The different mechanisms contributing to adhesion between two polymer surfaces are summarized and described in individual examples, which represent either seminal works in the field of adhesion science or novel approaches to achieve polymer–polymer adhesion. A further objective of this article is the development of new methodologies to achieve strong adhesion between low surface energy polymers.
The formation of a poly(2,6‐carbazole) derivative during an electrochemical polymerization process is shown. Comparison of 3,5‐bis(9‐octyl‐9H‐carbazol‐2‐yl)pyridine and 3,5‐bis(9‐octyl‐9H‐carbazol‐3‐yl)pyridine by electrochemical and UV–Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemical measurements and DFT (density functional theory) calculation prove the formation of a poly(2,6‐carbazole) derivative. Both of the compounds form stable and electroactive conjugated polymers.
In this study, a new type of functional, self‐assembled nanostructure formed from porphyrins and polyamidoamine dendrimers based on hydrogen bonding in an aqueous solution is presented. As the aggregates formed are promising candidates for solar‐energy conversion, their photocatalytic activity is tested using the model reaction of methyl viologen reduction. The self‐assembled structures show significantly increased activity as compared to unassociated porphyrins. Details of interaction forces driving the supramolecular structure formation and regulating catalytic efficiency are fundamentally discussed.
A simple and effective airflow method to prepare sandwich‐type block copolymer films is reported. The films are composed of three layers: vertically oriented nanocylinders align in both upper and bottom layers and irregular nanocylinders exist in the bulk of the film. The vertically oriented nanocylinders in both sides can provide high accessibility to ions and ensures the exchange of chemical species between the membrane and external environment, while the irregularly oriented nanocylinders in the middle part of the film can prolong the pathway of ions transportation and enhance ions selectivity.
Described herein is a new printing method—direct writing of conducting polymers (CPs)—based on pipette‐tip localized continuous electrochemical growth. A single barrel micropipette containing a metal wire (Pt) is filled with a mixture of monomer, supporting electrolyte, and an appropriate solvent. A droplet at the tip of the pipette contacts the substrate, which becomes the working electrode of a micro‐electrochemical cell confined to the tip droplet and the pipette. The metallic wire in the pipette acts as both counter and reference electrode. Electropolymerization forms the CP on the working electrode in a pattern controlled by the movement of the pipette. In this study, various width poly(pyrrole) 2D and 3D structures are extruded and characterized in terms of microcyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
Polyamides are very important polymers that find applications from commodities up to the automotive and biomedical sectors, and their impact is continuously growing. The synthesis of structurally significant, chiral, and sustainable polyamides is described via a new, convenient, and solvent‐free anionic polymerization of a biobased ε‐lactam, which is obtained from the renewable terpenoid ketone l ‐menthone in a one‐step synthesis. These polyamides are shown to have outstanding structural and thermal properties, which are thus introduced via the structure and chirality of the natural lactam monomer and which are discussed and compared with those of petroleum‐based, established, and commercial polyamide Nylon‐6. X‐ray data reveal a remarkable degree of crystallinity in these green polymers and emphasize the impact of their structural features on the resulting properties.
Multivalent binding is a key for many critical biological processes and unique recognition and specificity in binding enables many of different glycans and proteins to work in a great harmony within the human body. In this study, the binding kinetics of synthetic glycopolypeptides to the dendritic cell lectin DC‐SIGN and their inhibition potential for DC‐SIGN interactions with the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV‐1 (gp120) are investigated.
A self‐healing hydrogel is prepared by crosslinking acrylamide with a host–guest macro‐crosslinker assembled from poly(β‐cyclodextrin) nanogel and azobenzeneacrylamide. The photoisomerizable azobenzene moiety can change its binding affinity with β‐cyclodextrin, therefore the crosslinking density and rheology property of the hydrogel can be tuned with light stimulus. The hydrogel can repair its wound autonomously through the dynamic host–guest interaction. In addition, the wounded hydrogel will lose its ability of self‐healing when exposed to ultraviolet light, and the self‐healing behavior can be recovered upon the irradiation of visible light. The utilizing of host–guest macro‐crosslinking approach manifests the as‐prepared hydrogel reversible and light‐switchable self‐healing property, which would broaden the potential applications of self‐healing polymers.
An alkyne‐functionalized ruthenium(II) bis‐terpyridine complex is directly copolymerized with phenylacetylene by alkyne polymerization. The polymer is characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), 1H NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, and thermal analysis. The photophysical properties of the polymer are studied by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. In addition, spectro‐electrochemical measurements are carried out. Time‐resolved luminescence lifetime decay curves show an enhanced lifetime of the metal complex attached to the conjugated polymer backbone compared with the Ru(tpy)22+ model complex.
A simple and versatile method is developed for preparing anisotropic polymer particles by pressing polymer microspheres at elevated temperatures. Polystyrene (PS) microspheres are used to demonstrate this approach. Depending on the mechanical deformation and wetting of the polymers on the substrates, polymer structures with special shapes such as barrel‐like or dumbbell‐like shapes can be prepared. The morphology of polymer structures can be controlled by the experimental parameters such as the pressing pressure, the pressing temperature, and the pressing time. The wetting of the polymers on the substrates dominates when the samples are annealing at higher temperatures for longer times.
In this paper, a novel synthesis of polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐modified polypyrrole (PPy) nanomaterials is demonstrated by combining reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and oxidative polymerization. Dye molecules with a heat‐labile linker are used as a model drug and covalently anchored onto the PEGlated PPy nanomaterials via “click chemistry.” The strong absorption of such PPy nanomaterials in the near‐infrared region endows the system excellent photothermal effect, which can be used not only as efficient photothermal agents for photothermal therapy but also good controllers of a drug‐release system by retro D–A reaction.
In this study, the group transfer polymerization (GTP) of the functional monomer 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) is reported to produce polymers of different architectures and topologies. TMSPMA is successfully polymerized and copolymerized with GTP to produce well‐defined (co)polymers that can be used to fabricate functional hybrid materials like hydrogels and films.
A recent response on a publication from our team investigating solvent effects on propagation rate coefficients is commented. Among other issues, we point to the fact that the response interprets only a subset of the data provided in our original contribution.
Nine different perylene derivatives are prepared and their ability to initiate, when combined with an iodonium salt (and optionally N‐vinylcarbazole), a ring‐opening cationic photopolymerization of epoxides under very soft halogen lamp irradiation is investigated. One of them is particularly efficient under a red laser diode exposure at 635 nm and belongs now to the very few systems available at this wavelength. The photochemical mechanisms are studied by steady‐state photolysis, electron spin resonance spin trapping, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, and laser flash photolysis techniques.
Thermoresponsive linear polymers and their corresponding aggregates or nanogels typically show similar thermoresponsive profiles. In this study, the authors demonstrate reversible chemical switching between linear polymers and their cross‐linked nanogels. The linear polymers exhibit sharp thermal transitions typical of common thermoresponsive polymers but the cross‐linked nanogels exhibit “linear” thermal transitions over a relatively broad temperature range. The reversible switching between these two different polymer architectures with distinct thermoresponses represents a unique example of how the responsive properties of smart polymers can be significantly manipulated via polymer architecture engineering.
Development of self‐healing polymers with spontaneous self‐healing capability and good mechanical performance is highly desired and remains a great challenge. Here, mechanical robust and self‐healable supramolecular hydrogels have been fabricated by using poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) brushes modified silica nanoparticles (SiO2@PDMAEMA) as multifunctional macrocrosslinkers in a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network structure. The SiO2 nanoparticles serve as noncovalent crosslinkers, dissipating energy, whereas the electrostatic interactions between cationic PDMAEMA and anionic PAA render the hydrogel self‐healing property. This process provides a simple and broadly applicable strategy to produce mechanical strong and self‐healable materials.
Several pyrene‐based polyphenylene dendrimers (PYPPDs) with different peripheral chromophores (PCs) are synthesized and characterized. Deep blue emissions solely from the core are observed for all of them in photoluminescence spectra due to good steric shielding of the core and highly efficient surface‐to‐core Förster resonant energy transfers (FRETs). Device performances are found in good correlation with the energy gaps between the work function of the electrodes and the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) levels of the PCs. Pure blue emission, luminance as high as 3700 cd m−2 with Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage 1931 (CIExy) = (0.16, 0.21), and a peak current efficiency of 0.52 cd A−1 at CIExy = (0.17, 0.20) are achieved. These dendrimers are among the best dendritic systems so far for fluorescent blue light‐emitting materials.
A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) expression after hybridization of chitosan–gold nanoparticle‐antibody ( CS ‐ AuNPs‐Ab ) based on: i) metal‐free click chemistry, and, ii) in water system as an approach for a rapid antigen sensing, is proposed. The chitosan‐hydroxybenzyl triazole complex enables us to carry out the conjugation of mPEG and trifluoromethylated oxanorbornadiene ( OND ) in water. CS‐mPEG‐OND further allows metal‐free click to hybridize chitosan ( CS ) with azido‐modified gold nanoparticles ( azido‐AuNPs ) in aqueous solution at room temperature. The CS‐mPEG‐OND conjugated with LipL32 antibody ( Ab ) not only effectively binds with LipL32 antigen ( Ag ) but also performs the cycloaddition with azido‐AuNPs to display a change in color within 2 min. The phenomenon leads to a simple and efficient naked‐eye antigen detection technique.
This study presents a molecular model for the amplitude‐dependent dynamic moduli of polymer melts reinforced with nanoparticles. This study shows that intense strain‐thinning reported in experimental studies of polymer nanocomposites can be attributed to disentanglement of bulk polymer chains from those strongly adsorbed to the surface of nanoparticles. This flow‐induced relaxation is what is frequently termed as convective constraint release and is similar to the cohesive slip of polymer melt at solid interfaces.
An experimental setup, making use of a Flash DSC 1 prototype, is presented in which materials can be studied simultaneously by fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) and synchrotron wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). Accumulation of multiple, identical measurements results in high quality, millisecond WAXD patterns. Patterns at every degree during the crystallization and melting of high density polyethylene at FSC typical scanning rates from 20 up to 200 °C s−1 are discussed in terms of the temperature and scanning rate dependent material crystallinities and crystal densities. Interestingly, the combined approach reveals FSC thermal lag issues, for which can be corrected. For polyamide 11, isothermal solidification at high supercooling yields a mesomorphic phase in less than a second, whereas at very low supercooling crystals are obtained. At intermediate supercooling, mixtures of mesomorphic and crystalline material are generated at a ratio proportional to the supercooling. This ratio is constant over the isothermal solidification time.
