Mixings and CP violations of theB^0 - \bar B^0 system in the four-generation model

We study the mixings and CP violations in the \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) system together with the \(K^0 - \bar K^0 \) one in the four-generation model, taking into account the ARGUS data for the \(B_d^0 - \bar B_d^0 \) mixing. We take typical six cases of the mixing hierarchy and search for the allowed regions of three phases in the 4×4KM matrix. The CP violating parameter ? _K in the \(K^0 - \bar K^0 \) system gives a severe constraint for the phases, and the smaller mixing than that in the three-generation model is predicted for the \(B_s^0 - \bar B_s^0 \) system. The asymmetry parameters for the two-body non-leptonic decays of theB ⁰ and \(\bar B^0 \) mesons are also predicted.     

B^0 - \bar B^0 mixing within and beyond the standard model

The standard model with three fermion families is found to be compatible with the Argus observation of a relatively large amount of \(B_{^d }^0 - \bar B_d^0 \) mixing provided that the top quark is rather heavy. From an analysis of the existing information on mixing angles, and of the constraints imposed by the kaon system, in particular by the ε parameter, we conclude that almost certainlym _t <45 GeV and probablym _t >90 GeV. In view of the Argus result the standard model unambiguously leads to the prediction of a nearly maximal amount of \(B_{^s }^0 - \bar B_s^0 \) mixing. Apart from the rather obvious case of a fourth family of quarks, most “minimal” extensions of the standard model preserve the prediction of a large \(B_{^s }^0 - \bar B_s^0 \) mixing. We discuss \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) mixing in minimal supersymmetric models compatible with the UA1 lower bounds on gluino and squark masses. Contributions from charged Higgs exchange in the box diagrams are also discussed. While supersymmetry (although marginally) and charged Higgses can lead to an appreciable enhancement of \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) mixing, minimal left-right symmetric models actually predict a modest suppression of the effect with respect to the standard model.     

Mixing and CP violation: fromB^0 - \overline {B^0 } to T^0 - \overline {T^0 }

We extend from \(B^0 - \overline {B^0 } to T^0 - \overline {T^0 } \) the study of neutral pseudoscalar mesons with respect to mixing and CP violation. The possibility of a quite large top quark mass necessitates a more careful computation of the box diagram amplitude. Our result is that, while in \(B^0 - \overline {B^0 } \) systems CP violation is expected to be very small (～10^?6) and mixing quite large (10–20% or more), precisely the opposite occurs for \( T^0 - \overline {T^0 } \) . In particular, CP violation in the \( T_u^0 - \overline {T_u^0 } \) system could be of the same order of magnitude as in the \(K^0 - \overline {K^0 } \) system (～10^?3) while the mixing is totally negligible.     

On the double penguin-like contributions to theB^0 - \bar B^0 mixing

We investigate double penguin-like diagrams for the \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) mixing, a missing piece in the literature. We find that the short-distance part of these diagrams contributes ?5% and thus is unimportant in reconciling the value of poorly determined parameters of the standard model and most recent experimental information. We also point out the long-distance hadronic complications which leave the \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) mixing issue to some extent open.     

B Meson production andB^0 - \bar B^0 mixing in the Υ(4S) to Υ(5S) region

We perform aB \(\bar B\) coupled channel analysis in the upsilon region in order to predict \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) mixing as a function of the incidente ⁺ e ^? energy. We determine the parameters of the QCD-motivated quarkonium potential, and of the quark-pair creation model used to describe Υ→B \(\bar B\) decays, by fitting to the observed upsilon mass spectrum. We show the contributions of the individual decay channels and study the sensitivity of the predictions to theB meson masses. We conclude that the rate forB ⁰ B ⁰ (or \(\bar B^0 \bar B^0 \) ) events should be comparable at Υ(5S) to that at Υ(4S).     

Calculation of the strong coupling constants for B s1 B*K and B s1 B*K*0 vertices

The structure of the B _s1(5830) meson has not yet been exactly known in the quark model. In this paper, the strong form factors and coupling constants of B _s1, as a conventional meson, are investigated. The coupling constants $ g_{B_{s1} B^* K} $ and $ g_{B_{s1} B^* K_0^* } $ are calculated in the framework of the three-point QCD sum rules. Our findings are compared with the results of the light-cone sum rules (LCSR) and heavy-chiral unitary approaches.     

Spin,helicity and flavour patterns in exclusive decays of bottom mesons into baryon-antibaryon pairs

I use the constituent quark model to calculate the exclusive decays of bottom mesons into ground state baryon-antibaryon pairs mediated by the weakb→c and b→u transitions. TheW-exchange contributions to these decays are found to be negligible. For theW-decay contributions I find that the simple colour-flavour structure of the 1/2⁺ and 3/2⁺ ground state baryons together with the current-current nonleptonic Hamiltonian leads to many simple and testable predictions. Notable among these is the predicted vanishing of decays involving 3/2⁺ baryons as in \(\overline {B^0 } (B^ - ) \to 3/2^ + \overline {1/2^ + } \) and \(\overline {B^0 } (B^ - ) \to 3/2^ + \overline {3/2^ + } \) . An experimental verification of these selection rules would test the chirality of the basicb→c andb→u transitions. I also derive predictions for the polarization of the final state baryons depending on the assumed mechanism of quark pair creation. These predictions can be checked in the cases where the final state baryons are weakly decaying spin 1/2 hyperons and charmed baryons.     

The photomagneton\hat B^{\left( 3 \right)} and electrodynamic conservation lawsand electrodynamic conservation laws

It is shown that the basic electrodynamical conservation laws are unaffected by the presence in free space of the photomagneton of light, $\hat B^{\left( 3 \right)} = B^{\left( 0 \right)} \hat J/\rlap{--} h$ , the fundamental photon property responsible for magnetization by light. The expectation value $B^{\left( 3 \right)} = \left\langle {\hat B^{\left( 3 \right)} } \right\rangle $ does not affect the Poynting vector, so that it does not contribute to electromagnetic flux density. The electromagnetic energy density can be expressed in terms ofB ⁽³⁾ through the equation $$\rlap{--} h\omega = \frac{1}{{\mu _0 }}\smallint B^{\left( 3 \right)} \cdot B^{\left( 3 \right) * } dV.$$ When light magnetizes matter, the unitB ⁽³⁾ of magnetic flux density per photon is transferred from light to matter. This is equivalent to an elastic transfer of angular momentum. Experimental indications for the existence ofB ⁽³⁾ are discussed.     

Mass mixing,CP violation and left-right symmetry for heavy neutral mesons

We investigate \(M^0 - \bar M^0 \) mixing and CP violation in the minimal left-right symmetric gauge model with spontaneous P and CP violation. The dominant contributions to the mixing amplitude including QCD corrections are calculated explicitly for \(B^0 - \bar B^0 \) . While the amount of mixing is not much changed with respect to the standard model leftright symmetry can give rise to significantly larger CP violation in the \(B_s^0 - \bar B_s^0 \) system (up to two orders of magnitude for the dilepton charge asymmetry). Sizable CP violating effects require that the left-right contribution to theK _L K _S mass difference has the same sign as the standard model contribution. We also comment on \(D^0 - \bar D^0 \) mixing including a careful discussion of the standard model prediction for the short distance part.     

Anatomy of $B^{0}_{s,d} \to J/\psi f_{0}(980)$

The \(B^{0}_{s}\to J/\psi f_{0}(980)\) decay offers an interesting experimental alternative to the well-known \(B^{0}_{s}\to J/\psi \phi\) channel for the search of CP-violating New-Physics contributions to \(B^{0}_{s}\)–\(\bar{B}^{0}_{s}\) mixing. As the hadronic structure of the f ₀(980) has not yet been settled, we take a critical look at the implications for the relevant observables and address recent experimental data. It turns out that the effective lifetime of \(B^{0}_{s}\to J/\psi f_{0}(980)\) and its mixing-induced CP asymmetry S are quite robust with respect to hadronic effects and thereby allow us to search for a large CP-violating \(B^{0}_{s}\)–\(\bar{B}^{0}_{s}\) mixing phase ? _s , which is tiny in the Standard Model. However, should small CP violation, i.e. in the range ?0.1?S?0, be found in \(B^{0}_{s}\to J/\psi f_{0}(980)\), it will be crucial to constrain hadronic corrections in order to distinguish possible New-Physics effects from the Standard Model. We point out that \(B^{0}_{d}\to J/\psi f_{0}(980)\), which has not yet been measured, is a key channel in this respect and discuss the physics potential of this decay.     

Quark-diagram estimates ofCP violation in two-body baryonicB_d^0 - \bar B_d^0 decays

CP violation in partial-decay-rate asymmetries are examined for some two-body baryonic decays of \(B_d^0 - \bar B_d^0 \) system. We discuss two feasible experimental circumstances: the symmetrice ⁺ e ^? collisions (i) on theZ ⁰ resonance to produce incoherent \(B_d^0 \bar B_d^0 \) states, and (ii) just above the ?(4S) resonance to produceC=even \(B_d^0 \bar B_d^0 \) states. Using the quark-diagram scheme, we estimate the branching ratios of those decays, and the numbers ofb \(\bar b\) pairs needed for testing theCP-violating effects for 3σ signature. We find that the promising channels may beB _d ⁰ , \(\bar B_d^0 \to p\bar p\) , \(\Delta ^ + \bar \Delta ^ - \) , \(p\bar \Delta ^ - \) , \(\Delta ^ + \bar p\) , \(n\bar n\) , \(\Delta ^0 \bar \Delta ^0 \) , \(n\bar \Delta ^0 \) , \(\Delta ^0 \bar n\) , \(\Sigma _c^ + \bar \Sigma _c^ - \) , \(\Lambda _c^ + \bar \Lambda _c^ - \) , \(\Sigma _c^ + \bar \Lambda _c^ - \) , \(\Lambda _c^ + \bar \Sigma _c^ - \) , \(\Sigma _c^0 \bar \Sigma _c^0 \) , \(\Xi _c^0 \bar \Xi _c^0 \) , which should be interesting for experimental observation.     

Cross sections for B-meson hadroproduction and up-to-date models

The cross sections for B-meson production as obtained on the basis of the PYTHIA code and the Quark-Gluon String Model (QGSM) are compared at energies of the proton colliders SPS, Tevatron, and LHC. Model predictions are based on the idea of exchanges of a supercritical Pomeron with phenomenological intercept Δ_p(0)=0.3 for heavy-quark production. The transverse-momentum spectra of B mesons are also compared. It is shown that the cross sections calculated with PYTHIA using CTEQ structure functions are at odds with the asymptotic estimate of the cross sections for $B\bar B$ production within the QGSM. Asymmetries between the spectra of B ⁰ and $\bar B^0 $ mesons also contradict the PYTHIA result. The reasons for the difference are discussed.     

Exotic Mesons with Hidden Bottom Near Thresholds

We discuss exotic meson spectroscopy near open bottom thresholds. Assuming the exotic mesons as ${B^{(\ast)}\bar{B}^{(\ast)}}$ molecular states, we study the interaction among two heavy mesons in terms of the one boson exchange potential model. It is shown that masses of Z _b (10610) and Z _b (10650) are reproduced as ${B^{(\ast)}\bar{B}^{(\ast)}}$ bound and resonance states. Besides, we also show that ${B^{(\ast)}\bar{B}^{(\ast)}}$ molecular states having various exotic quantum numbers can exist around the thresholds. By contrast, there are no ${D^{(\ast)}\bar{D}^{(\ast)}}$ molecular states having exotic quantum numbers.     

Theoretical study of collision and collision-free radiative lifetimes of {{\text{S}}_2}\left( {{{\text{B}}^3}\Sigma_{\text{u}}^{-} \left( {{\upsilon^{\prime}} = 0 - 9} \right)} \right)

We calculate multireference configuration-interaction wavefunctions and the potential-energy curves for the $ {B^3}\Sigma_u^{-} $ and $ {X^3}\Sigma_g^{-} $ states of the collision-free S₂ molecule and the T-shape collision complex S₂?CHe using cc-pVQZ basis sets. We obtain the transition dipole moments of the $ {{\text{S}}_2}\left( {{B^3}\Sigma_u^{-} \to {X^3}\Sigma_g^{-} } \right) $ and the Franck?CCondon factors between the vibrational levels of this two states. We evaluate the radiative lifetimes of $ {{\text{S}}_2}\left( {{B^3}\Sigma_u^{-} \left( {{\upsilon^{\prime}} = 0 - 9} \right)} \right) $ levels of the collision complex and the collision-free molecule and compare them with the experiments. The collision provides little change in the radiative lifetimes of $ {{\text{S}}_2}\left( {{B^3}\Sigma_u^{-} \left( {{\upsilon^{\prime}} = 0 - 9} \right)} \right) $ according to the previous calculations. We obtain excellent agreement between the theoretical results and the experiments. The data calculated are very useful in the study of the microwave-driven high-pressure sulfur lamp and an S₂ laser pumped by a transverse fast discharge.     

NMR in Magnetic Field of the Earth: Pre-Polarization of Nuclei with Alternating Magnetic Field

The polarization of nuclei in the low static magnetic field \(B_0\) with an alternating magnetic field \(B^{*} (B^{*} \gg B_0)\) at a very low frequency \(f_m\) (but \(f_m\gg 1\) / \({T_1}\) , where \(T_1\) is the spin-lattice relaxation time) has been investigated. The question of the optimization of the energy consumption during the pre-polarization is also considered. The possibilities of the method are illustrated by the observation of nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a few liquids.     

Neutralb→c non leptonic decays and their role in the search forB→K *γ

We estimate the rates ofB ⁰ decays into neutral charmed final states \(B^0 \to \overline {D^{ * 0} } \gamma ,B^0 \to \overline {D^{ * 0} } \pi ^0 ,B^0 \to \overline {D^0 } \pi ^0 ,B^0 \to \overline {D^0 } \omega \) , by considering factorizable, vector meson dominance and long distance contributions. We also discuss the role of these decay modes as a source of background events in the search for exclusiveb→sγ transitions in very high energy experiments, e.g. at LEP.     

On Energy-Momentum Transfer of Quantum Fields

We prove the following theorem on bounded operators in quantum field theory: if \({\|[B,B^*(x)]\|\leqslant{\rm const}D(x)}\) , then \({\|B^k_\pm(\nu)G(P^0)\|^2\leqslant{\rm const}\int D(x - y){\rm d}|\nu|(x){\rm d}|\nu|(y)}\) , where D(x) is a function weakly decaying in spacelike directions, \({B^k_\pm}\) are creation/annihilation parts of an appropriate time derivative of B, G is any positive, bounded, non-increasing function in \({L^2(\mathbb{R})}\) , and \({\nu}\) is any finite complex Borel measure; creation/annihilation operators may be also replaced by \({B^k_t}\) with \({\check{B^k_t}(p)=|p|^k\check{B}(p)}\) . We also use the notion of energy-momentum scaling degree of B with respect to a submanifold (Steinmann-type, but in momentum space, and applied to the norm of an operator). These two tools are applied to the analysis of singularities of \({\check{B}(p)G(P^0)}\) . We prove, among others, the following statement (modulo some more specific assumptions): outside p = 0 the only allowed contributions to this functional which are concentrated on a submanifold (including the trivial one—a single point) are Dirac measures on hypersurfaces (if the decay of D is not to slow).     

Is Bell-type inequality violated for K0-\bar K^0 , B0-\bar B^0 , . . . systems?

We extend the Clauser-Horne formulation of Bell-type inequality for the correlated pair of decaying and oscillating (neutral pseudo-scalar) meson-antimesons, using a few supplementary assumptions. The quantum-mechanical predictions for the B⁰- \(\bar B^0 \) system do lead to violations of this inequality under certain conditions. Further work is called for to investigate the possibility of dispensing with the supplementary assumptions.     

Exclusive semileptonic decays of heavy mesons

Exclusive semileptonic decays of heavy mesons provide interesting information on systems consisting of quarks of unequal mass. We express the formfactors of the hadronic current in terms of relativistic bound state wave functions for which we take the solutions of a relativistic harmonic oscillator potential. The wave function overlap is determined by the quark mass dependent longitudinal momentum distribution and differs from results based on non relativistic wave functions. The semileptonic widths and lepton spectra are calculated using in addition nearest pole dominance for the momentum transfer dependence of the formfactors. We compare our results with recent experimental data. The formfactor calculation also allows an estimate of special nonleptonic transitions. From the CLEO results on \(\bar B^0 \to \pi ^ + \pi ^ -\) and \(\bar B^0 \to D^{* + } + \pi ^ -\) we find for the corresponding Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element ratio the limit |V _ub /V _cb |?0.3.