Ni/MgO-CeO2催化低温乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

采用固相燃烧法制备了MgO,CeO2载体和不同摩尔比的Mgo-CeO2复合载体,采用浸渍法制备了Ni/MgO,Ni/CeO2,Ni/Mgo-CeO2系列催化剂,考察了各催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整反应的性能.用BET技术测定了载体的比表面,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)和热重(TG)技术对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,在Ni/CeO2和Ni/Mgo-CeO2上,Ni以高分散的NiO、体相NiO和与载体发生相互作用的NiO的形式存在,显示了良好的低温乙醇水蒸气重整性能;其中Mg,Ce摩尔比为1:1时,Ni/MgO-CeO2催化剂显示了良好的活性和选择性,并且具有很好的稳定性和抗积炭能力.     

载体对Ni_2P催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

使用TiO2、Al2O3以及TiO2-Al2O3复合载体考察了载体对磷化镍催化剂活性相和加氢脱氮性能的影响。不同钛铝原子比的TiO2-Al2O3复合载体采用原位-溶胶凝胶法制备,负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备。以喹啉为模型化合物在固定床反应器上对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价,采用XRD、N2吸附、TEM和H2-TPR等技术对催化剂和载体进行了表征。结果表明,制成的复合载体基本保留了最初引入的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,分散在γ-Al2O3表面的TiO2以锐钛矿晶型存在。不同载体对催化剂的H2还原行为有显著影响,所形成的活性物种也不相同。Al2O3中引入TiO2可以减弱P物种和Al2O3之间的相互作用,有利于Ni2P活性相的生成和催化活性的提高。当Ti/Al的原子比为1∶8时,Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂比Ni2P/TiO2、Ni2P/Al2O3催化剂具有更高的加氢脱氮活性。     

NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂上正庚烷的临氢异构化

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,用分步浸渍法制备了NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂。 在常压连续流动固定床反应器上考察了NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3对正庚烷临氢异构化反应的催化性能。 研究了催化剂中WO3含量、Ni含量、焙烧温度和还原温度及催化反应温度对临氢异构化反应的影响。 采用XRD和BET方法对催化剂进行了表征。 结果表明,当w(WO3)=25%、w(Ni)=10%时,所制备的NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能最好,活性可达15.50%,选择性可达84.06%。     

焙烧及还原温度对对硝基苯酚加氢合成对氨基苯酚Ni/TiO2催化剂性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/TiO2催化剂,考察了焙烧和还原温度对其结构及催化对硝基苯酚加氢合成对氨基苯酚反应性能的影响,利用X射线衍射、程序升温还原及H2化学吸附等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,923 K以下焙烧制备的催化剂中镍物种主要以与载体相互作用不同的NiO形式存在,随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂中NiO与TiO2间的相互作用增强.经723 K还原后,随焙烧温度升高,催化剂的H2化学吸附量减小,而923 K焙烧的催化剂具有较佳的加氢反应性能,这与金属镍和TiOx(x<2)的协同作用有关.对于923 K焙烧的催化剂,当还原温度较低时,NiO还原不完全,金属镍与TiOx的相互作用较弱,催化剂活性较低;当还原温度过高时,镍晶粒发生烧结,并且催化剂的镍活性表面因镍与TiOx的相互作用增强而减小,从而导致催化剂活性降低,适宜的还原温度为673 K.当Ni/TiO2催化剂具有适宜的镍活性表面及适宜的金属镍与TiOx相互作用时,金属镍与TiOx的协同对-NO2的加氢活化最为有利.     

NiO/WO_3/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化正庚烷临氢异构化

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,用分步浸渍法制备了NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂。在常压连续流动固定床反应器上考察了NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3对正庚烷临氢异构化反应的催化性能。研究了催化剂中WO3含量、Ni含量、焙烧温度和还原温度及催化反应温度对临氢异构化反应的影响。采用XRD和BET方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,当w(WO3)=25%、w(Ni)=10%时,所制备的NiO/WO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能最好,活性可达15.50%,选择性可达84.06%。     

负载型纳米ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体中ZrO2的负载量对Ni基催化剂性能的影响

采用真空浸渍法在负载型纳米ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体上负载NiO,并用X射线衍射考察了NiO在复合载体上的分散周值.结果表明,该分散阈值与ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体中ZrO2的负载量有关,当ZrO2的负载量为0.60 g/g时,NiO的分散阈值达到最高值0.315 g/g.热重-微分热重和程序升温脱附结果表明,NiO在不同ZrO2负载量的复合载体表面形成不同的相互作用和分布状态,复合载体中ZrO2的负载量影响催化剂表面活性中心的种类和对CO2的吸附.同时考察了不同ZrO2负载量的复合载体Ni基催化剂在CO2重整CH4反应中的活性和稳定性.     

氧化镍与载体相互作用对乙烷氧化脱氢的影响

研究了担载型催化剂NiO／γ－Al2O3的乙烷氧化脱氧（ODHE）性能,发现在400－500℃的考察温区内,担载型NiO较纯NiO的乙烯选择性有较大提高,保持在80％～90％之间,其中含17％Ni的样品500℃时乙烷的转化率为31％,乙烯选择性达82％．XRD、H2-TPR及原位磁测量结果表明：催化剂的活性相是与载体相互作用较小的、处于表层的微晶态NiO,NiO中非化学计量氧仍为活性氧物种．催化剂焙烧温度的提高,一方面降低了活性相中非化学计量氧量,同时加剧了NiO与载体γ－Al2O3的相互作用,二者均使活性降低．O2－TPD研究表明：与纯NiO相比,在Nio／γ－Al2O3中,其非化学计量氧的脱附温度发生变化,其中,α氧脱附温度向低温移动约50℃,而对乙烯选择性有关的β氧的脱出则向高温区移动了约200℃,正好与反应温区对应,进一步证实非化学计量氧与ODHE反应之间存在对应关系,上述结果表明那些对氧化镍还原有一定的阻碍作用,尤其阻碍镍深度还原（Ni2 →Nio）的载体对促进反应的乙烯选择性是有利的．     

Ni/SiO_2、Ni/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂上顺酐液相选择加氢合成γ-丁内酯

通过溶胶-凝胶方法结合超临界干燥技术制备了SiO2和TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物气凝胶载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/SiO2和Ni/TiO2-SiO2催化剂,运用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、TEM及FT-IR等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在顺酐液相选择加氢合成γ-丁内酯反应中的催化性能.结果表明,Ni/TiO2-SiO2催化剂中Ti-O-Si键的形成增强了NiO与载体的相互作用,促进了NiO在载体表面的分散,得到了晶粒较小的活性Ni0物种,表现出高的加氢活性,在H2压力5.0 MPa、反应温度240℃、反应时间6 h的条件下,顺酐转化率为100%,γ-丁内酯的选择性达94.7%.     

MO(M=Cu和Ni)/TiO2/-Al2O3催化剂在CO+O2反应中的活性

采用X射线衍射(XRD),程序升温还原(TPR)等表征手段考察了TiO2改性对CuO(或NiO)在γ-Al2O3表面上分散以及还原性能的影响,同时检测了这些改性的催化剂在CO+O2反应中的活性.结果表明:TiO2的改性使得CuO和NiO在γ-Al2O3载体上的分散复杂化,产生了多种状态的氧化铜(氧化镍)物种.当负载量低于其在γ-Al2O3上的分散容量(0.56 mmol Ti4+/100 m2γ-Al2O3)时,TiO2的加入主要是抑制了CuO和NiO在γ-Al2O3载体上的分散;而当负载量远大于其分散容量时,出现了CuO和NiO在晶相TiO2(锐钛矿)上的分散.无论其负载量如何,TiO2的加入促进了CuO的还原.因此,在250℃的CO+O2反应中,改性的催化剂中具有更多的活性位,因而显示出更高的活性;相反,TiO2的改性则抑制了NiO的还原.因此,在350℃的CO+O2反应中,可还原的氧化镍的量明显少于未经改性的催化剂,导致改性催化剂的活性降低.     

Co/TiO2催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢

研究了超细TiO2负载的Co/TiO2催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢反应,讨论了Co负载量对肉桂醛加氢反应活性和选择性的影响.结果表明,随着Co负载量的增加,催化剂的活性和选择性提高.以CoCl2为前驱物的Co/TiO2催化剂的选择性要高于以Co(NO3)2为前驱物的Co/TiO2催化剂,而催化剂的活性正好相反.以CoCl2为前驱物的Co/TiO2催化剂上,Co负载量为10%和20%时,两者的选择性没有差别,只是前者的活性略低.TPR结果表明,两种前驱物的Co/TiO2催化剂在还原性能方面没有差别.XRD结果表明,TiO2表面上的Co均以Co3O4状态存在.两种不同前驱物的Co/TiO2催化剂在活性和选择性方面存在的差别是由于KCl的存在.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。