地基CO2廓线探测差分吸收激光雷达

研制了一台利用气溶胶散射信号的CO₂廓线探测差分吸收激光雷达. 系统利用染料激光器实现波长调制, 采用双光路气体吸收池, 结合Voigt拟合方法实现了脉冲红外激光的高精度定标. 针对输出激光带宽较宽的问题, 采取仿真实验评估了影响, 并设计了基于吸收池的订正因子获取方案. 进而, 开展了水平、垂直和连续观测实验, 通过与地面CO₂分析仪测量值的对比, 证明了系统具备优越的精密性和精确性. 实验表明, 该样机能够俘获CO₂浓度随高程和时间变化而产生的变化.     

Comparison among error calculations in differential absorption lidar measurements

Error determination is a critical issue in differential absorption lidar (DIAL). In this paper, some common error calculations are compared by applying them to a set of artificial data. First, three methods for the evaluation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the lidar return have been examined. Then, the effect of the application to DIAL measurements of correction algorithms is investigated. The mean value and the standard deviation of the set of artificial data have been obtained from experimental determinations accomplished with our system. This was made possible by the shot-per-shot recording of the lidar return. The results of this study allows us to recommend a new method for the data analysis used in DIAL experiments: the SNR should be directly measured and all sources of statistical fluctuation have to be taken into account in the calculation of the final error. Otherwise such error could be underestimated, as suggested also by the disagreement of simultaneous measurements carried out by different systems.     

对流层低层臭氧的差分吸收激光雷达测量

利用紫外差分吸收(DIAL)激光雷达对北京南郊对流层低层臭氧垂直分布进行了测量,将探测结果与探空气球同时测量的结果进行了对比,取得了较为一致的分布趋势。选择北京南郊地区晴好天气探测的结果进行了统计分析,结果表明：近地面层内随高度增加,臭氧体积混合比逐渐减小;距地面0.5~1.5 km内平均臭氧体积混合比具有明显的日变化趋势,最大值出现在午后14点左右,相对太阳辐射最强时刻具有明显的滞后性;日平均最大体积混合比低于410-8,体积混合比起伏小于3.210-9。     

大气水汽探测地基差分吸收激光雷达系统设计与性能仿真

为持续获得对流层低层高精度、高时空分辨率的水汽浓度分布数据,提出了一套改进的大气水汽探测地基差分吸收激光雷达系统方案.详细描述了系统主要组成部分,对主要误差进行了分析与估计,并提出了一种差分吸收截面实时测量装置用于补偿发射激光器带来的测量误差.针对该系统,并结合上海地区不同季节的水汽浓度状况,对935 nm水汽吸收带中四个水汽吸收峰的差分光学厚度、雪崩二极管的倍增系数M与回波信噪比的关系、水汽浓度随机测量误差等进行了详细的仿真与分析.仿真结果表明,根据不同的季节和天气状况,可以选择不同的吸收峰以达到最佳探测效果;在300—5000 m高度范围内,最大可以达到300 m的垂直分辨率与5 min的时间分辨率,水汽浓度随机测量误差不超过18%.     

连续波差分吸收激光雷达测量大气CO_2

研制了一套接收硬目标回波的差分吸收激光雷达系统以用于全天候监测大气CO2浓度变化.系统采用10和12 kHz正弦波分别对处在CO2吸收峰内和吸收峰外的波长进行强度调制,利用单频检测技术提取回波信号.提出了一种利用激光扫频推算系统精度的方法,从而弥补了长期以来只能在理论上计算差分吸收激光雷达系统精度的不足,给实际系统自定标问题提供了一种解决方案.该系统采用全光纤结构,结构可靠,便于移动.利用此系统获得了上海市多天CO2浓度变化曲线,在450 m的积分路径长度上,1 s的积分时间取得了优于3.39×10-6的测量精度.     

激光雷达扫描方式

为实现激光束对空域的有效扫描和探测,研究了栅形扫描、李萨茹形扫描、螺旋形扫描和六边形扫描四种常见的激光雷达扫描方式,推导了相应的扫描方程,讨论了参数的物理意义及调整方法;重点研究了栅形扫描和六边形扫描方式下光斑的分布情况,通过仿真分析了两种扫描方式下光束的漏扫率和重叠率,结果表明,在相同扫描条件下六边形扫描方式的漏扫区域最少。展示了基于上述研究内容的扫描控制系统实物图及扫描图案。分析总结了四种扫描方式的特点,给出了每种扫描方式的适用情况及使用建议。

     

差分吸收激光雷达测量NO2浓度的实验研究

 介绍了差分吸收激光雷达测量大气中物质成份及浓度的测量原理，并利用差分吸收激光雷达测量了3.5 km内NO₂的浓度分布，测量结果表明，使用双通道可调谐的Ti:Sapphire激光器的一组波长（448.2 nm和446.8 nm）可以获得比较精确的NO₂的浓度随距离的分布。     

差分吸收激光雷达测量NO2浓度的实验研究

介绍了差分吸收激光雷达测量大气中物质成份及浓度的测量原理,并利用差分吸收激光雷达测量了3.5 km内NO2的浓度分布,测量结果表明,使用双通道可调谐的Ti:Sapphire激光器的一组波长（448.2 nm和446.8 nm）可以获得比较精确的NO2的浓度随距离的分布。     

Evaluation of the possibilities of detecting ejections of nitrogen oxides by an airborne differential absorption lidar operating in the medium ir spectral region

Using numerical simulation, we evaluated the possibilities of detecting ejections of nitrogen oxides by an airborne differential absorption lidar operating in the medium IR spectral region at converted frequencies of CO- and CO₂-lasers. We present results of calculations of random errors in determining the integrated content of nitrogen oxide and dioxide depending on the amount of ejection and the flight altitude of an airplane. It is shown that the use of frequency-converted CO- and CO₂-laser radiation makes it possible to determine ground-level ejections of nitrogen oxides at a level of 0.01 MPC. Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, I Akademicheskii Ave., Tomsk, 634055, Russia; e-mail: oleg@losa.iao.tomsk.ru. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 843–845, November–December, 1999.     

Broadband amplitude-modulated laser source with high output power for FM/cw lidar transmitter

We are building a long-range FM/cw nonscanning imaging lidar breadboard. This lidar system achieves ranging based on a frequency modulation/continuous wave (FM/cw) technique, implemented by an amplitude modulated mid-IR diode laser transmitter with a linear frequency modulation (LFM) of the subcarrier. Firstly, various schemes of light beam modulation are analyzed. Secondly, we put forward a laser modulation scheme whose core was formed by a 1.55 μm electro-absorption modulated laser diode (EML) and an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA), then a corresponding experimental system architecture and components for light beam modulation and detection are established. Finally, a corresponding experiment of laser beam modulation is completed for the first time. In our experiment, the EML amplitude is modulated by a 200 MHz to 800 MHz LFM signal, whose amplitude value is 2.05 V. The average output power of the modulated laser obtained in the experiment is 10 W, peak power is 16.4 W, and the average modulation depth is 78%. The results of tests predict that this laser modulation scheme is likely to improve the imaging range of the FM/cw lidar.     

一种新型的用于差分吸收激光雷达中脉冲式光学参量振荡器的种子激光器的频率稳定方法

提出了一种新型的用于差分吸收激光雷达中脉冲式光学参量振荡器的种子激光器的频率稳定方法. 详细介绍了该稳频方法的工作原理和实验装置, 并在理论上对该方法的稳频精度及其影响因素进行了分析. 利用该方法, 在实验中将种子光激光器稳定在水汽的吸收峰中心(935.6849 nm)处, 频率抖动的标准差小于8 MHz. 测试了种子注入后的光学参量振荡器输出的脉冲光的频率抖动, 测试结果表明, 脉冲光频率能够与种子光保持一致, 频率抖动的标准差小于28.7 MHz, 该稳频结果完全能够满足差分吸收激光雷达的需求.     

Continuous‐wave optical parametric oscillator based infrared spectroscopy for sensitive molecular gas sensing

Over the past 10 years, with the advent of new crystals designs and a new generation of pump lasers, continuous‐wave (cw) optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have developed into mature monochromatic light sources. Nowadays, cw OPOs can fulfill a wide variety of criteria for sensitive molecular gas sensing. It can access the mid‐infrared wavelength region, where many molecules have their fundamental rotational‐vibrational transitions, with high power. This high power combined with wide wavelength tuning and narrow linewidth creates excellent conditions for sensitive, high‐resolution spectroscopy. OPOs combined with robust methods, such as photoacoustic spectroscopy and cavity‐enhanced spectroscopy, are well suited for field measurements and remote‐sensing applications. The wide tunability of cw OPOs allows detection of larger molecules with broad absorption band structures, and its fast scanning capabilities allow rapid detection of trace gases, the latter is a demand for life‐science applications. After a short introduction about the physical principle of cw OPOs, with its most recent physical developments, this review focuses on sensitive molecular gas sensing with a variety of spectroscopic applications in atmospheric and life sciences.     

Continuous‐wave vertically emitting photonic crystal terahertz laser

Compact semiconductor light sources with high performance continuous‐wave (CW) and single mode operation are highly demanded for many applications in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. Distributed feedback (DFB) and photonic crystal (PhC) quantum cascade (QC) lasers are amongst the leading candidates in this field. Absorbing boundary condition is a commonly used method to control the optical performance of a laser in double‐metal confinement. However, this approach increases the total loss in the device and results in a large threshold current density, limiting the CW maximum output power and operating temperature. In this letter, a robust surface emitting continuous‐wave terahertz QC laser is realized in a two‐dimensional PhC structure by a second order Bragg grating extractor that simultaneously provides the boundary condition necessary for mode selection. This results in a 3.12 THz single mode CW operation with a 3 mW output power and a maximum operation temperature (T_max) of 100 K. Also, a highly collimated far‐field pattern is demonstrated, which is an important step towards real world applications.     

Initial flight test results of differential absorption barometric radar for remote sensing of sea surface air pressure

The accuracy of numerical weather model predictions of the intensity and track of tropical storms may be significantly improved by large spatial coverage and frequent sampling of sea surface barometry. The availability of a radar operating at moderate-to-strong O₂ absorption bands in the frequency range 50∼56 GHz to remotely measure surface barometric pressure may provide such capability. At these frequencies, the strength of radar echoes from water surfaces has a strong gradient with frequencies owing to the absorption of atmospheric O₂. Our recent research has developed a technique based on the use of a dual-frequency, O₂-band radar to estimate surface barometric pressure from the measured attenuation due to O₂. The ratio of reflected radar signals at multiple wavelengths is used to minimize the effect of microwave absorption by liquid water and water vapor in the atmosphere, and the influences of sea surface reflection over the frequency of operation. A demonstration instrument has been developed to verify the differential O₂ absorption measurement approach. Recent test flights to evaluate the in-flight performance of the demonstration instrument have been completed. The measured radar return and differential O₂ absorption show good agreement with the modeled results. These flight test results are consistent with our instrumentation goal of ±5 mb uncertainty and indicate that our proposed differential absorption measurement approach may provide a useful measurement of sea surface pressure. Future test flights will provide higher altitude data and assess the precision of the sea surface pressure measurement for the existing demonstration radar.     

Pulsed differential optical absorption spectroscopy applied to air pollution measurement in urban troposphere

Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) is useful for various types of trace gas measurements in the lower troposphere. In this paper, we report the DOAS measurement conducted in Chiba, Japan during 2009 and 2010. An optical path length of 5.5 km is employed to measure the average concentration of NO₂ using a xenon aviation obstruction light that flashes every 1.5 s. By virtue of the high stability of the light source intensity, the intensity measurement enables the retrieval of aerosol extinction coefficient averaged over the optical path. The results are compared with the concurrent results of ground sampling and sunphotometer measurements.     

探测大气中CO2的Raman激光雷达

基于大气激光后向散射光谱，研究和设计了探测大气CO₂浓度的Raman激光雷达,其发射机采用Nd∶YAG激光的三倍频354.7nm作为工作波长,发射的单脉冲能量350mJ,重复频率20Hz；接收机采用了光电倍增管(量子效率25%)和光子计数器(计数速率200MHz),探测CO₂的Raman散射371.66nm(频移1285cm^-1)信号,(1小时累加)近地面2.5km以内信噪比不小于8.采用组合滤光片来抑制强的354.7nm Mie-Rayleigh后向散射和氧气375.4nm Raman后向散射对信号的严重干扰. 比较分别来自大气CO₂和参考气体N₂的Raman后向散射回波,可反演出大气中CO₂的相对浓度. 关键词： 大气光学 激光雷达 Raman散射光谱 参考气体 Mie-Rayleigh散射     

半导体激光泵浦亚稳态氩气激光器实现激光振荡

采用基于体布拉格光栅的窄线宽半导体激光器作为泵浦源,以电容耦合式射频激励Ar, He混合气体放电等离子体为增益介质,在双程纵向泵浦的结构下实现了连续波模式的912 nm的激光输出。     

Characterization of X‐ray gas attenuator plasmas by optical emission and tunable laser absorption spectroscopies

X‐ray gas attenuators are used in high‐energy synchrotron beamlines as high‐pass filters to reduce the incident power on downstream optical elements. The absorption of the X‐ray beam ionizes and heats up the gas, creating plasma around the beam path and hence temperature and density gradients between the center and the walls of the attenuator vessel. The objective of this work is to demonstrate experimentally the generation of plasma by the X‐ray beam and to investigate its spatial distribution by measuring some of its parameters, simultaneously with the X‐ray power absorption. The gases used in this study were argon and krypton between 13 and 530 mbar. The distribution of the 2p excited states of both gases was measured using optical emission spectroscopy, and the density of argon metastable atoms in the 1s₅ state was deduced using tunable laser absorption spectroscopy. The amount of power absorbed was measured using calorimetry and X‐ray transmission. The results showed a plasma confined around the X‐ray beam path, its size determined mainly by the spatial dimensions of the X‐ray beam and not by the absorbed power or the gas pressure. In addition, the X‐ray absorption showed a hot central region at a temperature varying between 400 and 1100 K, depending on the incident beam power and on the gas used. The results show that the plasma generated by the X‐ray beam plays an essential role in the X‐ray absorption. Therefore, plasma processes must be taken into account in the design and modeling of gas attenuators.     

基于多波长激光吸收光谱技术的气体浓度与温度二维分布遗传模拟退火重建研究

利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术实现气体浓度温度二维分布重建.设计了气体浓度温度二维分布重建测量系统,采用四路波分复用技术以减少投影光路布置数量和增加气体吸收测量信息.针对于图像重建过程中建立的非线性投影方程组,将遗传算法与模拟退火算法相结合进行求解,在实现全局最优搜索基础上提高算法搜索效率.建立燃烧环境下H2O浓度温度二维分布模型,借助于近红外波段1.3—1.5μm范围内4条H2O气体吸收谱线,利用数值模拟计算方法进行了气体分布重建,重建结果与模型符合得很好.通过在投影数据中添加不同比例的随机误差,考察其对气体分布重建结果的影响.研究表明,气体浓度分布重建结果对于投影误差不敏感,而增加投影误差幅值将导致温度分布重建均方误差增大。     

被动多轴差分吸收光谱大气气溶胶光学厚度监测方法研究

介绍了基于太阳散射光的被动多轴差分吸收光谱（MAX-DOAS）技术在大气气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical density,AOD）监测中的应用. MAX-DOAS根据氧的二聚物（O₄）在紫外、可见波段的特征吸收来确定气溶胶参数,实验中利用测量得到的O₄在360 nm处斜柱浓度,并结合O₄垂直柱浓度基本稳定等信息,在选取合适的气溶胶单次散射反照率、非对称因子及其廓线形状等条件下,基于大气辐射传输模型采用迭代算法解析出大气气溶胶光学厚度. 经过与太阳光度计(CE318)测量结果的对比,两者相关性达到87%.