上海交通大学国家工科基础课程物理教学基地建设

我校国家工科基础课程物理教学基地的建设目标是：具有一流的师资队伍，具有一流的教学条件，具有一流的教学质量，具有一流的教改成果，成为国内一流的工科物理各门课程教学工作的示范点、教学研究的中心、教学改革的试验点、师资队伍的培训点，能充分发挥示范辐射作用．在基地建设过程中，以教育部有关文件精神为指导，围绕基地建设目标，综合考虑、系统设计、分步实施，取得了一批实质性成果，逐步形成了自己的特色，为本校和兄弟院校的教学改革产生了一定的影响和推动力，并已具有整体规模及辐射示范的功能．     

注重内涵,以创新求跨越,持续发展,建设国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地——中国科学技术大学国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地建设总结

介绍了中国科学技术大学国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地的建设经验.基地传承了“科学与技术、科研与教学、理论与实践”相结合的中国科学技术大学办学特色,充分发挥基地物理学科门类齐全、学风优良、师资力量雄厚的综合优势,以培养具有宽厚知识、创新能力和探索精神的创新人才为目标,对物理理论课和物理实验课课程体系、教学内容、教学方法等方面作了全面的改革,取得了显著成果.     

规范建设,形成机制,保证基地教学改革与时俱进,持续发展--北京科技大学国家工科物理课程教学基地建设总结

全面介绍了北京科技大学工科物理课程教学基地的建设情况．     

依托重点学科,教学科研互动,培养创新人才——南京大学国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地建设总结

介绍了南京大学国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地在教学条件建设、教学队伍建设、深化教学改革、实施科研训练与创新人才培养等方面的做法和体会.     

普通物理实验课程教学基地的建设

提出了普通物理实验课程教学基地的建设目标和评估标准,介绍了大连大学在承担了辽宁省教育厅关于“普通物理实验课程教学基地的建设”这一课题后,所作的教学改革的探索及取得的初步成果。     

坚持教育创新，建设国家工科物理教学基地——北京交通大学国家工科物理课程教学基地建设总结

北京交通大学建立了“深理博物”的大学物理理论课内容体系和以综合专题实验与设计性实验为特色的实验课内容体系 ,改革力度大 ,深受师生欢迎 ;面向全校学生开设了与理论课内容密切联系的演示与探索实验 ,在国内形成较大影响 ;进行了以人为本、因材施教的教学方法和考试模式改革 ,开展多种形式的课外实践活动 ,成效显著 ;进行教材的立体化建设 ,出版了 3部国家级教材、2部省部级教材 ,内容涉及理论课与实验课 ,包括文字与音像形式 ,自成系列 ;实验室设备先进、环境良好、资源配置合理 ,实行开放式管理 .物理基地建设目标全面实现     

积极开拓、锐意进取,努力构建适应21世纪人才培养需要的大学物理课程教学体系--同济大学国家工科物理课程教学基地建设总结

同济大学在国家工科物理课程教学基地建设中以培养学生知识、能力、素质综合协调发展为基本指导思想，以体现学生为主体，教师为主导的培养原则，注重学生个性发展和创造能力的培养，在教育思想、教学内容和课程体系、教学手段和方法、实验室建设和改造以及师资队伍建设中进行了一系列大胆而卓有成效的改革与实践，在大学物理课程教学中开创了一套具有同济特色的全新教学体系和模式。     

立足西部,建设高水平的国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地——兰州大学国家物理学基础科学人才培养基地建设总结

通过兰州大学物理学基础科学人才培养基地建设的实践,探索出一条改善办学条件,提高教学质量,创新管理体制,改善师资队伍,推进教学改革和积淀教学成果的途径,为在西部地区建设高水平的物理学基础科学人才培养基地确立了具有示范意义的培养模式,其做法特色鲜明,效果显著.     

我们的课程建设

本文介绍了为全面提高大学物理实验课程的教学质量，近年来我们在教材建设、教学方法和内容的改革及实验室管理等方面所做的工作。     

“双语物理导论”课程建设与低年级学生能力培养的再研究

东南大学恽瑛教授写的“双语物理导论课程建设与低年级学生能力培养的研究”一刊登于本刊2004年5月的第33期。经过又一年的教学实践，他们再次写了“再研究”一，刊登于此。提供给对双语教学有兴趣的师生参阅。     

Insights from stable isotopes of water and hydrochemistry to the evolutionary processes of groundwater in the Subei lake basin,Ordos energy base,Northwestern China

ABSTRACT

Changes in groundwater evolutionary processes due to aquifer overexploitation show a world-wide increase and have been of growing concern in recent years. The study aimed to improve the knowledge of groundwater evolutionary processes by means of stable water isotopes and hydrochemistry in a representative lake basin, Ordos energy base. Groundwater, precipitation, and lake water collected during four campaigns were analysed by stable isotopes and chemical compositions. Results showed that temperature effect predominated the isotope fractionation in precipitation, while evaporation and inadequate groundwater recharge were the key factors explaining high salinity and isotopic enrichment in lake water. Additionally, the Kuisheng Lake was a preferential area of groundwater recharge, while the Subei Lake received less sources from underlying aquifer due to the combined effects of low permeable zone and upstream groundwater captured by the production wells. The homogeneous isotope signatures of groundwater may be ascribed to the closely vertical hydraulic connectivity between the unconfined and the confined aquifers. Isotopically enriched groundwater pumping from well field probably promoted isotopic depletion in groundwater depression cone. These findings not only provide the conceptual framework for the inland basin, but also have important implications for sustainable groundwater management in other groundwater discharge basins with arid climate.     

Highly concentrated, stable nitrogen-doped graphene for supercapacitors: Simultaneous doping and reduction

In this work, we developed a concentrated ammonia-assisted hydrothermal method to obtain N-doped graphene sheets by simultaneous N-doping and reduction of graphene oxide (GO) sheets. The effects of hydrothermal temperature on the surface chemistry and the structure of N-doped graphene sheets were also investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of N-doped graphene reveals that the highest doping level of 7.2% N is achieved at 180 °C for 12 h. N binding configurations of sample consist of pyridine N, quaternary N, and pyridine-N oxides. N doping is accompanied by the reduction of GO with decreases in oxygen levels from 34.8% in GO down to 8.5% in that of N-doped graphene. Meanwhile, the sample exhibits excellent N-doped thermal stability. Electrical measurements demonstrate that products have higher capacitive performance than that of pure graphene, the maximum specific capacitance of 144.6 F/g can be obtained which ascribe the pseudocapacitive effect from the N-doping. The samples also show excellent long-term cycle stability of capacitive performance.     

Searching of new,cheap, air- and thermally stable hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells

In this work, two thermal- and air-stable, hole transporting materials (HTM) in perovskite solar cells are analyzed. Those obtained and investigated materials were two polyazomethines: the first one with three thiophene rings and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine moieties (S9) and the second one with three thiophene rings and fluorene moieties (S7). Furthermore, presented polyazomethines were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. Both polyazomethines (S7 and S9) possessed good thermal stability with a 5% weight loss at 406 and 377 °C, respectively. The conductivity of S7 was two orders of magnitude higher than for S9 polymer (2.7 × 10^?8 S/cm, and 2.6 × 10^?10 S/cm, respectively). Moreover, polyazomethine S9 exhibited 31 nm bathochromic shift of the absorption band maximum compared to S7.Obtained perovskite was investigated by UV–vis and XRD. Electrical parameters of perovskite solar cells (PSC) were investigated at Standard Test Conditions (STC). It was found that both polyazomethines protect perovskite which is confirmed by ageing test where V_oc did not decrease significantly for solar cells with HTM in contrast to solar cell without hole conductor, where V_oc decrease was substantial. The best photoconversion efficiency (PCE = 6.9%), among two investigated in this work polyazomethines, was obtained for device with the following architectures FTO/TiO₂/TiO₂ + perovskite/S7/Au. Stability test proved the procreative effects of polyazomethines on perovskite absorber.     

Demonstration of intricate gate,Ohmic and interconnect metallizations for nanostructure construction

We describe the fabrication and low temperature characterization of nanostructures defined by submicron-sized gate, interconnect and Ohmic metallizations on the surface of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures. A two level metallization architecture is used with Ohmic and gate surface patterns, separated by an inter-layer insulator, linked by patterned interconnects. The procedure, which features a 10nm alignment accuracy, can be used to interconnect metal patterns as small as 100nm. For the Ohmic metallization we discuss the injection properties of the contact as it is reduced to less than 1μm in diameter and present results which indicate the minimum size of Ohmic contacts that can be reliably formed using a Ni-Ge-Au metallization. The approach is illustrated with the fabrication and characterization of submicron-sized Corbino discs.     

Design, construction, and validation of a 1-mm triple-resonance high-temperature-superconducting probe for NMR

We report a 600-MHz 1-mm triple-resonance high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) probe for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The probe has a real sample volume of about 7.5 microl, an active volume of 6.3 microl, and appears to have the highest mass sensitivity at any field strength. The probe is constructed with four sets of HTS coils that are tuned to 1H, 2H, 13C, and 15N, and there is a z-axis gradient. The coils are cooled with a conventional Bruker CryoPlatform to about 20 K, and the sample chamber can be regulated above or below room temperature over a moderate range using a Bruker variable temperature unit. The absolute S/N for 0.1% ethylbenzene is approximately 1/3 that of a conventional 5mm probe with just 1/70 of the sample volume. We demonstrate the utility of this probe for small molecules and proteins with 2D spectra of just 1.7 microg of ibuprofen and 400 microM 15N-labeled ubiquitin.     

An accurate, stable and efficient domain-type meshless method for the solution of MHD flow problems

The aim of the present paper is the development of an efficient numerical algorithm for the solution of magnetohydrodynamics flow problems for regular and irregular geometries subject to Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions. Toward this, the meshless point collocation method (MPCM) is used for MHD flow problems in channels with fully insulating or partially insulating and partially conducting walls, having rectangular, circular, elliptical or even arbitrary cross sections. MPC is a truly meshless and computationally efficient method. The maximum principle for the discrete harmonic operator in the meshfree point collocation method has been proven very recently, and the convergence proof for the numerical solution of the Poisson problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions have been attained also. Additionally, in the present work convergence is attained for Neumann and Robin boundary conditions, accordingly. The shape functions are constructed using the Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximation. The refinement procedure with meshless methods is obtained with an easily handled and fully automated manner. We present results for Hartmann number up to 10⁵${10}^5$. The numerical evidences of the proposed meshless method demonstrate the accuracy of the solutions after comparing with the exact solution and the conventional FEM and BEM, for the Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions of interior problems with simple or complex boundaries.     

Generation and characterization of stable, highly concentrated titanium dioxide nanoparticle aerosols for rodent inhalation studies

The intensive use of nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles in many different applications necessitates studies on their risk assessment as there are still open questions on their safe handling and utilization. For reliable risk assessment, the interaction of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NP) with biological systems ideally needs to be investigated using physico-chemically uniform and well-characterized NP. In this article, we describe the reproducible production of TiO₂ NP aerosols using spark ignition technology. Because currently no data are available on inhaled NP in the 10?C50 nm diameter range, the emphasis was to generate NP as small as 20 nm for inhalation studies in rodents. For anticipated in vivo dosimetry analyses, TiO₂ NP were radiolabeled with ⁴⁸V by proton irradiation of the titanium electrodes of the spark generator. The dissolution rate of the ⁴⁸V label was about 1% within the first day. The highly concentrated, polydisperse TiO₂ NP aerosol (3?C6 × 10⁶ cm^?3) proved to be constant over several hours in terms of its count median mobility diameter, its geometric standard deviation, and number concentration. Extensive characterization of NP chemical composition, physical structure, morphology, and specific surface area was performed. The originally generated amorphous TiO₂ NP were converted into crystalline anatase TiO₂ NP by thermal annealing at 950 °C. Both crystalline and amorphous 20-nm TiO₂ NP were chain agglomerated/aggregated, consisting of primary particles in the range of 5 nm. Disintegration of the deposited TiO₂ NP in lung tissue was not detectable within 24 h.     

A discrete action principle for electrodynamics and the construction of explicit symplectic integrators for linear,non-dispersive media

In this work, we derive a discrete action principle for electrodynamics that can be used to construct explicit symplectic integrators for Maxwell’s equations. Different integrators are constructed depending on the choice of discrete Lagrangian used to approximate the action. By combining discrete Lagrangians in an explicit symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta method, an integrator capable of achieving any order of accuracy is obtained. Using the von Neumann stability analysis, we show that the integrators greatly increase the numerical stability and reduce the numerical dispersion compared to other methods. For practical purposes, we demonstrate how to implement the integrators using many features of the finite-difference time-domain method. However, our approach is also applicable to other spatial discretizations, such as those used in finite element methods. Using this implementation, numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the ability of the integrators to efficiently reduce and maintain a minimal amount of numerical dispersion, particularly when the time-step is less than the stability limit. The integrators are therefore advantageous for modeling large, inhomogeneous computational domains.