基于深度学习的材料超声回波衰减预测方法

材料超声回波衰减是评价材料均匀一致性的常用方法, 针对具有复杂结构的航空发动机盘件难以进行材料底面超声回波衰减评价的问题, 本文提出了利用超声背散射波信号直接预测底面回波衰减的方法。采用10MHz聚焦探头进行超声背散射波数据的采集, 利用深度学习技术构建和训练模型,建立了基于深度学习的材料底面回波衰减预测方法, 同时讨论了采用不同信号形式的超声波信号分类识别模型的准确率差异。研究发现：基于深度学习技术可实现通过超声背散射波预测材料的底面回波衰减, 预测结果和实际底面回波衰减试验结果具有良好的一致性。     

The effect of bone structure on ultrasonic attenuation and velocity

The relationship between the structure of bovine cancellous bone, and its ultrasonic propagation parameters is investigated by means of a novel technique involving the application of large static loads, thereby changing the porosity in a controlled manner. The results show that for frequencies in the range 0.4 to 1 MHz, porosity decreases up to 35% are associated with a reduction in attenuation of up to 500%, whereas the velocity increases by roughly 35% for the same changes. The data taken overall suggest that in determining the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient at these frequencies, the amount of material in a given bone section is significantly less important than the distribution of that material.     

超声波透射法检测水泥模块的缺陷

介绍了超声波透射法检测水泥模块中缺陷的基本原理,并通过对自制水泥试块的检测,研究了不同缺陷对声学参量的影响.测试结果表明:有缺陷模块会使检测超声波比正常传播时声时变大(声速变小),波幅明显衰减,波形产生畸变,频率也会发生异常波动.因此,评价水泥模块的缺陷时要将声时、幅值、频率、波形结合起来,综合分析异常变化来确定缺陷的性质.     

超声波专题设计性实验

在测量超声波在空气中传播速度实验基础上,开设了超声波专题设计性实验,分别增加了测量压电换能器的共振频率、超声波在空气中的损耗系数、超声波在水中的传播速度等实验内容,丰富了大学物理实验教学内容,拓展了学生视野.     

用超声光栅测量氦氖激光的波长

介绍了一种新的测量激光波长的方法,并与传统的迈克耳孙干涉仪测量的结果进行了比较.我们对汞光和氦氖激光在乙醇(97%)形成的超声光栅中的衍射光谱进行了测量研究,首先利用汞光数据计算得到了超声波在乙醇中的传播速度,并分析了温度对结果的影响,然后利用超声波波速计算了氦氖激光的波长,得到的结果与标准值相比的相对误差为0.55%.此方法操作简便,且有与迈克耳孙干涉仪可比的精度.     

The design of a high voltage scr pulse generator for ultrasonic pulse echo applications

This paper presents the design of a high voltage scr pulse generator that is useful for testing highly attenuative materials in the pulse echo mode. Electrical and ultrasonic considerations are discussed in detail followed by an example of a practical circuit design that can operate from a supply voltage of 1000 V at a pulse repetition frequency of 1000 Hz.     

超声波在液体中相速与群速的测量

简要叙述了相速与群速的定义,并用实验测量了超声波在不同液体中的相速与群速.     

Online process control for directional solidification by ultrasonic pulse echo technique

A method of controlling the actual growth velocity during directional solidification based on ultrasound has been developed. For this purpose a pulse echo technique is used to measure the actual solidification rate online. This quantity is used to control the furnace velocity. Solidification experiments with metallic alloys and constant furnace velocity often result in non-steady actual solidification rates. Experiments carried out with online process control demonstrate that a really steady-state solidification with a constant solidification rate is achieved.     

Estimation of ultrasonic attenuation in a bone using coded excitation

This paper describes a novel approach to estimate broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in a bone structure in human in vivo using coded excitation. BUA is an accepted indicator for assessment of osteoporosis. In the tested approach a coded acoustic signal is emitted and then the received echoes are compressed into brief, high amplitude pulses making use of matched filters and correlation receivers. In this way the acoustic peak pressure amplitude probing the tissue can be markedly decreased whereas the average transmitted intensity increases proportionally to the length of the code. This paper examines the properties of three different transmission schemes, based on Barker code, chirp and Golay code. The system designed is capable of generating 16 bits complementary Golay code (CGC), linear frequency modulated (LFM) chirp and 13-bit Barker code (BC) at 0.5 and 1 MHz center frequencies. Both in vivo data acquired from healthy heel bones and in vitro data obtained from human calcaneus were examined and the comparison between the results using coded excitation and two cycles sine burst is presented. It is shown that CGC system allows the effective range of frequencies employed in the measurement of broadband acoustic energy attenuation in the trabecular bone to be doubled in comparison to the standard 0.5 MHz pulse transmission. The algorithm used to calculate the pairs of Golay sequences of the different length, which provide the temporal side-lobe cancellation is also presented. Current efforts are focused on adapting the system developed for operation in pulse-echo mode; this would allow examination and diagnosis of bones with limited access such as hip bone.     

超声探头的响应特性及暂态回波模型

建立检测系统的数学模型,可以更好地理解超声检测的物理本质。分析了超声波从产生、介质中传播、缺陷耦合以及接收的全过程,将缺陷回波表示为探头响应函数与缺陷响应的时域卷积。利用空间脉冲响应和基尔霍夫近似建立了超声波与平面型缺陷的耦合模型,用大平面试块底面回波和大平面响应进行反卷积求得了探头的响应函数,并详细分析了探头在不同偏置位置时不同大小缺陷响应的特点,发现缺陷回波由直达回波和边缘回波组成,直达回波和边缘回波极性相反,且直达回波的幅值远远大于边缘回波。     

超声波多次回波反射法测量油料密度技术研究*

该文通过同时测量油料的声阻抗和声速来测量油料的密度。通过对超声波在不锈钢壁内的多次反射回波信号作快速傅里叶变换,取各次回波信号中心频率下的幅值在对数坐标系下作数据拟合,由拟合曲线斜率并结合多次反射理论求得油料的声阻抗;测量由聚苯乙烯壁面反射回来的二次回波信号计算油料的声速。实验中将温度控制在20?C,测量了8种油料的声阻抗和声速,进而求出8种油料的密度。实验结果表明8种油料密度测量结果的最大误差为1.2%。该方法适合油料密度在线、快速、准确测量。     

铸造奥氏体不锈钢中铁素体与奥氏体位向关系及其对声衰减的影响

研究了铸造奥氏体不锈钢中铁素体与奥氏体位向关系及其对超声散射衰减的影响.利用电子背散射衍射技术表征了两相的晶体取向及其位向关系,基于真实的铁素体形貌建立了二维声传播各向异性模型并利用时域有限差分法进行了计算,分析了不同位向关系、铁素体形貌特征对声衰减系数的影响规律并进行了实验验证.结果表明：铸造奥氏体不锈钢奥氏体晶粒中散布着形状复杂的铁素体,典型铁素体形貌为条状和岛状;铁素体与奥氏体的位向关系以Kurdjumov-Sachs关系为主,少量满足Nishiyama-Wassermann关系.对声传播过程进行计算,发现两相位向关系和铁素体形貌协同作用影响超声波传播,在较高检测频率（15 MHz）下对散射衰减的影响不能忽略.结合“原位”实验对奥氏体<101>柱状晶粒的声衰减影响因素进行了定量分析,发现对于单一铸造奥氏体晶粒,晶粒内部取向不均匀性、奥氏体-铁素体位向关系以及奥氏体晶粒内铁素体形态都是超声散射衰减的主要原因.     

Analysis of ultrasonic anomaly in V3Si

V₃Si exhibits an ultrasonic anomaly when cooled well below its martensitic and superconducting transition temperatures (T _m andT _c), and a magnetic field is applied on to the sample. The anomaly is thought to be due to reorientation of microdomains formed belowT _m, to energetically favourable configurations. The effect disappears when the domains are stabilised in new configurations in the presence of the magnetic field. An analysis of these results is presented in this paper by relating the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient to strain fluctuations, arising here from domain reorientations. The treatment is based on a master equation for the probability matrix whose elements yield the probabilities of transitions between domain configurations, in the presence of both the magnetic field and the stress wave. Arguments for the validity of this master equation, when the oscillatory stress is weak, are given in a longish appendix. The derived results are used to analyse, in qualitative terms, the observed experimental facts. Also, new measurements are suggested which may help interpret the experimental data in a satisfactory manner.     

超声阵列的多频脉冲压缩方法研究

脉冲压缩方法通过采用编码信号激励与脉冲压缩接收来提高超声检测的时间分辨率和信噪比。然而,受换能器带宽的限制,编码信号的时间带宽积往往有限,影响脉冲压缩效果。开展了基于超声阵列的多频脉冲压缩方法研究,超声阵列是由具有不同中心频率和带宽的多个阵元组成,从而使得整个阵列具有比单个换能器更宽的带宽。提出了压缩后叠加取包络的脉冲压缩方法,并研究了这种方法在提高时间分辨率和主副瓣比上的技术方案,对多频脉冲压缩的超声阵列进行了设计与优化,发现多频脉冲压缩方法能很大程度地提高时间分辨率,并能有效地抑制各阵元信号叠加产生的周期副瓣。理论和实验结果表明,这种压缩后叠加取包络的方法得到的时间分辨率在性能上受阵元带内不平整度的影响很小,能使阵元压缩包络中的主副瓣比得到明显改善。     

The role of acoustic impedance of pressure medium in ultrasonic investigation of solids

Abstract

The problem of leaking of ultrasonic waves (UW) into pressure medium through the boundary of the sample has been studied. Theoretical approach was experimentally veryfied for gasous and liquid pressure media for pressure values up to 1 GPa.     

混合弹性颗粒体系声衰减数值模拟

采用概率统计方法——蒙特卡罗方法,建立一种预测液固两相体系中混合弹性球形颗粒声衰减的理论模型。在单颗粒声散射和吸收的基础上,将连续超声波抽象离散化为大量独立的声子,追踪声散射过程,通过统计接收器探测声子数最终确定声衰减系数。采用数值方法对单一球形颗粒的液固两相体系中声衰减进行预测和比较,确定了该方法的可行性后将该方法推广到混合颗粒体系中,对玻璃微珠/铁粉构成的混合颗粒及多分散混合颗粒体系进行数值研究。结果表明:在体积浓度低于10%时,蒙特卡罗法预测得玻璃微珠或铁粉颗粒声衰减和ECAH,Lloyd和Berry,Waterman等建立的模型结果吻合。对于混合颗粒构成的两相体系,算例中,随着体积浓度增大到10%,声衰减系数随混合颗粒数目比的变化呈现出了非线性的变化,同时颗粒物性也会影响不同组分颗粒对声衰减的贡献,算例中铁粉颗粒比玻璃微珠对声衰减的影响更大。     

An ultrasonic pulse compression system for non-destructive testing using maximal-length sequences

An ultrasonic pulse compression system is described. The system, which employs maximal-length sequences and possesses theoretically zero sidelobes, has been simply implemented using digital techniques. Experimental results from the working system demonstrate the capabilities of the system and confirm the feasibility of the approach. Because of its increased signal-to-noise ratio it can be advantageously applied to testing situations where highly absorbent media are encountered.     

An improvement in the range resolution of ultrasonic pulse echo systems by deconvolution

Ultrasonic pulse echo systems are often limited in range resolution by the bandwidth of the piezoelectric transducer. Significant improvements in the range resolution of such systems can be obtained by minimizing the effects of the transducer's dynamic response on the overall pulse echo process. An approach to minimize the effects of the transducer is developed from linear system and impulse response techniques. In essence, the pulse echo voltage of interest is deconvolved with a pulse echo reference voltage which is obtained from an air/water interface in the nearfield of the transducer . A computer study of the pulse echo process and the deconvolution process is presented to illustrate the nature of the improvement in range resolution for several cases of interest. Finally, experimental results are presented to illustrate the improvement using commercially available transducers.     

Design and construction of short pulse ultrasonic probes for non-destructive testing

This paper describes the design and construction of 10 MHz compressional wave ultrasonic ndt probes for use in situations where operation with the shortest possible pulse length (and hence greatest bandwidth) is of prime importance. Tungsten-loaded epoxy backing blocks are manufactured separately before incorporation into probes, the manufacturing technique allowing lossy, high impedance backings to be constructed both with ease and with the use of very little manufacturing equipment. After preparation, transducers and backings are assembled into probes using simple construction jigs.Results are given showing that the 10 MHz probes thus constructed operate satisfactorily both in contact and in immersion testing. Probes of other centre frequencies can be manufactured using the same technique.