气溶胶单粒子粒径的实时测量方法研究

介绍了近期研制的一台实时测量大气气溶胶单粒子粒径和化学成分的仪器在如何测量气溶胶单粒子粒径方面的测量原理及特点，并结合激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱技术，利用该仪器对木屑燃烧产生的烟气气溶胶粒子的实时测量结果. 关键词： 气溶胶粒子 空气动力学粒径测量方法 激光解吸附电离 飞行时间质谱     

Effect of shape of Sendust particles on their electromagnetic properties within 0.1-18 GHz range

The microwave permeability dispersion behaviors and microwave-absorbing properties for different shapes of Sendust particles prepared by vibrating ball milling at 35 vol% in paraffin wax matrix have been investigated. The dispersion spectrum of permeability was calculated by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation and Bruggeman’s effective medium theory. The calculated results are in agreement with the experiment data. According to the calculation results, the value of (μ₀−1)f_r (μ₀ is static permeability, and f_r is resonance frequency) for flake particle with larger aspect ratio reached 59.1 GHz and exceeded the Snoek’s limit. Considering the quarter-wavelength model and transmission line theory, the microwave absorption peak was discussed. At the frequency range, the flake particle with larger aspect ratio can make a thinner absorber. It provides a way to decrease layer thickness of magnetic absorber.     

复合气溶胶粒子光学特性的数值计算

大气气溶胶是地—气系统中的重要组成部分．气溶胶的光学参量是评估大气环境、研究气溶胶辐射气候效应的重要影响因子,也是研究大气激光传输特性的重要参量．根据物质的电结构,将复合气溶胶粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了球形、椭球形以及层状复合气溶胶粒子的消光截面、吸收截面和不对称因子等光学参量随波长变化的数值结果,并对比分析了椭球形状单一和复合气溶胶粒子光学参量的值．结果显示,入射光波长、气溶胶粒子的形状以及气溶胶粒子的成分都将影响气溶胶粒子的光学特性．研究结果可为大气光学、气溶胶气候辐射强迫效应、大气激光传输等与气溶胶粒子相关领域提供一种有效的研究方法和基础．     

The vertex constant for the virtual decay of a nucleus into two charged particles within the effective range theory

Explicit expressions for the virtual a → b + c decay vertex constant (or the asymptotic normalization factor) for charged particles b and c are obtained for the first time using the effective range function K(k ²) for the standard effective range expansion and for the case where K(k ²) has a pole. The bound and resonant states of the ²He nucleus and the resonant states of the ²He and ⁸Be nuclei are considered as physical examples. A trajectory in the complex momentum plane is constructed for the transition from the resonant state to the virtual state while the Coulomb interaction gradually decreases.     

复合气溶胶粒子光学特性的数值计算

大气气溶胶是地—气系统中的重要组成部分.气溶胶的光学参量是评估大气环境、研究气溶胶辐射气候效应的重要影响因子,也是研究大气激光传输特性的重要参量.根据物质的电结构,将复合气溶胶粒子离散为一系列偶极子,结合离散偶极子近似方法,在获得每一个偶极子的电偶极矩之后,数值计算了球形、椭球形以及层状复合气溶胶粒子的消光截面、吸收截面和不对称因子等光学参量随波长变化的数值结果,并对比分析了椭球形状单一和复合气溶胶粒子光学参量的值.结果显示,入射光波长、气溶胶粒子的形状以及气溶胶粒子的成分都将影响气溶胶粒子的光学特性.研究结果可为大气光学、气溶胶气候辐射强迫效应、大气激光传输等与气溶胶粒子相关领域提供一种有效的研究方法和基础.     

Algorithm for determining the aerodynamic characteristics of a freely flying object from discrete data of ballistic experiment. Part 2

In part 1 of this paper, an algorithm for numerically solving the inverse problem of motion of a solid through the atmosphere is described that constitutes the basis for identifying the aerodynamic characteristics of an object from trajectory data and the respective identification procedure is presented. In part 2, methods evaluating the significance of desired parameters and adequacy of a mathematical model of motion, approaches to metrological certification of experimental equipment, and results of testing the algorithm are discussed.     

Algorithm for determining the aerodynamic characteristics of a freely flying object from discrete data of ballistic experiment. Part I

In part 1 of this paper, an algorithm for numerically solving the inverse problem of motion of a solid through the atmosphere is described that constitutes the basis for identifying the aerodynamic characteristics of an object from trajectory data and the respective identification procedure is presented. In part 2, methods evaluating the significance of desired parameters and adequacy of a mathematical model of motion, approaches to metrological certification of experimental equipment, and results of testing the algorithm are discussed.     

Numerical simulations of the ignition of n-heptane droplets in the transition diameter range from heterogeneous to homogeneous ignition

Spontaneous ignition of single n-heptane droplets in a constant volume filled with air is numerically simulated with the spherical symmetry. The volume is closed against mass, species, and energy transfer. The numerical model is fully transient. It continues calculation even after the droplet has completely vaporized, and therefore can predict pre-vaporized ignition. Initial pressure and initial air temperature are fixed at 3 MPa and 773 K, respectively. The droplet is initially at room temperature, and its diameter is between 1 and 100 μm. When the overall equivalence ratio is fixed to be sufficiently large, there exists no ignition limit in terms of initial droplet diameter d₀, and the ignition delay takes a minimum value at certain d₀. In such a case, transition from the heterogeneous ignition to the homogeneous ignition with decreasing d₀ is observed. When d₀ is fixed to be so small that the ignition would not occur in an infinite volume of air, the ignition delay takes a minimum value at certain , which is less than unity. Two-stage ignition behavior is investigated with this model. Ignition delay of a cool flame has the dependence on d₀ that is similar to that of ignition delay of a hot flame when is unity. When is almost zero, the ignition limit for cool flame in terms of d₀ is not identified unlike that for hot flame.     

Characteristics of equipment for measuring the size of fog droplets and aerosol particles

The principles are developed for a. photometric method of measuring the size of fog droplets and aerosol particles for which the conditionp 1 holds. The scattering pattern of light is constant in the range of size measurements considered. An expression tor the sensitivity of equipment for direct photometry was obtained. An expression is given for the errors introduced by the various elements of the equipment. An attempt is made to define the essential physical features of the metering concept used in the equipment.In conclusion, I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. M. M. Gurevich, Prof, K. S. Shifrin, and Lieutenant Colonel I. A. Manzon for a critical review of this paper and for a number of valuable remarks.     

Method for determining the efficacy of laser photophoresis

We used a laser scanning microscope to study the efficacy of laser photophoresis as a function of the type of biological tissue, the solvent for the agent to be introduced, and the wavelength of the laser radiation. We have observed that under optimal conditions, the penetration depth of the agent in the tissue at the half-concentration level and the total amount of the agent introduced when using laser radiation may exceed the analogous values with no irradiation by a factor of 1.76 and 1.55 respectively.     

关于欧姆计最佳测量角及选挡依据的求证

从全电路欧姆定律出发,对指针式欧姆计量程中段的精确测量范围作出了定量的分析和证明. 结果表明,如果欧姆计的满量程偏转角度为90°,则其中间的精确测量范围约为46°.     

Applicability of approximate methods of calculation of the frequency-contrast characteristics of aerosol layers within the wavelength range of 0.4–14 μm

The spectral dependences of the optical characteristics governing radiation transfer in scattering media are analyzed within the wavelength range of 0.4–14 μm for three types of aerosols. The wavelength ranges where approximate methods of calculation of frequency-contrast characteristics are applicable are established; the corresponding limitting masses of aerosol particles in a layer per unit of surface area are determined for which approximate methods provide acceptable accuracy. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70 F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 419–425 May–June, 1998.     

Method for determining the asphericity and microphysical parameters of erythrocytes from the directional scattering coefficient

A method for determining the microphysical parameters and shape of human blood erythrocytes is proposed based on regression relations between them and the small-angle directional scattering coefficients β(Θ). It is shown that the use of β(Θ) for angles Θ = 5° and 12° in the transparency window allows one to determine not only the microphysical parameters and refractive index of erythrocytes, but also the shape parameters, such as the asphericity and the length of the major axis of the spheroid, with an accuracy of a few percent.     

Application of the neural network method for determining the characteristics of homogeneous spherical particles

The problem of reconstructing the characteristics of disperse particles from measurements of scattered radiation is considered. To solve this problem, the neural network method, based on the approximation of the parameters of particles by a linear combination of the results of measurements, is used. The capabilities of the method are studied on the examples of the reconstruction of the radius and the refractive index of spherical particles from measurements (for example, in flow-type cytometers) of the luminance of radiation scattered by individual particles, as well as the reconstruction of the mean radius, the coefficient of variation, and the refractive index from measurements of the luminance of radiation scattered by an ensemble of particles. Errors in the reconstruction of the characteristics of disperse particles depending on the structure of the neural network and the parameters of particles are studied.     

General method for determining the masses of semi-invisibly decaying particles at hadron colliders

We present a general solution to the long-standing problem of determining the masses of pair-produced, semi-invisibly decaying particles at hadron colliders. We define two new transverse kinematic variables M(CT)(⊥) and M(CT)(∥), which are suitable one-dimensional projections of the contransverse mass M(CT). We derive analytical formulas for the boundaries of the kinematically allowed regions in the (M(CT)(⊥),M(CT)(∥)) and (M(CT)(⊥),M(CT)) parameter planes and introduce suitable variables D(CT)(∥) and D(CT) to measure the distance to those boundaries on an event per event basis. We show that the masses can be reliably extracted from the end-point measurements of M(CT)(⊥)(max) and D(CT)(min) (or D(CT)(∥)(min)). We illustrate our method with dilepton tt events at the LHC.     

Method for determining the electron and positron work function from a metal containing vacancies

A method is proposed that combines self-consistent solutions for a monovacancy in metal without regard to the outer surface and the solution in the stable jelly model for metal with homogeneous volume and flat surface, but a lowered vacancy density due to the presence of a superlattice of vacancy voids with relative concentration c _v . When using c _v as a small parameter, all energy characteristics are expanded in a functional series. Zero expansion terms relate to defect-free metal, and linear in c _v corrections are expressed in terms of its characteristics. Exact formulas allowing the consideration of the effect of vacancies on the electron and positron work function are derived. Characteristics are calculated at various temperatures for Al and Na by the Kohn–Sham method. The method application to spherical clusters is briefly discussed.     

Tunneling within the mK range for the investigation of crystal field effects in superconductors

Experimental techniques for tunneling into bulk superconductors have been tested for the investigation of crystal field effects in LaAl₂, LaSn₃ and LaPb₃ doped with Tb, Nd, or Pr. The evaporation of counterelectrodes onto cleaved and oxidized crystals failed in most cases, but Schottky contacts with GaAs electrodes could be prepared reproducibly by mechanical adjustment of the junction resistance at mK temperature. Problems remain resulting from the specific mechanical and structural properties of the metallic compounds under investigation.