高级别X80/X100管线钢的包辛格效应

利用单轴压缩-拉伸试验研究了炉卷轧机生产X80/X100管线钢不同变形情况下的包辛格效应.结果表明:随着预压缩变形量的增大,包辛格效应绝对值增大,X100管线钢的包辛格效应在1.5%的预压缩变形量下达到饱和;包辛格效应绝对值随着板卷强度的提高而上升;在试验范围内,X80、X100管线钢分别表现出了瞬时软化和永久软化.分析X80/X100管线钢的化学成分与显微组织特点,认为管线钢组织中的软、硬相(如M/A岛)的强度差、硬相的体积分数以及初始组织中的位错密度是不同包辛格现象的关键因素.     

炉卷轧机X70级管线钢组织与性能研究

采用低碳、低硫和微合金化成分设计,在1200～1220℃加热温度、790～830℃终轧温度、500～550℃终冷温度控制工艺下进行热轧处理,对3500mm炉卷轧机生产的X70管线钢进行组织性能检验.结果表明,所生产的X70管线钢均满足西气东输二线X70级管线钢的技术要求.     

X60级高韧性热轧管线用钢热模拟实验研究

作者通过将热轧管线钢生产过程中的冶金学行为和最终得到的组织、性能与各种因素之间的关系数式化，并编制成计算机程序，对其组织和性能的预报进行了研究。结果表明，预报值与实测值基本吻合。     

X80管线钢热影响区ICHAZ组织性能

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对X80管线钢进行了不同峰值温度的热模拟实验,确定了焊接热影响区的冲击性能薄弱环节为不完全再结晶区（ICHAZ）。研究ICHAZ峰值温度（Tp）800℃区域的组织性能结果表明：实验钢经过800℃热循环部分奥氏体化,冷却后得到贝氏体组织。形成的贝氏体组织及大量含有孪晶马氏体的M-A组元作为局部硬化区,造成ICHAZ冲击功降低。另外,利用EBSD对比了母材与ICHAZ区域得到：经过峰值温度800℃热循环后大量的亚晶和亚晶界合并消失,造成冲击功降低。     

X80管线钢的研究与应用

基于长距离高压油气输送管道建设的需要,高强度高韧性管线用钢得到迅速发展。X80管线钢正是在这种背景下被开发出来的。由于其具有优良的强度和低温韧性,良好的焊接性能与抗腐蚀性能,可以有效节约工程建设费用,同时降低管道运行维护成本,因此X80管线钢正在全球范围内得到越来越广泛的应用。论述了X80管线钢的应用情况、化学成分特点、显微组织及强韧性能,介绍了TMCP（热机械控制）工艺在X80管线管生产中的应用。     

合金元素对X80管线钢熔敷金属组织和性能的影响

为了研究Ni、Cr、Mo、Ti、V元素对X80管线钢熔敷金属显微组织和力学性能的影响,设计了5种化学成分的实心焊丝,并用其对X80管线钢进行MIG焊焊接．经过光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜分析及力学性能试验,对熔敷金属的显微组织、力学性能进行了研究．结果表明：随着碳当量的增加,熔敷金属的拉伸性能不断提升;Ni含量低于1.0%时,随着Ni含量的增加,针状铁素体比例略增加,而先共析铁素体尺寸发生粗化;Ti、V微合金元素含量的增加,可增加熔敷金属针状铁素体的长宽比,使M-A组元尺寸显著减小,从而屈服强度保持在612 MPa,-20℃下冲击吸收功可达141 J;当Cr、Mo元素含量提高至0.57%时,等轴铁素体被成排的贝氏体取代,且包含大量原奥氏体晶界,使得冲击韧性急剧恶化．     

超快冷对X80管线钢屈强比的影响

对超快冷条件下X80管线钢屈强比的影响因素进行了系统研究;结合光学电镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对冲击断口和组织的观察,得出了超快冷条件下低屈强比X80管线钢强韧性匹配的最优工艺.结果表明:随着超快冷终止温度的降低,实验钢强度和屈强比均呈升高趋势;超快冷终止温度为655℃时,实验钢组织由针状铁素体、贝氏体和M/A岛组成,强韧性匹配良好;在"超快冷+空冷+层流冷却"的冷却模式下,随着空冷时间的延长,实验钢的屈强比逐渐降低;超快冷的应用在提高实验钢强度的同时有利于实现X80管线钢的低屈强比,为高级别的抗大变形管线钢的开发奠定了基础.     

工艺条件对X65管线钢的组织与性能的影响

通过拉伸和金相实验分析研究了控轧控冷工艺对酒钢X65管线钢的力学性能和显微组织的影响.结果表明:在一定范围内控制开轧和终轧温度,变形过程中提高强制冷却速度,降低终冷温度,可以明显提高X65钢的力学性能,得到较多均匀的针状铁素体组织.     

X65管线钢焊接接头抗开裂性能及止裂性能

为了研究X65管线钢焊接接头的抗开裂性能和母材的止裂性能，对接头的金相组织进行了观察，并且进行了接头各区域裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验和母材的落锤撕裂试验(DWTT)。试验结果表明：X65钢焊接接头焊缝和母材相比，组织粗大且不均匀，其冲击韧度和断裂韧度值均明显低于母材；X65钢管材对应剪切面积为40％的温度约为 -35℃，X65钢母材的抗开裂性能明显优于焊缝，且具有良好的止裂性能。     

V-N微合金化X80抗大变形管线钢的组织与力学性能

通过热模拟试验机研究了V-N微合金钢过冷奥氏体动态连续冷却相变行为,设计了V-N微合金化X80抗大变形管线钢的轧制与冷却工艺参数并分析了组织和力学性能的关系.结果表明,动态CCT曲线出现高温转变区和中温转变区分离的现象,转变温度范围分别是637~728℃和441~601℃,当冷速为10~20℃/s时,形成针状铁素体为主的组织.V-N微合金化管线钢组织以多边形铁素体和针状铁素体为主,屈服强度、抗拉强度、均匀延伸率和-20℃夏比冲击功分别为603MPa,724MPa,11.1%和214J,满足API Spec 5L对X80管线钢的力学性能要求,同时具有好的强塑性匹配.     

X80管线钢微孔洞形核

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段,观察了X80管线钢中的夹杂物和MA岛,获得了它们的尺寸统计特征.应用不同颈缩程度的拉伸试验,探明了X80管线钢中微孔洞萌生的机理：第一阶段微孔洞的形核是围绕钙处理夹杂物,在颈缩初期已经开始;第二阶段属高应变量阶段,此时孔洞是通过MA岛/基体界面脱离形核.通过有限元法分析了拉伸过程,确定了试样的真实应力--应变曲线,计算了钙处理夹杂物/基体界面强度和MA岛/基体界面强度.     

Hydrogen induced cracking of X80 pipeline steel

The hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior of X80 pipeline steel was studied by means of electrochemical charging, hydrogen permeation tests, tension test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the increase of charging time and charging current density or the decrease of the solution pH value leads to an increase of the hydrogen content in X80 steel, which plays a key role in the initiation and propagation of HIC. It is found that the majority of macro-inclusions within the as-used X80 steel do not constitute a direct threat to HIC except aluminum oxides, which directly or indirectly lead to HIC. The hydrogen trap density at room temperature is estimated to be pretty high, and this is an essential reason why the steel is sensitive to HIC. After hydrogen charging, the elongation loss rate and area reduction of X80 steel decline obviously, taking a noticeable sign of hydrogen-induced plasticity damages. It is demonstrated that the losses of these plastic parameters have a linear relation to the fracture size due to hydrogen.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

Passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions

The passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions was investigated using potentiodynamic, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS), and Mott-Schottky measurements. The results show that the shape of polarization curves changes with HCO₃⁻ concentration. The critical ‘passive’ concentration is 0.009 mol/L HCO₃⁻ for X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions. No anodic current peak exists in HCO^3/− solutions when the concentration is lower than 0.009 mol/L, whereas there are one and two anodic current peaks when the HCO^3/− concentration ranges from 0.009 to 0.05 mol/L and is higher than 0.1 mol/L, respectively. DEIS measurements show that there exist active dissolution range, transition range, pre-passive range, passive layer formation range, passive range, and trans-passive range for X80 pipeline steel in the 0.1 mol/L HCO₃⁻ solutions. The results of DEIS measurements are in complete agreement with the potentiodynamic diagram. An equivalent circuit containing three sub-layers is used to explain the Nyquist plots in the passive range. Analyses are well made for explaining the corresponding fitted capacitance and impedance. The Mott-Schottky plots show that the passive film of X80 pipeline steel is an n-type semiconductor, and capacitance measurements are in good accordance with the results of DEIS experiment.     

X80管线钢中氮化物和碳化物析出热力学分析

基于规则熔体理论和平衡反应基础,对连铸工序X80管线钢中碳化物、氮化物析出进行热力学分析,研究Ti、Nb及Al的碳化物、氮化物析出规律。结果表明,固液两相区,TiC0.005N0.995和TiN分别在1785K和1784K时开始析出;奥氏体相区,碳化物、氮化物析出先后顺序为NbC0.64N0.36、NbC、NbN、AlN、TiC,相应析出温度为1457、1404、1354、1267、1226K;γ→α相变过程中,TiC发生相间析出,Nb主要以NbC形式析出,AlN析出量较少。     

组织形貌对X80管线钢性能影响

通过光学显微镜和透射电镜对不同工艺生产的X80管线钢的微观组织、位错形态及析出相等进行了对比分析.结合力学性能检测,研究了X80组织形貌对力学性能的影响.研究表明,针状铁素体晶粒大小、析出相分布、位错密度及位错形态对材料强度、韧性、脆性转变温度有明显的影响,通过固溶强化、细晶强化、位错强化、析出强化等综合强化方式获得了综合力学性能良好的X80管线钢.     

Effect of cooling temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel

Dual-phase accelerated cooling(DPAC) was applied to X80 pipeline steel to obtain its microstructure with different amounts of bainite and ferrite. The microstructure, hardness, and polarization behaviors of the steel, cooled to different temperatures, were investigated. Results showed that, with decreasing cooling temperature, the amount of polygon ferrite(PF) increased while that of acicular ferrite(AF) decreased. The amount of bainite correspondingly decreased, except when cooled to 760°C. Moreover, the grain size of ferrite increased. The corrosion behaviors of different phases were distinct. Martensite/austenite(M/A) islands presented at the grain boundary of the PF phase caused small pits. Numerous micro-corrosion cells were formed in the AF and bainite phases, where micropores were prone to form. X80 pipeline steel cooled to 700°C had the best corrosion resistance in the simulated seawater. The decreased amount of the PF phase reduced the area of cathode, resulting in slight corrosion. About 40 vol% of the bainite phase provided strength while the PF phase provided adequate ductility to the X80 steel. It was concluded that the appropriate cooling temperature was 700°C for ideal corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.     

X80管线钢钝化膜电化学性能的EIS研究

目的 研究成膜电位、温度和氯离子等对X80管线钢在1 mol/L NaHCO3/0.5 mol/L Na2CO3缓冲溶液中所形成的钝化膜的电化学性能的影响.方法 利用电化学阻抗谱技术研究了X80管线钢在1 mol/L NaHCO3/0.5 mol/L Na2CO3缓冲溶液中所形成的钝化膜的电化学性能.结果 随着成膜电位的增加,传递电阻R1减小,而膜电阻R2和扩散阻抗YW增加,表明膜的致密性增加;成膜温度升高,传递电阻R1、膜电容Q2和膜电阻.尺2减小,说明膜的致密性减小;同一温度下增加溶液中的氯离子浓度,传递电阻R1、膜电容Q2和膜电阻R2:均减小;在同一氯离子浓度下升高温度,传递电阻R1、膜电容Q2:和膜电阻R2:均减小.结论 成膜电位、成膜温度和氯离子会对钝化膜的电化学性能产生显著的影响.     

X70针状铁素体管线钢析出相

用透射电镜研究了X70针状铁素体管线钢中的析出相.一种是以TiN为主、尺寸较大(50nm～1μm)、外形规则、几乎呈立方体的Ti(Nb)NC复合析出相,其中Ti/Nb比值处于5～12之间.另一种是以NbC为主、尺寸十分细小(小于20nm)、形态为圆形或椭圆形的Nb(Ti)C复合析出相,Nb/Ti比值处于1～6.37之间,衍射分析结果表明其为多晶粒构成.分析表明,尺寸较大的方形析出相在1150℃的温度时已经存在,并且在热模拟过程中变化不大.细小圆形析出相绝大部分是在1100～900℃之间析出,而且与基体保持共格或半共格的关系.V的析出不明显,其作用相对较弱.高温热塑性曲线的测量结果显示,在没有变形情况下,1050℃时析出相开始析出,900～850℃之间析出量达到最大.     

两阶段控制冷却工艺对含钼X80抗大变形管线钢组织与性能的影响

采用TMCP热轧及轧后两阶段控制冷却技术,在试验室制备了含Mo成分的X80级抗大变形管线钢,并利用扫描电镜和透射电镜等分析方法研究了不同冷却条件对组织与性能的影响.结果表明,采用两阶段控制冷却工艺的含Mo成分X80抗大变形管线钢为铁素体-贝氏体双相组织;随加速冷却中开冷温度降低,组织中铁素体含量增加,试样强度降低,屈强比降低,均匀伸长率提高;随加速冷却中终冷温度降低,贝氏体中M/A含量减少,尺寸更细小,分布更分散,试样强度变化不大但均匀伸长率显著提升.分析表明,当铁素体含量一定时,均匀伸长率与贝氏体中M/A密切相关,细小且均匀分布的M/A可提高加工硬化速率,推迟颈缩发生,使均匀伸长率升高.当加速冷却中开冷温度为690℃、终冷温度为450℃时,组织中铁素体的体积分数约为23%、晶粒尺寸约为5μm,M/A岛尺寸约为1μm,组织均匀性良好,试样得到最优的强度塑性匹配.