New directions in isotachophoresis

The great flexibility, reproducibility, accuracy and extremely low running costs of isotachophoresis make it an attractive alternative to HPLC for a number of applications. Recent developments in isotachophoresis equipment, detection systems and the advent of the microprocessor have enhanced the technique's capabilities.     

New directions for dehydrocyclodimerization of piperylene

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

New directions in single polymer dynamics

Single polymer techniques are a powerful set of molecular-level tools that enable the direct observation of polymer chain dynamics under highly non-equilibrium conditions. In this way, single polymer methods have been used to uncover fundamentally new information regarding the static and dynamic properties of polymeric materials. However, to achieve the full potential of these new methods, single polymer techniques must be further advanced to enable the study of polymers with complex architectures, heterogeneous chemistries, flexible backbones, and intermolecular interactions in entangled solutions, which reaches far beyond the current state-of-the-art. In this article, we explore recent developments in the area of single polymer physics, including single molecule force spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy, and we further highlight exciting new directions in the field. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013     

Investigations on compton scattering: New directions

Although inelastic (Compton) scattering of a photon off a free electron was well understood about 80 years ago, inelastic scattering off bound electrons remains an incompletely understood process. The availability of synchrotron light sources has led a great enhancement in the precision of experimental measurements involving this process. As a result, approximations made in obtaining numerical predictions of physical observables are being reexamined by theorists. In this article, we present a comparison of experimental measurements to theoretical predictions to assess the need for future advances in both experiment and theory.     

New directions in supramolecular transition metal catalysis

Supramolecular chemistry has grown into a major scientific field over the last thirty years and has fueled numerous developments at the interfaces with biology and physics, clearly demonstrating its potential at a multidisciplinary level. Simultaneously, organometallic chemistry and transition metal catalysis have matured in an incredible manner, broadening the pallet of tools available for chemical conversions. The interface between supramolecular chemistry and transition metal catalysis has received surprisingly little attention. It provides, however, novel and elegant strategies that could lead to new tools in the search for effective catalysts, as well as the possibility of novel conversions induced by metal centres that are in unusual environments. This perspective describes new approaches to transition metal catalyst development that evolve from a combination of supramolecular strategies and rational ligand design, which may offer transition metal catalysts for future applications.     

New directions of miniaturization within the proteomics research area

An overview of the current trends within protein expression profiling is given where multidimensional separation of both gel- and liquid-phase techniques linked to mass spectrometry is viewed as a major route in the global proteome mapping. A clear trend in these biochemical developments is the effort to sequence and identify low-abundant protein expressions where assay miniaturization and integrated sample processing plays a central role. Two areas of miniaturization within the proteomics field are addressed: (i) sample cleanup and enrichment, and (ii) silicon microstructure developments for protein chip microarrays.     

New directions of miniaturization within the biomarker research area

An overview of the current trends within protein expression profiling is given where multidimensional separation of both gel and liquid phase techniques linked to mass spectrometry is viewed as a major route in the global proteome mapping. A clear trend in these biochemical developments is the effort to sequence and identify low-abundant protein expressions where assay miniaturization and integrated sample processing play a central role. Two areas of miniaturization within the proteomics field are addressed: (i) sample cleanup and enrichment, and (ii) silicon microstructure developments for protein chip microarrays.     

New directions of activity-based sensing for in vivo NIR imaging

In vivo imaging is a powerful approach to study biological processes. Beyond cellular methods, in vivo studies allow for biological stimuli (small molecules or proteins) to be studied in their native environment. This has the potential to aid in the discovery of new biology and guide the development of diagnostics and therapies for diseases. To ensure selectivity and an observable readout, the probe development field is shifting towards activity-based sensing (ABS) approaches and near-infrared (NIR) imaging modalities. This perspective will highlight recent in vivo ABS applications that utilize NIR imaging platforms.

In vivo imaging is a powerful approach to study biological processes.     

Solid-phase microextraction in bioanalysis: New devices and directions

The primary objective of this review is to discuss recent technological developments in the field of solid-phase microextraction that have enhanced the utility of this sample preparation technique in the field of bioanalysis. These developments include introduction of various new biocompatible coating phases suitable for bioanalysis, such as commercial prototype in vivo SPME devices, as well as the development of sampling interfaces that extend the use of this methodology to small animals such as mice. These new devices permit application of in vivo SPME to a variety of analyses, including pharmacokinetics, bioaccumulation and metabolomics studies, with good temporal and spatial resolution. New calibration approaches have also been introduced to facilitate in vivo studies and provide fast and quantitative results without the need to achieve equilibrium. In combination with the drastic improvement in the analytical sensitivity of modern liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry instrumentation, full potential of in vivo SPME as a sample preparation tool in life sciences can finally be explored. From the instrumentation perspective, SPME was successfully automated in 96-well format for the first time. This opens up new opportunities for high-throughput applications (>1000 samples/day) such as for the determination of unbound and total drug concentrations in complex matrices such as whole blood with no need for sample pretreatment, studies of distribution of drugs in various compartments and/or determination of plasma protein binding and other ligand–receptor binding studies, and this review will summarize the progress in this research area to date.     

New directions in the synthesis of biologically active analogs of luliberin

Chemistry of Natural Compounds -     

New developments and directions in the area of elastomers and rubberlike elasticity

There are number of important developments in the area of elastomeric polymers, including (i) network chains of controlled stiffness, (ii) model elastomers (including dangling-chain networks), (iii) fluorosiloxane elastomers, (iv) new thermoplastic elastomers, (v) other new elastomers, (v) bimodal network chain-length distributions, (vi) cross linking in solution or in a state of deformation, and (vii) gel collapse. Interesting elastomeric composites include those with (i) in-situ generated ceramic-like particles, (ii) ellipsoidal fillers, (iii) clay-like layered fillers, (iv) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) particles, (v) porous fillers, (vi) elastomeric domains modifying ceramics, and (vii) controlled interfaces. New characterization techniques are being developed for elastomers, and there have been new developments in elasticity theory and in elastomer processing. Some examples of societal aspects of relevance are (i) synthesis of elastomers in environmentally-friendly solvents, (ii) biosynthesis, (iii), recyclability, (iv) improved adhesion to tire cords, and (v) better barrier properties in anti-terrorism clothing. Educational topics include curriculum development, and mobile laboratories for elastomer experiments and demonstrations.     

New directions in the condensation reactions of cyclohexanone and its Mannich base

An unusual direction was found in the condensation of cyclohexanone and its Mannich base, leading to the formation of previously unknown polycyclic spirohydrochromans. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by¹³C NMR and mass spectrometry.N. G. Chernyshevskii Saratov State University, Saratov 410071. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 887–892, July, 1997.     

New vitreous matrix for chromium waste immobilization

Common waste glasses (window, bottle glass or tableware) with fly ash form a glass matrix for chromium waste immobilization. Soluble chromium from residual waters was adsorbed on fly ash; the resulting solid contained 23.7% Cr⁶⁺. The three glass wastes, chromium-containing fly ash, and borax were used to make glasses in weight ratios waste glass: borax: fly ash of 1: 1: 1 and 1.5: 0.5: 1. The hydrolytic stability ranged from 18.46 to 28.13 µg g^?1 soluble Na₂O, qualifying them in the HGB1 class. The chemical stability, characterized by the dissolution rate, was 0.011–0.077 µg cm^?2 h^?1, depending on the glass composition and the aggressive medium pH. The chromium leachability is influnced by the glass composition and the pH of the leaching solution, ranging between 0–0.015% of the total chromium. Chromium waste vitrification is a viabile solution with multiple economic advantages.

Open image in new window

     

New directions in screen printed electroanalytical sensors: an overview of recent developments

Screen printing is widely used to fabricate disposable and economical electrochemical sensors and has helped us to establish the route from 'lab-to-market' for a plethora of sensors. We overview recent developments in the field where screen printed electrochemical sensors are utilised. Starting with their fundamental understanding, through to highlighting new developments in bulk metal and mediator modified electrodes, as well as novel advantageous electrode designs, we demonstrate the wide and diverse range of applications that sensors based on this fabrication approach have achieved.     

New directions in the analysis of biomacromolecules — an overview of three recent developments

HPLC, biospecific affinity chromatography and electrophoresis have already made substantial contributions to the analysis of biomacromolecules. As further refinements are made in these methods, they will become routine tools for probing both the structure and function of such molecules.