神龙一号真空系统研制

加速器真空系统的主要作用是减小电子束在传输过程中的束流损失以及满足加速器部件的真空绝缘要求。神龙一号真空系统研制是在理论分析和实验结果的基础上,就真空系统如何配置、真空梯度和漏率选择等方面的问题进行研究,并在满足加速器物理需求的前提下,选择最有效的真空系统设计方案。神龙一号真空系统采用1台抽速为1200L/s的罗茨-滑阀泵机组作为前级,采用43台抽速为400～500L/s的涡轮分子泵作为主泵,涡轮分子泵沿束线均匀分布。目前,神龙一号在开机1h以内,系统真空度达到5×10-4Pa,真空系统运行稳定可靠,满足设计要求。     

激波管中强激波的前驱真空紫外辐射

在Φ800毫米的低密度激波管的中轴上用钼靶探测入射强激波前发射的真空紫外光子,研究了以下三个问题。(1)研究了真空紫外光子的通量密度随波前距离的关系,建立了一个考虑到有限的激波发射层尺度和波前气体吸收的模型,得到了与实测前驱辐射一致的结果。(2)研究了氩气中强激波真空紫外辐射的激发机制,指出它属于非平衡共振激发辐射,其激发截面系数S~*=1.2×10~(-17)厘米~2·电子伏~(-1),激活能为11.4电子伏。(3)研究了空气中氮分子b′~1∑→X~(1∑)辐射的激发机制,指出只是在激波面很薄的一层中能够激发这一辐射,辐射是非平衡的,其激发截面Q~*=2×10~(16)厘米~2,其激活能为12.1电子伏。     

氯苯基硅油润滑球轴承在真空环境下摩擦性能与泄漏量研究

阐明氯苯基硅油润滑球轴承的润滑机理,对不同真空度和转速下的轴承摩擦力矩进行研究.在真空度3×10 ^-5Pa条件下,选用FY-3卫星“紫外臭氧垂直探测仪”光学调制器电机样机和进口电机进行8个月工程试验后,利用高倍显微镜分析试验轴承表观状态,并分析氯苯基硅油的泄漏量.结果表明:在3×10^-5Pa下,所用试验轴承的摩擦力矩值随着转速的增大而趋向稳定;氯苯基硅油润滑球轴承摩擦力矩的变化量为9.8×10^-4Nm,小于采用Maplub101润滑的进口电机轴承摩擦力矩变化量;试验期间氯苯基硅油的泄漏量为1.92mg,证明采用氯苯基硅油润滑适合光学调制器在真空环境下长期运转     

钛硅碳衍生碳涂层在真空中的摩擦与磨损行为研究

采用高温氯化法(800℃,5%Cl2+Ar)制备了钛硅碳衍生碳涂层(CDC@Ti_3SiC_2).通过真空浸渍处理,将1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体(LP106)浸渍到多孔层状结构的CDC@Ti_3SiC_2涂层中,得到固-液复合润滑涂层(CDC@Ti_3SiC_2-LP106).以Si_3N_4球为摩擦配副,分别考察了Ti_3SiC_2、CDC@Ti_3SiC_2和CDC@Ti_3SiC_2-LP106涂层在两种真空模式下的摩擦磨损性能.这两种真空模式分别为固定真空度(10–4Pa)和改变真空度(由105Pa逐渐减小至10–4Pa).随着真空度的增大,CDC@Ti_3SiC_2涂层的摩擦系数呈现先减小后增大的趋势.相比较而言,CDC@Ti_3SiC_2-LP106涂层的摩擦系数低且对真空度变化不敏感.在两种真空模式下,CDC@Ti_3SiC_2和CDC@Ti_3SiC_2-LP106涂层均显著减小了Ti_3SiC_2的摩擦系数,但其抗磨损性能并没有明显提高.     

MoS2基复合薄膜润滑球轴承在真空环境下的摩擦性能研究

分析了MoS2基复合薄膜润滑球轴承的润滑机制,研究了MoS2基复合薄膜润滑深沟球轴承在不同真空度下的摩擦力矩,在真空度4×10^-4Pa条件下,对空间光学调制器支撑轴承进行1 a的工程试验,并采用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散谱仪分析轴承表面及工作区的形貌及其成分.结果表明：在4×10^-4Pa下,轴承的摩擦力矩随转速增加而趋于稳定;空间光学调制器中MoS2基复合薄膜润滑球轴承在工作区内生成了转移膜,使得轴承的摩擦力矩变小,并实现了108量级的转动圈数.由此证明MoS2基复合薄膜润滑球轴承适用于真空环境中.     

铝合金LC4和LY12CZ应变率相关力学性能的实验研究

对国产铝合金LC4和LY12CZ进行了准静态和动态拉伸、压缩试验研究。应变率范围从2×10(-4)～1.4×10~3s~(-1)。实验表明:LC4和LY12CZ都是应变率不敏感材料,同时发现它们的压缩应力应变曲线高于拉伸应力应变曲线。本文根据实验结果分别建立起该材料的本构方程。     

真空中GCr15钢球／CVD Cr7C3镀层钢盘摩擦副摩擦振动的研究

作者在对GCr15钢球/CVDCr_7C_3镀层钢盘摩擦副于大气中滑动干摩擦引起的摩擦振动进行考察分析的基础上,本文又对这种摩擦副在真空(6.67×10~(-3)Pa)中的摩擦振动特性进行了试验研究。试件系统为低刚度和小阻尼的弹性系统。试验信号由微机采集、处理并进行频谱分析。结果表明,真空中摩擦力振动的类型呈准谐波周期性自持振动,其与正压力及拖动速度无关,振动频率接近于系统在水平方向上的固有频率;摩擦副运动的平稳性与平均滑动摩擦系数接近反比例关系;真空中摩擦力的粘着分量是使摩擦振动加剧的主要原因;钢球的磨损体积与摩擦振动特性无关。     

改性环氧树脂减摩复合材料的摩擦学特性研究

作者利用双马来酰亚胺类改性环氧树脂制取了玻纤织物增强的EM-2型复合减摩材料,考察了纤维排布方向、温度、线速度V,时间T及正压力P等多种因素对其力学性质和摩擦学特性的影响,通过回归法导得它在油润滑下的磨损方程是b=7.05×10~(-3)P~(0.582)V~(0.176)T~(0.391);並且初步认为,这种复合减摩材料可以用作油润滑时中等线速度和中等负荷下的减摩耐磨结构材料。     

TiC-Ni系高温自润滑金属陶瓷的研究

本文利用中频热压烧结法制备了TiC-Ni、TiC-Ni-Mo和TiC-Ni-MO-WC3种高温自润滑性金属陶瓷材料。栓-盘摩擦磨损试验结果表明,TiC-Ni-Mo金属陶瓷的高温自润滑性最好,其在600℃时的摩擦系数为0.19,磨损率为1.14×10~(-14)m~3/N·m,偶件(材料W18Cr4V,HRC62)的磨损率为0.069×10~(-14)m~3/N·m。作者指出,这类材料的高温自润滑性与其摩擦表面上生成的氧化膜的组成和结构相关。此外,本文还就Mo、WC对材料物理机械性能的影响进行了探讨。     

微孔贯通型高温自润滑金属陶瓷的摩擦磨损性能研究

以TiH2和CaCO3为复合造孔剂,以硬质微细颗粒为惰性弥散质点,采用真空烧结法制备出具有贯通型微孔结构的Al2O3-Ni-Cr-Mo-Si-Fe系金属陶瓷烧结体,并在烧结体中浸渍Ag-Cu-Pb-Sn系浸渍型固体润滑剂制备出新型高温扩散自润滑材料.结果表明:该材料具有良好的高温自润滑和耐磨性;在600℃下与不同配对材料进行摩擦磨损试验时,摩擦系数变化范围为0.22～0.29,磨损率变化范围约为(6～7)×10-15m3/N·m;润滑膜主要由浸渍在贯通型微孔中的浸渍型固体润滑剂通过微孔向摩擦表面的扩散、并在高温摩擦条件下被软化或熔化而形成.     

核电站一回路用机械密封

机械密封在各类核电站的一回路中有大量应用.核电站一回路用机械密封是核电站的关键部件之一,其性能好坏很大程度上决定着核电站能否长周期安全可靠运行.本文以几种具有代表性的核电站反应堆堆型为例,对其一回路用机械密封进行了介绍,这些反应堆分别以水、氦气和液态金属为冷却剂并跨越第二代到第四代核电技术.首先介绍了压水堆核主泵机械密封,分别叙述了美式风格的流体静压型核主泵密封及欧式风格的流体动压型核主泵密封的结构特点、工作原理和最新的基础研究状况;随后介绍了高温气冷堆氦气轮机/氦气风机干气密封的结构特点、使用要求及相应的针对性设计;最后介绍了钠冷快堆钠泵机械密封,包括1种惰性气体缓冲、油膜润滑的三级串联式机械密封和1种直接以液态金属润滑的螺旋槽式机械密封.     

Design, testing and two-dimensional flow modeling of a multiple-disk fan

A multiple-disk Tesla type fan has been designed, tested and analyzed two-dimensionally using the conservation of angular momentum principle. Experimental results showed that such multiple-disk fans exhibited exceptionally low performance characteristics, which could be attributed to the low viscosity, tangential nature of the flow, and large mechanical energy losses at both suction and discharge sections that are comparable to the total input power. By means of theoretical analysis, local and overall shearing stresses on the disk surfaces have been determined based on tangential and radial velocity distributions of the air flow of different volume flow rates at prescribed disk spaces and rotational speeds. Then the total power transmitted by rotating disks to air flow, and the power acquired by the air flow in the gap due to transfer of angular momentum have been obtained by numerically integrating shearing stresses over the disk surfaces. Using the measured shaft and hydraulic powers, these quantities were utilized to evaluate mechanical energy losses associated with the suction and discharge sections of the fan.     

Unsteady CFD simulations of a pump in part load conditions using scale-adaptive simulation

The scope of this work is to demonstrate the applicability of an eddy resolving turbulence model in a turbomachinery configuration. The model combines the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach. The point of interest of the present investigation is the unsteady rotating stall phenomenon occurring at low part load conditions. Since RANS turbulence models often fail to predict separation correctly, a LES like model is expected to give superior results. In this investigation the scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) model is used. This model avoids the grid dependence appearing in the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) modelling strategy. The simulations are validated with transient measurement data. The present results demonstrate, that both models are able to predict the major stall frequency at part load. Results are similar for URANS and SAS, with advantages in predicting minor stall frequencies for the turbulence resolving model.     

离心泵叶轮内宾汉流体湍流流场的数值计算

考虑宾汉流体本构关系特点,建立了任意曲线坐标系（ζ,η）下宾汉流体湍流流动的基本方程,应用压力加权校正算法,实现了速度场和压力场的关联,采用交错网格技术,解决了非物理压力振荡问题,在此基础上,对离心泵叶轮内回转面上宾汉流体湍流流动进行了数值模拟,并分析探讨了离心泵叶轮内宾汉流体湍流流动机理。     

Numerical simulation of cavitation effects behind obstacles and in an automotive fuel jet pump

By means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) this study examines cavitation effects behind obstacles and within an automotive fuel jet pump. Especially with regard to gasoline such effects are serious issues for applications of jet pumps in automotive fuel systems. The cavitation phenomena are captured by a model based on a void region approach within the volume-of-fluid method (VOF) including the k--model of turbulence. A first-order and a second-order scheme are compared, and the potential of the numerical method is evaluated by considering benchmark cases.     

Effect of air injection method on the performance of an air lift pump

Air lift pump performance was investigated experimentally for different submergence ratios (the ratio between the immersed length of the riser and its total length) using different air injection footpiece designs. For this purpose an air lift pump with a riser 200 cm long and 2.54 cm in diameter, was designed and tested. Nine different air injection footpiece designs were used at four submergence ratios with different air injection pressures (from 0.2 to 0.4 bar). An area of 10 mm² was chosen and divided into nine injection hole arrangements (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 15, 25, 34 and 48 holes) to cover the whole experimental range. Four submergence ratios were used for this work: 0.75, 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5. The experimental results showed a marked effect on the pump performance when operated with different types of injectors at different submergence ratios. The results indicated that the disk with three holes (D3) gives the highest efficiency at nearly all submergence ratios. Moreover, it is found that there is a suitable disk design for maximum water flow rate at every submergence ratio. Further, the highest efficiency resulted at the largest used submergence ratio, namely 0.75. The pump capacity and efficiency were found to be functions of air flow rate, lift ratio, and injection pressure.     

Exergy analysis for quasi two-stage compression heat pump system coupled with ejector

Ejectors are simple mechanical components, can utilize high pressure energy from liquid in the quasi two-stage compression heat pump system coupled with scroll compressor, and the performance of the heat pump system can be further improved. According to thermal analysis model based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, the heat pump prototype has been developed and comprehensively tested, the influence of ejector on the heat pump system was exergetically analyzed using experimental data of the prototype. The results show that, compressor has the greatest exergy loss, amounts to about 77% of the total exergy; ejector can recover the fluid pressure exergy in supplementary circuit compared with the throttling element in the quasi two-stage compression heat pump system, decreases the exergy loss of compressor; and the exergetic efficiency can be improved about 3-5%, while the exergy output remains nearly constant.     

锅炉给水泵转子动力学参数的一、二阶摄动识别研究

锅炉给水泵的临界转速是非常重要的参数,与结构密切相关。为了准确地计算出给水泵的干临界转速(在空气中)和湿临界转速(在水中),必须知道转轴上的零部件对其弯曲刚度的加强作用。本文利用摄动传递矩阵法,结合实验室的试验数据,对某电站锅炉给水泵转子的动力学参数进行了一阶和二阶摄动识别。给出了给水泵转子上的热装叶轮、轴套对转子刚度产生加强作用的一、二阶摄动识别结果,得到了修正的给水泵转子系统动力学计算模型。由修正模型计算得到的转子系统固有频率与实测的转子系统固有频率吻合良好。指出一阶摄动识别的结果可以满足工程实际的精度要求。     

离心式渣浆泵叶轮磨损规律研究

在实验室条件下对离心式渣浆泵叶轮的磨损规律进行了研究，并对泵轮叶片间流道的颗粒运动轨迹进行数值模拟。探讨了磨粒浓度、泵转速、叶片几何参数、运行时间及磨粒粒径对泵轮磨损的影响。研究表明：叶片的磨损强度与泵轮转速呈５次方关系，叶片进口角对磨损强度影响明显，出口角对磨损强度影响不大，研究结果对渣浆泵的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

水泵叶片表面三维边界层计算

本文用有限差分法计算混流式可逆水力机械水泵工况叶片表面的三维边界层。水泵叶轮中主流区的三维势流由直接边界元法计算。对于叶片面附近的粘性流动。用三维半正交坐标系中的边界层方程表示。为了提高计算精度采用贴体坐标技术生成边界层区域的计算网格。并利用Cebeci等变换函数及Keller差分格式离散方程。用分块解法求解。计算叶轮叶片表面的压力分布与相应试验结果进行了对比。