驱物用250W的微波水热改性处理1.5h,制得的固体酸具有适中的比表面积、均匀的孔径分布,含硫量为6.02%,比表面积为37.1m2/g。该固体酸对乙酸丁醇酯化反应有很高的催化活性,催化酯化反应3h,乙酸的转化率高达97.7%。     

Effect of Long-Term Potato Starch Retention with Citric Acid on Its Properties

The present study aimed to determine changes in the properties of starch triggered by its long-lasting (1, 2, 4, 7, 10, or 14 days) retention with citric acid (5 g/100 g) at a temperature of 40 °C. The starch citrates obtained under laboratory conditions had a low degree of substitution, as confirmed via NMR and HPSEC analyses. The prolonging time of starch retention with citric acid at 40 °C contributed to its increased esterification degree (0.05–0.11 g/100 g), swelling power (30–38 g/g), and solubility in water (19–35%) as well as to decreased viscosity of the starch pastes. Starch heating with citric acid under the applied laboratory conditions did not affect the course of DSC thermal characteristics of starch pasting. The low-substituted starch citrates exhibited approximately 15% resistance to amylolysis.     

Nanostructured CoMoO4 Supported on Mesoporous SBA-15 for Catalytic Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propene

Nanostructured cobalt molybdate catalysts supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different loadings were prepared by citric acid coordination-impregnation method and characterized by XRD, TEM, and BET techniques. The characterization results showed that high loading of well-dispersed crystalline CoMoO₄ may be achieved using citric acid coordination-impregnation method and the mesoporous structure of the support remained intact. The catalytic activity of these catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was investigated. The catalysts of nanostructured cobalt molybdate supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 showed better catalytic performance than the corresponding bulk composite oxide and nanostructured CoMoO₄ supported on SBA-15 with loading of 13% (mass fraction, w) displayed propene yield of 16.8% at 823 K.     

Chemotaxonomic Identification of Key Taste and Nutritional Components in ‘Shushanggan Apricot’ Fruits by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

The chemotypic and the content variation in taste substances and nutrients in ‘Shushanggan apricot’ fruits were detected by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 592 compounds were identified, of which sucrose contributed mainly to the sweet taste and malic acid and citric acid were important organic acids affecting sweet–sour taste. γ-linolenic acid, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid were the dominant free fatty acids, and neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid were the predominant phenolic acids. Fruit taste was positively correlated with sucrose and negatively correlated with malic acid and citric acid. The differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of amino acids and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism pathways, regulating the sugar and organic acid biosynthesis. Taste and nutrient differences could be revealed by variations in composition and abundance of carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of taste and nutrient compounds in ‘Shushanggan apricot’ fruits.     

Thioether-enabled palladium-catalyzed atroposelective C–H olefination for N–C and C–C axial chirality

Thioethers allowed for highly atroposelective C–H olefinations by a palladium/chiral phosphoric acid catalytic system under ambient air. Both N–C and C–C axial chiral (hetero)biaryls were successfully constructed, leading to a broad range of axially chiral N-aryl indoles and biaryls with excellent enantioselectivities up to 99% ee. Experimental and computational studies were conducted to unravel the walking mode for the atroposelective C–H olefination. A plausible chiral induction model for the enantioselectivity-determining step was established by detailed DFT calculations.

Thioethers allowed for highly atroposelective C–H olefinations by a palladium/chiral phosphoric acid catalytic system under ambient air.     

Condensation of N-alkyl-N-methylol diethyl phosphoric acid amides with carboxylic acids

Conclusions By the condensation of N-alkyl-N-methyloldiethyl phosphoric acid amides (the alkyls were methyl, ethyl, propyl, and amyl) with acetic, butyric, and isobutyric acids, or acetic anhydride, we have produced the corresponding N-alkyl-N-acyloxymethyl diethyl phosphoric acid amides. Characteristics of the compounds are given.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2825–2827, December, 1969.     

Imine Palladacycles: Synthesis,Structural Analysis and Application in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross Coupling in Semi-Aqueous Media

Treatment of the imines a–c with palladium(II) acetate in acetic acid yielded the μ-acetate dinuclear complexes 1a–c, which readily reacted with sodium chloride or bromide to provide μ-halide analogues. The reaction of the latter with nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen donor nucleophiles yielded new imine palladacycles following the cleavage of the Pd₂X₂ unit. The complexes were fully characterized by microanalysis, ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopies, as appropriate. The compounds were applied as catalysts in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in aqueous and semi-aqueous media.     

乙烷选择氧化制乙酸的研究进展

乙烷选择氧化制乙酸是缓解资源短缺、实现低碳烷烃高附加值利用的重要技术.该反应常用的催化剂有杂多酸、钒磷氧化物以及多金属氧化物,其中多金属氧化物催化剂,尤其是Mo-V体系,由于具有高的热稳定性和好的催化活性被广泛研究.我们从催化剂的性质、反应动力学及反应机理方面综述了 Mo-V催化剂在乙烷选择氧化制乙酸方面的研究进展.     

SBA-15负载纳米CoMoO4催化剂催化丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯

采用柠檬酸配位-浸渍法制备不同CoMoO4含量的系列CoMoO4/SBA-15催化剂, 通过X射线衍射、透射电镜和低温N2吸附法对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, 柠檬酸配位-浸渍法可在介孔分子筛孔道中形成高含量、均匀分散且有确定晶相的CoMoO4, 同时能够很好地保持载体的介孔结构. 与非负载的CoMoO4相比, 由柠檬酸配位-浸渍法制备的CoMoO4/SBA-15催化剂在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中具有更好的催化活性, 当CoMoO4的含量为13%(w)、反应温度为823 K时, 丙烯产率达到16.8%.     

A Multifield Study on Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate: A Reagent Able to Build a New Cycle on Diaminoimidazoles

A new effective method for the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazines derivatives (yields = 68–89%) by the interaction of 1,2-diamino-4-phenylimidazole with DMAD, in methanol and in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid, is proposed. The course of reaction has been examined by classical organic methods, HPLC-MS analysis, and quantum-chemical calculations.     

Enantioselective Pictet-Spengler Reactions of Isatins for the Synthesis of Spiroindolones

The condensation cyclization between isatins and 5-methoxy tryptamine catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids provides spirooxindole tetrahydro-β-carboline products in excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantioselectivity (up to 98:2 er). A comparison of catalysts provides insight for the substrate scope and factors responsible for efficient catalytic activity and selectivity in the spirocyclization. Chiral phosphoric acids with different 3,3′-substitution on the binaphthyl system and opposite axial chirality afford the spiroindolone product with the same absolute configuration.