微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤及生物样品中铅和汞

应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤及生物样品中铅和汞。样品用硝酸4mL及过氧化氢1mL按微波消解仪的工作参数进行消解,消解后溶液定容至25mL供测定。用30g·L-1柠檬酸溶液和硝酸(1+99)溶液的混合液作载流,根据铅(Ⅱ)离子的反应和试液对酸度的要求,选用含15g·L-1硼氢化钾,10g·L-1铁氰化钾和20g·L-1氢氧化钾的混合溶液作为还原剂。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.512μg·L-1(铅)和0.067μg·L-1(汞)。应用此方法分析了3种实样并进行加标回收试验,测得回收率分别在91.0%~97.0%(铅)和88.0%~95.5%(汞)之间。     

微波消解-分光光度法测定水果中铅(Ⅱ)含量

在pH 5.6的六次甲基四胺(简称六胺)缓冲介质中,铅(Ⅱ)与二甲酚橙(XO)及溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)形成三元配合物,其吸收峰在570~580nm之间。试验选择的显色反应条件:于25mL总体积中依次加入400g·L-1六胺溶液3.6mL,2.0g·L-1 XO溶液2mL和2.0g·L-1 CTMAB溶液2.5mL,加水定容放置10min,于波长570nm处测量吸光度。制作了铅(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在0.2~1.0mg·L-1范围内的标准曲线,线性关系良好。将上述方法用于测定水果中含铅量,水果样品(3.0g)用硝酸(5mL)和过氧化氢(2mL)进行微波消解,所得溶液蒸缩至约1~2mL,用水定容至50mL。分取5.00mL试液,按上述方法测定其中铅量。取5种水果样品进行分析,并同时用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定,所得结果表明两种方法的测定值之间无显著差异。     

流动注射微柱预富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定海水中铅(Ⅱ)

应用流动注射技术,用D412螯合树脂微柱富集海水中的铅(Ⅱ),并与火焰原子吸收光谱法相结合测定海水中铅(Ⅱ)。20mL海水样品以3mL.min-1流量进柱,被树脂螯合吸附富集,以0.2mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液5mL淋洗柱体去除干扰物,以4mol.L-1硝酸溶液4mL为洗脱剂(流量为7mL.min-1),洗脱液直接引入火焰原子吸收光谱仪雾化器,在线检测。当海水样进样20mL时,铅(Ⅱ)测定灵敏度可提高约35倍;检出限(3s)为1.3μg.L-1。实际应用于海水样品分析,加标回收率为94.5%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.2%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定风电机组齿轮油中铅、砷、铬、镉的含量北大核心CSCD

取齿轮油样品0.300 0g,加入硝酸15mL,过氧化氢5mL及高氯酸1mL,按程序升温加热模式进行微波消解。所得消解后的溶液于180℃蒸发至近干,加水定容至20mL。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定此溶液中铅、砷、铬、镉的含量,以内标法补偿基体效应。铅、砷、铬、镉的质量浓度在1.00～50.0μg·L-1范围内与其对应的信号强度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)依次为0.05,0.006,0.04,0.003μg·L-1。按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为81.3%～96.4%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.2%～4.3%。     

微波消解样品-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定美白化妆品中铅和铜

乳液和水类美白化妆品经硝酸-过氧化氢混合液消解,粉类美白化妆品经硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸混合液消解,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅和铜的含量。在优化的仪器工作条件下,铅和铜的质量浓度分别在9.0 mg·L-1和11.0 mg·L-1以内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s)分别为21.8μg·L-1和16.2μg·L-1。方法用于美白化妆品中铅、铜的测定,测得回收率分别在98.0%~102.5%和96.7%~105.0%之间。     

新型显色剂均三溴偶氮甲磺光度法测定微量铅

研究了显色剂均三溴偶氮甲磺与铅的显色反应.在1.92 mol.L-1磷酸介质中,铅与试剂有很灵敏的显色反应,形成1∶2的蓝色配合物,最大吸收波长为642 nm,铅量在0~25μg/25 mL范围内符合比耳定律,摩尔吸光系数为9.3×104L.mol-1.cm-1。除锶、钡和稀土元素外,其它元素无明显干扰,方法可直接应用于铝合金中铅的测定,结果与标准值相符,RSD小于2%。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定羊剪绒制品中铅、铬、钴

采用人工汗液萃取法处理样品,提出了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法同时测定羊剪绒制品中铅、铬和钴含量的方法。1.000g样品用30mL人工汗液于40℃萃取20min,选择铅、铬和钴的灰化温度和原子化温度分别为650℃,1 000℃,1 200℃和1 500℃,2 300℃,2 100℃。在优化的试验条件下,铅、铬和钴的质量浓度分别在10.00～100.0μg.L-1,20.00～100.0μg.L-1,20.00～100.0μg.L-1范围内与吸光度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.038,0.091,0.086μg.L-1。方法可用于羊剪绒制品中铅、铬和钴含量的测定,回收率分别在95.5%～97.3%,93.9%～97.7%,98.5%～99.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于5.0%。     

分散液相微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量铅北大核心CSCD

基于分散剂乙醇(0.5mL)和萃取剂四氯化碳(30μL)的协同作用,可使水样(5.0mL)中痕量铅(Ⅱ)与吡咯烷基二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC,0.012g·L-1)所形成的螯合物,在pH 7.0及55℃的条件下迅速借分散液相微萃取(DLLME)进入四氯化碳的液滴中,从而达到样品中痕量铅的分离与富集。其含量用连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法予以测定。铅的线性范围在1.00~40.00μg·L-1之间,其检出限(3s/k)为0.15μg·L-1。应用本法测定了自来水和河水中痕量铅,加标回收率在96.8%~105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)均小于5%。     

流动注射-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定痕量铅——磷酸盐沉淀吸附在线富集

在流动注射-火焰原子吸收光谱法(FI-FAAS)测定铅(Ⅱ)的流路中设计了铅(Ⅱ)的磷酸盐沉淀在线富集的编结反应器,痕量铅(Ⅱ)与2.0×10-9mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液在微酸性条件下在反应器中反应.当试样溶液的进样体积固定为8.00 mL,采用的富集流速为4.4 mL·min-1,富集时间为90 S,生成的铅(Ⅱ)的磷酸盐沉淀吸附于聚四氟乙烯反应管的内壁,毋需过滤,直接用2.0 mol·L-1硝酸流入管内使铅(Ⅱ)的沉淀溶解,溶液中铅(Ⅱ)按选定条件进行FAAS检测.按上述条件,可使增强系数(N)达到20,铅(Ⅱ)的检出限(3σ)达到23μg·L-1.对铅(Ⅱ)0.50 mg·L-1的标准溶液平行测定6次,算得测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.1%.用此方法分析了2件粉饼样品,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为2.2%和4.1%.以此样品作基体进行回收试验,测得平均回收率为91%.     

原子荧光光谱法测定新疆薰衣草中的铅、砷和汞

采用原子荧光光谱法对新疆不同产地薰衣草样品中的铅、砷和汞3种重金属元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明,测定薰衣草中的铅、砷和汞元素的线性范围分别在0.1~20μg·L-1、0.5~50μg·L-1和0.1~10μg·L-1之间,检出限分别为0.05μg·L-1、0.03μg·L-1和0.05μg·L-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤3.03%(n=6),各元素的加标回收率在97.0%~103.0%之间。该方法快速、简便、数据准确可靠。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。