泄爆过程中二次爆炸的动力学机理研究

在容积为0.00814m3的柱形泄爆容器中，对泄爆现象进行实验研究. 容器内充满当量比为1的甲烷-空气预混气，采用底端中心点火，泄爆压力为230±15kPa. 基于k-ε湍流模型和EBU燃烧模型，利用同位网格的SIMPLE算法，对该现象进行了数值模拟. 实验和计算获得的外轴线上4个测压点的压力曲线和外流场的阴影和数值照片，形象地描述了高压泄爆时外部流场的变化. 数值结果与实验结果基本一致. 根据实验和数值结果，详细地讨论了泄爆过程中二次爆炸产生的动力学机理. 泄爆的初始阶段，在破膜激波的引导下，泄出的未燃气体因欠膨胀在外流场形成稀疏波低压区和悬激波高压区. 高压区可燃气体密度和温度上升，成为高密度的预热区域. 随后，火焰以射流形式从泄爆口泄出，点燃可燃气云. 受湍流等因素的影响，特别在高密度的预热区域，燃烧速率可能迅速增大，从而导致二次爆炸.     

不同迎爆面结构的泡沫金属对甲烷气体爆炸传播阻隔性能的实验研究

通过自行设计的爆炸管网设备进行实验,提出通过改变泡沫金属迎爆面的结构来增大与爆炸火焰的接触面积,结合爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰温度等参数来评价不同迎爆面设计结构的泡沫金属的阻隔爆性能。结果表明,在相同厚度的前提下,在材料迎爆面增加一定的锯齿形波纹会使整体的阻隔爆性能有所提升,爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰温度的衰减率随着迎爆面锯齿角度的减小而增大。当泡沫金属迎爆面锯齿角度为30°时,爆炸超压、火焰传播速度和火焰温度的衰减率分别为74.0%、76.18%和91.93%,爆炸超压下降速率为30.76 MPa/s,材料后端熄爆参数为17.68 MPa·℃,阻隔爆效果较好。     

Numerical modeling the dynamics of flow in explosion above a surface

The hydrodynamics of processes occurring in explosion of condensed explosives in air is considered. The physical model, computation technique, and results of simulation of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic flow arising in explosion of cylindrical charges are discussed. In this case, the explosions are considered at some distance above the ground. To close the gas-dynamics equations, the Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state is used. The results of calculation allow one to obtain a detailed space–time pattern of the arising flow and to study the origination, propagation, and subsequent attenuation of shock waves. Cylindrical charges of the same mass but with different diameter-to-length ratios are considered. It is shown that the charge shape can render essential influence on dynamics of flow and the parameters of shock waves (in the near and medium fields of explosion).     

二级高压驱动阵列弹珠同步弹射微型爆源的研制

针对当前大当量地下爆炸真空室模拟试验中爆源起爆方式高度依赖火药制品等问题，基于地下爆炸相似理论和二级气炮原理，自主研制了二级高压驱动阵列弹珠同步弹射微型爆源装置。装置利用二级高压气体驱动弹珠同步击碎玻璃球壳，释放球内高压气体，以模拟真实爆炸气体生成物的推出。整套爆源装置的发射参数:高压气室充气压力4 MPa，玻璃球壳内残余稳态气体压力约为3 kPa，能够用于0~20 kt当量地下爆炸成坑效应的真空室模拟。爆源适用性试验验证表明，该爆源装置的爆破机制和爆破效果满足大当量地下抛掷爆炸真空室模拟试验的功能需求，且具有较高的安全性、可控性和可操作性，为开展相关模拟试验提供了新的技术方法。     

冷激波灭火系统中激波对灭火效果和周边环境的影响

为了评估冷激波灭火弹爆炸后形成的激波对灭火效果和周边环境的影响,建立了一套纹影实验装置。通过纹影实验,观察了小尺寸下不同灭火介质爆炸抛撒后激波的形成和传播,并推算了冷激波灭火弹爆炸后油盆边缘附近的波后质点速度。观察发现,水基灭火介质爆炸抛撒后没有形成激波;而粉基灭火介质尽管爆炸抛撒后形成激波,但在油盆边缘附近激波强度较弱,波后质点速度小。与介质抛撒引起的可燃气体介质运动相比,激波对加快可燃气体介质运动的影响可以忽略。最后,通过高速摄影实验验证了激波对灭火效果的影响是可以忽略的。因此,冷激波系统中,激波对灭火效果和周边环境的影响是可以忽略的。     

泄爆过程中外部爆炸现象的实验研究

采用压力测量与YA-16 高速阴影系统同步测量方法，对柱型容器内甲烷-空气混合气体的燃烧及泄爆过程进行实验 研究. 获得正常泄爆和发生外部爆炸(也称二次爆炸)时泄爆外流场压力-时间曲线和流场 阴影照片. 结果表明：泄爆过程中发生外部爆炸的典型特征为, 在压力-时间曲线上,破膜激 波形成的第一个压力峰值后出现外部爆炸形成的第二个压力峰值，在流场阴影照片上,破膜 激波后有第二道爆炸波出现.     

Production of periodically modulated laser-driven blast waves in a clustering gas

To study hydrodynamic behavior on thin shell high Mach number blast waves, experiments have been performed in which spatially tailored shock waves have been launched in a gas of clusters using an intense 35 fs laser pulse. The target medium was first modified by destroying clusters in specific locations using a spatially modulated laser focus. Under subsequent intense laser irradiation, the efficient absorption properties of the remaining clustered regions compared to those regions with no clusters led to a pattern of hot and cold plasma resulting in a cylindrical blast wave with a periodic modulation imprinted on the shock front. This technique may provide a method for studying thin shell instabilities in strongly radiative blast waves.     

A study of blast wave loading on cantilevers

A study has been made of the response of elastic-plastic and brittle circular-cross-section cantilevers when subjected to blast wave loading. It is demonstrated how the deformation or failure of such cantilevers enables them to be used as blast wave gauges. In addition, the deformation of cantilever-type structures can be used to assess the characteristics of accidental explosions. Two numerical models have been developed to describe the deformation of a dynamically loaded cantilever. Both models assume that the plastic deformation is localized in a region near the fixed end, and that the loading force is a function of the dynamic-pressure time-history and a variable drag coefficient, which depends on the Reynolds number, Mach number and angle of attack of each discretized element of the cantilever. The first model assumes a rigid-plastic response of the cantilever. It was found that this model accurately described the response of cantilevers made of 50/50 lead/tin alloy. It overestimated the deformation of cantilevers made of more elastic materials when exposed to blast waves from high explosives and in a shock tube. The second model assumes an elastic-plastic response. The algorithm is based on the premise that the elastic curvature of the cantilever is limited by the plastic yield stress of the material and that as the curvature approaches this limit the cantilever rotates by the amount needed to keep the curvature constant and equal to this maximum. It has been shown that this algorithm minimizes the curvature of the cantilever at the base. This model provided good predictions of the deformation of cantilevers made of aluminum and steel. The numerical models were evaluated by studying the response of cantilevers exposed to shock waves in a shock tube, and to the blast waves from two explosions of ammonium-nitrate/fuel-oil charges of approximately 2.5 kt. The response to the shock tube flows was recorded by high speed photography which showed good agreement between the observed modes of deflection and those predicted by the elastic-plastic model. The models also provided good predictions of the deformation of a wide range of cantilevers, made of a variety of materials and of different diameters and lengths, when exposed to the free field blast waves. It is demonstrated how the numerical models can be used to determine the type of cantilever that might be used as a gauge for monitoring the blast wave from an explosion, or for evaluating the deformation of a cantilever exposed to the blast wave from an accidental explosion so as to characterize the explosion. Received 23 September 1996 / Accepted 11 November 1996     

Non-reflecting boundary conditions applicable to general purpose CFD simulators

In simulations of propagating blast waves the effects of artificial reflections at open boundaries can seriously degrade the accuracy of the computations. In this paper, a boundary condition based on a local approximation by a plane traveling wave is presented. The method yields small artificial reflections at open boundaries. The derivation and the theory behind these so-called plane-wave boundary conditions are presented. The method is conceptually simple and is easy to implement in two and three dimensions. These non-reflecting boundary conditions are employed in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver FLACS, capable of simulating gas explosions and blast-wave propagation in complex geometries. Several examples involving propagating waves in one and two dimensions, shock tube and an example of a simulation of a propagating blast wave generated by an explosion in a compressor module are shown. The numerical simulations show that artificial reflections due to the boundary conditions employed are negligible. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

T型分支管道对油气爆炸强度的影响

为了研究T型分支结构对管道内油气混合物爆炸强度的影响规律,测试了不同初始体积分数条件下直管和具有T型分支管中爆炸波超压值,并利用有机玻璃透明管道对火焰传播规律进行了可视化研究。得到以下结论:(1)T型分支管道对油气爆炸有强化作用,在油气体积分数为1.2%至1.6%范围内表现最明显; (2)T型分支管道对油气爆炸的强化作用受管道横截面突扩和障碍物扰动以及波的反射、绕射三方面的影响; (3)火焰经过分支管道时,火焰阵面发生极大的扭曲,火焰表面积显著增大,燃烧速率增大,增强了热量和活性物质的输运速率,提高了爆炸波的强度; (4)在T型分支管道附近, 油气爆炸的压力突变增强, 是由压力波反射、绕射引起的温升效应和压力波引起湍流强度增强共同导致。     

Structure of the heating layer ahead of the front of a strong intensely emitting shock wave

The problem of the structure and brightness of strong shock waves arises in the investigation of such phenomena as the motion of large meteoroids in the atmosphere, optical and electrical discharges, the development of strong explosions, and other similar processes and in the creation of powerful radiation sources based on them. This problem also has a general physics interest. As the propagation velocity of a strong shock wave increases the gas temperature behind its front and the role of emission grow. Part of the radiation emitted by the gas heated and compressed in a shock wave is absorbed ahead of the front, forming the so-called heating layer. The quasisteady structure of a strong intensely emitting shock wave was studied in [1, 2]. In this case a diffusional approximation and the assumption of a gray gas were used to describe the radiation transfer. They introduced the concept of a wave of critical amplitude, when the maximum temperature T_- in the heating layer reaches the temperature T_a determined on the basis of the conservation laws, i.e., from the usual shock adiabat; it is shown that behind a compression shock moving through an already heated gas there is a temperature peak in which the maximum temperature T₊ exceeds T_a. The problem of the quasisteady structure of an emitting shock wave in air of normal density was solved numerically in [3]. The angular distribution of the radiation was approximately taken into account — it was assigned by a simple cosinusoidal law. The spectral effects were taken into account in a multigroup approximation. They introduced 38 spectral intervals, which is insufficient to describe a radiation spectrum with allowance for the numerous lines and absorption bands.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 86–92, September–October, 1978.     

新型发射药爆炸TNT当量系数的实验研究

TNT当量系数是危险品工程抗爆设计和安全距离确定的重要依据。为确定H1和H2两种新型高能发射药的TNT当量系数,分别开展了10 kg TNT和新型发射药的空气自由场静爆实验。基于修正的当量系数计算方法和测量得到的不同爆心距离处冲击波超压时程曲线,确定了不同比例距离处两种高能发射药的超压和比冲量TNT当量系数。研究结果表明,发射药爆炸产生的冲击波传播规律与TNT炸药爆炸产生的冲击波传播规律相同,符合爆炸相似律,相同质量发射药爆炸产生的冲击波超压和比冲量都显著高于TNT的。随着比例距离的增大,H1的超压当量系数先增大后减小,最大值为1.34;H2的超压当量系数逐渐减小,最大值为1.26。两种新型发射药的比冲量TNT当量系数均随比例距离的增大先减小后增大,H2的比冲量TNT当量系数大于H1的,最大值为1.38。本文中修正的计算方法能更准确计算被试样品的TNT当量系数,实验结果可为提高抗爆结构安全性设计提供参考。     

瓦斯爆炸过程中激波的诱导条件及其分析

在实验的基础上，研究了瓦斯爆炸过程中激波的产生条件．研究结果表明，障碍物和薄膜的存在对瓦斯爆炸过程中激波的产生具有重要影响．当有障碍物存在时，瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰的传播速度将迅速提高，并可诱导激波的产生；同样，在瓦斯爆炸破膜过程中也将产生激波现象．因此，为了减轻瓦斯爆炸的破坏作用，应尽量减少矿井巷道中的障碍物并加固好风门与密闭墙，以防发生破膜现象，导致激波的产生．研究结果对指导现场如何防治瓦斯爆炸，减轻瓦斯爆炸的威力具有重要作用．     

稳定大气条件下爆炸烟云的数值模拟研究

为了研究爆炸及燃烧产生的"蘑菇"状烟云,采用中尺度气象模式RAMS(regional atmosphericmodeling system)模拟研究了冲击波过后的爆炸烟云运动过程.流场和涡度场结果显示,对于稳定层结大气条件,爆炸烟云在浮力作用下会形成浮力涡环结构;烟云在到达最大高度以后,形成了环套环的多涡结构.通过模拟不同爆炸当量和不同大气稳定度的烟云上升最大高度,得到了与目前常用的爆炸烟云上升公式一致的形式.     

具有引力场的气体中激波传播的近似理论

本文在三维不定常流体力学特征理论的基础上,运用CCW方法,获得了激波速度的变化和激波阵面曲率、引力的大小和方向之间的解析关系,讨论了引力场对激波的加强和减弱的影响以及超新星爆炸中反弹激波的问题。利用得到的激波面积变化公式,给出了二、三维激波在引力场作用下传播问题的模拟处理方法。作为简单的例子,具体地研究了引力场变密度气体中强激波传播问题。     

Detonation initiation developing from the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Detonation initiation resulting from the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is investigated numerically in the configuration of the shock/spark-induced-deflagration interaction in a combustive gas mixture. Two-dimensional multi-species Navier–Stokes equations implemented with the detailed chemical reaction model are solved with the dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme. Numerical results show that the spark can create a blast wave and ignite deflagrations. Then, the deflagration waves are enhanced due to the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, which provides detonation initiations with local environment conditions. By examining the deflagration fronts, two kinds of the initiation mechanisms are identified. One is referred to as the deflagration front acceleration with the help of the weak shock wave, occurring on the convex surfaces, and the other is the hot spot explosion deriving from the deflagration front focusing, occurring on the concave surfaces. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90205027 and 10632090).     

Interaction of a high-speed combustion front with a closely packed bed of spheres

The head-on collision of a combustion front with a closely packed bed of ceramic-oxide spheres was investigated in a vertical 76.2 mm diameter tube containing a nitrogen diluted stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixture. A layer of spherical beads in the diameter range of 3–12.7 mm was placed at the bottom of the tube and a flame was ignited at the top endplate. Four orifice plates spaced at one tube diameter were placed at the ignition end of the tube in order to accelerate the flame to either a “fast-flame” or a detonation wave before the bead layer face. The mixture reactivity was adjusted by varying the initial mixture pressure between 10 and 100 kPa absolute. The pressure before and within the bead layer was measured by flush wall-mounted pressure transducers. For initial pressures where a fast-flame interacts with the bead layer peak pressures recorded at the bead layer face were as high as five times the reflected Chapman–Jouget detonation pressure. The explosion resulting from the interaction developed by two distinct mechanisms; one due to the shock reflection off the bead layer face, and the other due to shock transmission and mixing of burned and unburned gas inside the bead layer. The measured explosion delay time (time after shock reflection from the bead layer face) was found to be independent of the incident shock velocity. As a result, the explosion initiation is not the direct result of the shock reflection process but instead is more likely due to the interaction of the reflected shock wave and the trailing flame. The bead layer was found to be very effective in attenuating the explosion front transmitted through the bead layer and thus isolating the tube endplate. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

Characteristics of an annular vertical diaphragmless shock tube

Abstract. This paper reports on the characteristics of a compact vertical diaphragmless shock tube, which was constructed and tested in the Shock Wave Research Center to study experimentally the behavior of toroidal shock waves. It is 1.15 m in height and has a self-sustained co-axial vertical structure consisting of a 100 mm i.d. outer tube and an 80 mm o.d. inner tube. To create a ring shaped shock wave between the inner and outer tubes, a rubber sheet is inserted to separate a high pressure driver gas from a test gas, which is bulged with auxiliary high pressure helium from the behind. When the rubber membrane is contracted by the sudden release of the auxiliary gas so as to break the seal, shock waves are formed. Special design features of the shock tube are described and their role in producing repeatable shock waves is discussed. Its special opening characteristics make possible the production of annular shaped shock waves that are unlikely met with a conventional tube that uses rupturing diaphragms. Performance of the shock tube is evaluated in terms of the shock wave Mach numbers and the measured flow properties. It eventually showed a higher degree of repeatability and the scatter in the shock wave Mach numbers Ms was found to be 0.2% for Ms ranging from 1.1 to 1.8. The shock wave Mach number so far measured agreed very well with the simple shock tube theory. Received 3 February 1999 / Accepted 6 April 2000     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.     

两相介质中火焰诱导激波现象的研究

基于双流体模型，采用跟踪法处理火焰内边界，ＴＶＤ格式计算气相激波，ＭａｃＣｏ－ｍａｃｋ格式计算颗粒相流场，对两相可燃介质中火焰诱导激波现象进行了理论分析与实验模拟，研究了颗粒相参数对火焰诱导激波现象的影响。