The possibility of reconstruction of two-dimensional random inhomogeneities in a shallow sea by frequency shifts of the spatial interference structure of the sound field

Fluctuations of frequency shifts of the spatial interference structure of the sound field in the oceanic waveguide, caused by a two-dimensional field of a random perturbation, are described. Various schemes of observation point spacing are considered. The possibility is shown to reconstruct the spatial spectrum of waveguide perturbations by measuring the spatial spectrum of the frequency shift of the interference pattern. The results of the theoretical treatment are illustrated by the examples of background internal waves and bottom roughness. The sensitivity of monitoring based on measurements of frequency shifts of the interference structure of the sound field is estimated. For medium perturbations by background internal waves, the fluctuations of liquid layer vibrations, sound speed, and temperature, which are minimum detectable by frequency shifts of the interference pattern, were estimated.     

浅海矢量声场干涉结构形成机理及试验研究

浅海低频声场的微观结构特征在于具有可用波导不变量表征的 稳定空间-频率干涉结构.声场兼具标量场和矢量场, 波导条件下二者联合决定声场的全部特性. 本文研究浅海声场空频干涉结构的矢量场特征. 理论分析了声压谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等矢量场干涉结构的形成机理, 探讨了矢量场干涉结构的波导不变量表征, 数值仿真研究了Pekeris波导中能量和能流密度的干涉特性, 进行了宽带声源辐射矢量声场干涉特性及表征的海上试验.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性. 研究结果表明: 中近程和中远程声场均能模态相干, 有稳定的空频干涉结构, 并且矢量声场空频干涉结构存在多种形式, 除各种能量和能流密度谱图外, 相干系数谱也呈现干涉特征, 这些形式的空频干涉结构均可用波导不变量理论有效表征. 关键词： 矢量声场 干涉结构 波导不变量 浅海低频声场     

Frequency shifts of sound field maxima in oceanic waveguides

The frequency shifts of sound field maxima that are caused by the variability of the medium in an oceanic waveguide are described. The condition under which the time spectrum of the frequency shifts of interference maxima is proportional to the time spectrum of fluctuations in the dispersion characteristic of the waveguide is determined.     

运动目标辐射声场干涉结构映射域特征研究

浅海低频声场呈稳定而显著的干涉特征,并蕴含声源状态和波导特性等信息.本文研究运动目标辐射声场干涉结构的简化映射以及映射域能量分布对目标运动状态的指示特征.理论分析了声压场和矢量声场空(时)频干涉谱图的二维傅里叶变换映射特征,推导了匀速运动目标时频干涉谱图映射域能量脊斜率与波导不变量以及距变率、航向角的关系式,证明了映射域脊斜率符号、脊斜率绝对值变化等对目标来袭或远离以及目标威胁程度的指示,并进行了数值仿真和海上试验研究.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性.研究结果表明:二维傅里叶变换可将声压场和矢量场时(空)频谱图干涉结构简化,匀速运动目标辐射声场干涉结构映射域的能谱脊斜率、距变率、航向角与波导不变量有解析关系式,声强谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等声场干涉结构经映射后更为一致,映射域脊能简明的指示目标运动状态和威胁程度.     

Effect of background internal waves on the interference structure of the sound field in a shallow sea

The results of a theoretical analysis of the effect produced by an anisotropic field of background internal waves on the localization of the interference pattern in a shallow sea are presented. The space-time variability of the interference invariant and the smearing of the observation direction of interference fringes are considered in a wide frequency range. The stability of the interference pattern formed by both the superposition of the fields of different mode groups and separate mode groups is analyzed in comparison with the unperturbed waveguide. Numerical calculations are performed for longitudinal and transverse orientations of the acoustic track relative to the propagation direction of internal waves.     

Characterization of an elastic target in a shallow water waveguide by decomposition of the time-reversal operator

This paper reports the results of an investigation into extracting of the backscattered frequency signature of a target in a waveguide. Retrieving the target signature is difficult because it is blurred by waveguide reflections and modal interference. It is shown that the decomposition of the time-reversal operator method provides a solution to this problem. Using a modal theory, this paper shows that the first singular value associated with a target is proportional to the backscattering form function. It is linked to the waveguide geometry through a factor that weakly depends on frequency as long as the target is far from the boundaries. Using the same approach, the second singular value is shown to be proportional to the second derivative of the angular form function which is a relevant parameter for target identification. Within this framework the coupling between two targets is considered. Small scale experimental studies are performed in the 3.5 MHz frequency range for 3 mm spheres in a 28 mm deep and 570 mm long waveguide and confirm the theoretical results.     

Waveguide invariance structure for low frequency monostatic bottom reverberation mitigation in shallow water

The stable range-frequency interference structure(waveguide invariance) of the low frequency monostatic bottom reverberation in shallow water is derived theoretically in this paper by using ray-normal mode coherent reverberation model and separable bottom scattering model.And combined the concept of spectral subtraction,a reverberation forecasting and mitigating method based on the waveguide invariance is presented.According to the waveguide invariance,the reverberation intensity for a detecting range can be estimated from the reverberation returns scattered from some other range cells nearby the detecting range with frequency shift.Then the reverberation component for the detecting range in the echo can be canceled mostly by using the estimated reverberation intensity,so as to enhance the echo-to-reverberation ratio and improve the detection capability of the active sonar.Simulations in typical horizontal layered shallow water environment show the stability of waveguide invariance structure in the low frequency monostatic bottom reverberation and the efficiency of the reverberation forecasting and mitigating method based on the waveguide invariance.     

浅海低频本地海底混响的波导不变性结构及抑制方法研究

根据浅海混响的射线简正波相干混响理论和可分离的海底散射模型,从理论上推导了浅海低频本地海底混响信号中存在的稳定的距离-频率干涉结构(波导不变性结构),并在此基础上基于谱相减的思想提出了一种基于波导不变性的本地海底混响预测对消方法。针对某个检测距离,其对应的中心频率上的海底混响强度可以根据波导不变性通过频移的方法在另一个与之相邻的距离上估计得到,利用该估计的混响强度可以对消检测距离对应的回波信号中的海底混响强度分量,增强回波信混比,提高目标检测能力。针对典型水平分层浅海波导环境,通过计算机仿真实验分析了低频海底混响存在的稳定波导不变性结构,验证了本文提出的基于波导不变性的混响预测对消方法的有效性。      

Features of the Invariant of the Spatial–Frequency Interference Structure of Acoustic Fields in Oceanic Waveguides

The paper considers the regular patterns that can be manifested in the behavior of the invariant of the spatial–frequency interference structure of an acoustic field in oceanic waveguides that are homogeneous and inhomogeneous along a track. Using the WKB and adiabatic approximations, an analytic expression is obtained for the invariant that, when certain conditions are fulfilled, reduces to the well-known classical expression independent of the mode numbers, their parity, or the emission frequency. It has been established that the approximate classical expression for the invariant correctly describes the slope of interference lines only in ranges of variation in the grazing angles of modes where the dependence of the cycle length of their corresponding Brillouin waves on the ray parameter is quite smooth and monotonic. The paper studies the formation of the spatial–frequency interference structure of an acoustic field propagating from a shallowwater isovelocity waveguide to a relatively deep-water waveguide with a near-surface sound channel.     

一种浅海声矢量场干涉结构提取方法

针对浅海Pekeris环境下声矢量场的干涉特征,基于简正波理论分析了在频率-距离域上声强谱、质点振速自谱、复声强谱和波阻抗谱干涉结构的形成机理,探讨了对干涉结构的波导不变量表征,并进行了宽带辐射声场干涉结构的海上测量试验。仿真研究和海试数据分析均表明,在频率-距离域上,上述4类物理量都会呈现稳定的、可用波导不变量β表征的干涉结构,而复声强独有的纯干涉分量更能体现波导的干涉效应。最后引入多尺度线性滤波器对海试实测LOFAR图进行处理,处理结果表明该滤波器可有效地增强干涉特征,更利于检测和提取干涉图案中的条纹信息。      

Broadband frequency mode entanglement in waveguided parametric downconversion

We report the observation of beatings of the coincidence event rate in a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference (HOMI) between signal and idler photons from a parametric downconversion (PDC) process inside a multimode KTP waveguide. As an explanation we introduce biphotonic states entangled in their broadband frequency modes generated by waveguide mode triples and propose a suitable entanglement detection scheme.     

Determination of the magnetic fluid parameters from the microwave radiation reflection coefficients

The interaction of microwave radiation with a magnetic fluid that completely fills a waveguide and is bounded by a dielectric insertion is studied at frequencies between 20 and 40 GHz. The frequency dependence of the alternating interference maxima and minima that are associated with the reflection from the front and back walls of the dielectric insertion is found. The reason for such a dependence is the variation of the complex magnetic susceptibility of the magnetic fluid. The inverse problem, i.e., the determination of the ferromagnetic particle diameter and the volume content of the solid phase in the magnetic fluid, is solved based on the frequency dependence of the reflection coefficient.     

Interference of guiding modes in “traffic” circle waveguides composed of dielectric spherical particles

The interference of guiding polariton modes propagating through the waveguide composed of dielectric spherical particles forming a “traffic” circle docked by two linear entrance and exit chains is investigated. The dependence of intensity of the polariton wave on the position of the particle on the circle was studied using the multisphere Mie scattering formalism. We show that, if the frequency of light belongs to the pass-band of the circular part of this waveguide, the electromagnetic waves may be considered as two optical beams running along the circle in opposite directions and interfering with each other. Indeed, the obtained intensity behavior can be represented as a simple superposition of two waves propagating along the circle in opposite directions. The applications of this interference are discussed.     

Periodic spatial rearrangement of the interference structure and the diffraction focusing of acoustic fields in oceanic waveguides

It is demonstrated that the periodic (along the path) rearrangement of the spatial (in depth and horizontal distance) interference structure of the acoustic field generated in an oceanic waveguide by a CW point source is accompanied by a diffraction focusing of the field with the corresponding spatial period. It is found that, in an oceanic waveguide with a monotone angular dependence of the Brillouin ray cycle, the spatial period of both the rearrangement of the interference structure and the diffraction focusing of the field is directly proportional to the square of the characteristic vertical scale of the waveguide and inversely proportional to the wavelength; in a waveguide with a nonmonotone dependence, the corresponding spatial period is directly proportional to the cube of the aforementioned waveguide scale and inversely proportional to the square of the wavelength.     

基于波导间能量耦合效应的光子晶体频段选择与能量分束器

基于波导间能量耦合效应的光子晶体功率分束器具有结构紧凑、带宽较宽、弯曲损耗低、分光角度大和不受外界电磁场干扰等优点.本文利用时域有限差分方法,理论研究了二维三角晶格光子晶体耦合波导的功率分束特性,设计得出了一种能够在宽频谱范围内针对不同频率区间实现不同分光比的功能器件.在此基础上通过改变耦合区介质柱形状以及输出分支波导与能量耦合波导的连接位置,最终针对三个相邻频率范围内的入射光信号,较好地实现了三均分、二均分、单一输出通道这3种能量分配输出模式.该功能器件具有透过率对比度高、结构紧凑等特性,对于发展全光功能器件在大规模全光复杂集成领域内的实际应用具有一定的促进作用.     

Space-time sound field interference in the horizontal plane in a coastal slope region

The nonstationary interference structure formed in the horizontal plane in the field of a point source in a coastal slope region is analyzed on the basis of the space-time horizontal ray concept. For a model that includes the typical bathymetry and sound velocity profile, the space, time, and frequency dependences of the sound field are considered for different waveguide modes. The characteristic scales of the field variability in space and time are estimated. The frequency-time diagram is analyzed for the region of the interference of direct and reflected waves. The variability of the field interference structure in the presence of mesoscale perturbations is considered.     

Possibility of reconstructing hydrological variability of shallow sea by measuring frequency shifts of interference structure of sound field

Variations in the vertical space-frequency interference structure of the sound field in the oceanic waveguide are described. Reconstruction algorithms of sound speed field, based on information on frequency shifts of interference maxima of the sound field, are presented.     

Integrated superconducting circuit for qubit and resonator protection

A semi-infinite waveguide acts as a mirror and helps protect the qubit in front of it from decoherence. Here, we investigate the interference effect in an open waveguide consisting of resonators with different decay rates. We find that a lossy resonator works as a mirror and changes the effective decay rate of the other. The spontaneous radiation of qubit is related to its environment, and we can control it by arranging the lossy resonator's position or frequency. Our approach helps improving the qubit performance, as well as the quantum gate fidelities.     

Propagation of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Subscript>10</Subscript> mode in a rectangular waveguide with a dielectric discontinuity

The transmission of the H ₁₀ wave through a waveguide-capillary cavity in the form of a section of a rectangular waveguide with a square liquid-filled capillary inside is studied theoretically. The capillary passes through the center of the waveguide perpendicularly to its wide walls. The problem is solved by constructing the mirror images of the capillary on the narrow walls of the waveguide with subsequent consideration of the diffraction of the Brillouin components of the H ₁₀ waveguide mode by a periodic “array of capillaries.” It is shown that a resonance minimum in the frequency dependence of the energy coefficient of transmission of the H ₁₀ wave through the waveguide-capillary cavity can be explained by the destructive interference of diffraction harmonics propagating in antiphase. The experimentally found existence of the capillary optimum dimension at which the resonance minimum is the most pronounced is corroborated analytically.     

Passive source range estimation with a single receiver in shallow water

An approach for long-range passive impulsive source ranging with a single receiver in shallow water is proposed,which utilizes the frequency spectrum of the warped signal autocorrelation function via warping transform.For an ideal waveguide,there are invariable frequency features both in the frequency spectrum of the warped signal corresponding to modal cut-off frequencies and the warped signal autocorrelation function due to modal interference.These intrinsic frequency features can be used to passive source ranging.So,the approximate relationship between the frequency of warped signal at an unknown source range and the intrinsic frequency extracted by the time warping transform is derived.These rules can be generalized to an actual shallow water waveguide.Employing an acoustic model to offer the invariable frequency spectrum features,the impulsive signal data collected by a single hydrophone in the North Yellow Sea in December 2011 are analyzed to verify the proposed source ranging approach.The estimated ranges are in good agreement with the ranges measured by GPS,and the mean relative error of range estimation is less than 10%.