浅谈合情推理的教学

论述了合情推理与逻辑推理的关系，在高等数学教学中渗透合情推理的意义，并结合教学实践就通过合情推理引入数学理论，探求问题结论，探索解题方法作了初步探讨。     

论大学数学教学中的合情推理

本文讨论合情推理的含义及其与论证推理的关系 ,和它在大学数学教学中的意义 .     

论大学数学教学中的合情推理

本讨论合情推理的含义及其与论证推理的关系,和它在大学数学教学中的意义。     

浅谈数学中的合情推理

合情推理是数学发现的重要方法,本文介绍了合情推理的概念、作用、途径.所论及的内容对数学教学有参考价值.     

合情推理用递推公式解分割问题

合情推理是指在解决问题过程中,根据经验进行猜测和推导的一种思维过程。表面上看,在解决问题时的合情推理的特征是不按逻辑程序去思考,但实际上是把自己的经验与逻辑推理的方法有机地整合起来的一种跳跃性的表现形式。表明这种合情推理是不按常理看问题,但仔细分析却有一定道理。这一推理方式,有时在解决问题的过程中可收到事半功倍之效。     

合情推理显身手

近年来“合情推理”题型倍受青睐,符合“经历观察、实验、猜想、证明等数学活动,发展合情推理能力和初步的演绎推理能力”的理念.现列举几例,以抛砖引玉.例1(2004年河北省中考题)我们知道:由于圆是中心对称图形,所以过圆心的任何一条直线都可以将圆分割成面积相等的两部分(如图1).图1探索下列问题:(1)在图2给出的四个正方形中,各画出一条直线(依次是:水平方向的直线、竖直方向的直线、与水平方向成45°角的直线和任意的直线),将每个正方形都分割成面积相等的两部分;图2(2)一条竖直方的直线m以及任意的直线n,在由左向右平移的过程中,将正六边…     

例说数学中的合情推理

所谓合情推理,就是根据已有的知识和经验,在某种情境中经历观察、实验、猜想等数学活动,推出可能性结论的推理．法国数学家庞加莱说过：“逻辑和直觉各有其必要的作用,唯有逻辑能给以可靠性,这是证明的工具;而直觉则是发明的工具．”在近年来的高考数学试题中,除考查逻辑推理能力外,也独具匠心地设置了一些问题考查学生的合情推理能力．但合情推理仅是“合乎情理”的推理,它得到的结论不一定为真,但常常能帮助发现新的规律,提供证明的思路和方法．     

合情推理面面观

合情推理是指在解决问题的过程中，对收集到的信息，进行观察、操作、归纳、类比，并作出合情的推断和大胆的猜测．在《数学课程标准（实验稿）》中明确指出：“经历观察、实验、猜测、证明等数学活动，发展合情推理能力和初步的演绎推理能力”．学生获得的数学结论应当经历由合情推理到演绎推理的过程．作为一种导向，高考中也体现了这一理念．为此笔者采集近年来的典型试题，试图从合情推理的“载体”和“模式”两方面作一归纳分析，供大家参考．     

新课标下重析波利亚的合情推理思想

著名数家教育家乔治·波利亚(George P幃lya,1887—1985)在其名著《数学与猜想》(Mathematicsand Plausible Reasoning)中,系统阐述了数学教学与学习中所涉及到的问题.作者以丰富多彩的内容引导读者去发现问题,解决问题,进行合理大胆的猜想.新课标下再研读这一著作,笔者发现,在     

A Kind of Approximate Reasoning Principles

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Reasoning about variation in the intensity of change in covarying quantities involved in rate of change

This paper extends work in the area of quantitative reasoning related to rate of change by investigating numerical and nonnumerical reasoning about covarying quantities involved in rate of change via tasks involving multiple representations of covarying quantities. The findings suggest that by systematically varying one quantity, an individual could simultaneously attend to variation in the intensity of change in a quantity indicating a relationship between covarying quantities. The results document how a secondary student, prior to formal instruction in calculus, reasoned numerically and nonnumerically about covarying quantities involved in rate of change in a way that was mathematically powerful and yet not ratio-based. I discuss how coordinating covariational and transformational reasoning supports attending to variation in the intensity of change in quantities involved in rate of change.     

模糊推理中的真值传播研究

研究模糊推理的问题,提出了一种真值传播的计算公式与方法,这种算法可以区别精确推理和模糊推理,也可以区别推理条件多与寡的推理。     

基于神经网络的模糊推理

为了使模糊推理符合推理原则，目前已定义了１０多种模糊关系，但各种模糊关系定义都存在一定的缺陷。本文提出的基于神经网络的模糊推理，能很好地符合模糊推理原则。     

模糊推理中的规则约简

为避免模糊推理中出现复合规则爆炸的情况,研究了方程pΛq→r=(p→r)V(q→r)关于uninorm诱导蕴涵所有解的情况.选用uninorm诱导的R-蕴涵作为上述方程中蕴涵时,证明了没有新的非平凡解出现;选用uninorm诱导的S-蕴涵作为上述方程中蕴涵时,获得了uninorm满足该方程的充要条件.     

扰动值模糊推理的三I算法

以D2上的三角模及其伴随为基础,给出了扰动值模糊推理的三I算法,为模糊信息处理的方法和应用提供了新的理论基础。     

基于SPA的不确定推理模型

利用集对分析 (SPA)的思想 ,提出了一个不确定的推理模型 SPABARM—基于集对的不确定推理模型 .该模型给出了不确定信息的传播算法 ,能够把肯定信息 ,否定信息以及未知信息同一处理 .     

A Logic of Practical Reasoning

In this paper my primary aim is to present a logical system of practical reasoning that can be used to assess the validity of practical arguments, that is, arguments with a practical judgment as conclusion. I begin with a critical evaluation of other approaches to this issue and argue that they are inadequate. On the basis of these considerations, I explain in Sect. 2 the informal conception of practical validity and introduce in Sect. 3 the logical system P, which is an extension of propositional logic and can be used to assess the validity of a wide range of practical arguments. In the last section, I apply this system to some examples of practical reasoning in order to demonstrate how it can be used in practice.

Reasoning about relationships between quantities to reorganize inverse function meanings: The case of Arya

Researchers have argued high school students, college students, pre-service teachers, and in-service teachers do not construct productive inverse function meanings. In this report, I first summarize the literature examining students’ and teachers’ inverse function meanings. I then provide my theoretical perspective, including my use of the terms understanding and meaning and my operationalization of productive inverse function meanings. I describe a conceptual analysis of ways students may reorganize their limited inverse function meanings into productive meanings via reasoning about relationships between covarying quantities. I then present one pre-service teacher’s activity in a semester long teaching experiment to characterize how her quantitative, covariational, and bidirectional reasoning supported her in reorganizing her limited inverse function meanings into more productive meanings. I describe how this reorganization required her to reconstruct her meanings for various related mathematical ideas. I conclude with research and pedagogical implications stemming from this work and directions for future research.