Classical solutions of a model of quark confinement

We find the classical solutions of a model of quark confinement defined by the vanishing of colour currents. Both plane-wave type of solutions extending all over space as well as string-type of solutions confined to restricted regions of space are found.     

Some new radiating Kerr-Newman solutions

Three exact non-static solutions of Einstein-Maxwell equations corresponding to a field of flowing null radiation plus an electromagnetic field are presented. These solutions are non-static generalizations of the well known Kerr-Newman solution. The current vector is null in all the three solutions. These solutions are the electromagnetic generalizations of the three generalized radiating Kerr solutions discussed by Vaidya and Patel. The solutions discussed by us describe the exterior gravitational fields of rotating radiating charged bodies. Many known solutions are derived as particular cases.     

New explicit and exact solutions of the Benney--Kawahara--Lin equation

In this paper, we present a combination method of constructing the explicit and exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. And as an illustrative example, we apply the method to the Benney-Kawahara-Lin equation and derive its many explicit and exact solutions which are all new solutions.     

Letter: Self-Similar Collapse of Scalar Field with Plane Symmetry

Plane symmetric self-similar solutions to Einstein's four-dimensional theory of gravity are studied and all such solutions are given analytically in closed form. The local and global properties of these solutions are investigated and it is shown that some of the solutions can be interpreted as representing gravitational collapse of the scalar field. During the collapse, trapped surfaces are never developed. As a result, no black hole is formed. Although the collapse always ends with spacetime singularities, it is found that these singularities are spacelike and not naked.     

Two- and three-dimensional instantons

The four-dimensional Yang-Mills Lagrangian implies corresponding structures in lower dimensions. Instantons, characterized by a zero energy-momentum tensor as well as finite action, emerge as the solutions of coupled first order equations. For the Abelian case all such solutions are determined by the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation.     

STEADY SIATE SOLUTIONS OF THE FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATIONS

A new way of constructing the steady state solutions of the Fokker-Planck Equations(FPE's) is described in which the concept of a vortex field h plays an important role.The steady state solutions can be classified according to the type of h.In particular, one easily obtains almost all the exact global solutions known so far for the stationary FPE's, as well as the exact local solutions near the fixed points of the corres-ponding deterministic equations.In this way some new properties of FPE are explored.     

Global existence of solutions of the spherically symmetric Vlasov-Einstein system with small initial data

We show that global asymptotically flat singularity-free solutions of the spherically symmetric Vlasov-Einstein system exist for all initial data which are sufficiently small in an appropriate sense. At the same time detailed information is obtained concerning the asymptotic behaviour of these solutions. A key element of the proof which is also of intrinsic interest is a local existence theorem with a continuation criterion which says that a solution cannot cease to exist as long as the maximum momentum in the support of the distribution function remains bounded. These results are contrasted with known theorems on spherically symmetric dust solutions.     

Bifurcations and new exact travelling wave solutions for the bidirectional wave equations

By using the method of dynamical system, the bidirectional wave equations are considered. Based on this method, all kinds of phase portraits of the reduced travelling wave system in the parametric space are given. All possible bounded travelling wave solutions such as dark soliton solutions, bright soliton solutions and periodic travelling wave solutions are obtained. With the aid of Maple software, numerical simulations are conducted for dark soliton solutions, bright soliton solutions and periodic travelling wave solutions to the bidirectional wave equations. The results presented in this paper improve the related previous studies.     

On exact solutions of modified complex Ginzburg-Landau equation

The one-dimensional modified complex Ginzburg-Landau equation has been studied by the use of the Conte and Musette method. This method permits us to derive all the known exact solutions in a unified natural scheme. These solutions are expressed in terms of solitary wave, periodic unbounded wave, and shock type wave. We also find previously unknown exact propagating hole. The degeneracies of modified complex Ginzburg-Landau equation have also been examined as well as several of their solutions.     

Regularization of inverse boundary design radiative heat transfer problems

Inverse boundary design heat transfer problems, including only radiation, are considered. Variational methods of regularization are used for solving these (mathematically ill-posed) problems, they give possibility to take into account various a priori information about the desired solution. For minimizing the discrepancy functional we use the adjoint problem method; however, we use it not only in iterative regularization, but in Tikhonov and parametric ones as well. We use all the available a priori information about desired solutions in all the techniques; this allows to obtain physically feasible solutions in all the cases.     

Inner Products of Energy Eigenstates for a 1-D Quantum Barrier

The features of the standard inner products between all the types of real and complex-energy solutions of the Schrödinger equation for 1-dimensional cut-off quantum potentials are worked out using a Gaussian regularization. A general Master Solution is introduced which describes any of the above solutions as particular cases. From it, a Master Inner Product is obtained which yields all the particular products. We show that the Outgoing and the Incoming Boundary Conditions fully determine the location of the momenta respectively in the lower and upper half complex plane even for purely imaginary momenta (anti-bound and bound solutions).     

On the connection between the solutions to the Dirac and Weyl equations and the corresponding electromagnetic four-potentials

In this work we study in detail the connection between the solutions to the Dirac and Weyl equations and the associated electromagnetic four-potentials.First,it is proven that all solutions to the Weyl equation are degenerate,in the sense that they correspond to an infinite number of electromagnetic four-potentials.As far as the solutions to the Dirac equation are concerned,it is shown that they can be classified into two classes.The elements of the first class correspond to one and only one four-potential,and are called non-degenerate Dirac solutions.On the other hand,the elements of the second class correspond to an infinite number of four-potentials,and are called degenerate Dirac solutions.Further,it is proven that at least two of these fourpotentials are gauge-inequivalent,corresponding to different electromagnetic fields.In order to illustrate this particularly important result we have studied the degenerate solutions to the forcefree Dirac equation and shown that they correspond to massless particles.We have also provided explicit examples regarding solutions to the force-free Weyl equation and the Weyl equation for a constant magnetic field.In all cases we have calculated the infinite number of different electromagnetic fields corresponding to these solutions.Finally,we have discussed potential applications of our results in cosmology,materials science and nanoelectronics.     

Universal boundary reflection amplitudes

For all affine Toda field theories we propose a new type of generic boundary bootstrap equations, which can be viewed as a very specific combination of elementary boundary bootstrap equations. These equations allow to construct general solutions for the boundary reflection amplitudes, which are valid for theories related to all simple Lie algebras, that is simply laced and non-simply laced. We provide a detailed study of these solutions for concrete Lie algebras in various representations. The boundary bootstrap equations relating different types of exited boundary states are not automatically solved by our expressions.     

Generalized Invariant Solutions for Spherical Symmetric Non-conformally Flat Fluid Distributions of Embedding Class One

In the present article, using the Lie group of transformations technique all the invariant solutions of Einstein’s field equations for non-conformally flat perfect fluid spheres of embedding class one have been derived by considering a 5-flat space. The same problem for conformally flat case was tackled by Thakadiyil and Jasim (Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52:3960, 2013) using the same technique but with the lesser number of symmetries and hence could obtain only lesser number of solutions as compared to the number of solutions in this paper. All the solutions thus obtained have been subjected to reality conditions. As far as the authors are aware some of the solutions are new.     

Stability of plane-wave solutions of a dissipative generalization of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The modulational instability of perturbed plane-wave solutions of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is examined in the presence of three forms of dissipation. We present two families of decreasing-in-magnitude plane-wave solutions to this dissipative NLS equation. We establish that all such solutions that have no spatial dependence are linearly stable, though some perturbations may grow a finite amount. Further, we establish that all such solutions that have spatial dependence are linearly unstable if a certain form of dissipation is present.     

耦合Burgers方程的对称性及对称约化

对称性分析是自然科学研究中的重要方法之一. 利用对称性分析研究了一个描述两层流体体系的模型即耦合Burgers方程的对称性. 利用对称性给出了这个模型的四种对称性约化并给出了这些约化方程的一些特殊的严格解,如有理解、行波孤立子解和非行波孤立子解. 关键词： 对称性约化 耦合Burgers方程 孤立子     

2+1-dimensional gravitational decoupled anisotropic solutions

This paper investigates exact models for spherically symmetric anisotropic matter distribution in 2+1-dimensions via gravitational decoupling approach. For this purpose, we choose known spherical solutions with perfect fluid in the absence as well as the presence of cosmological constant and extend them to anisotropic models by imposing a constraint on matter components. The physical viability and stability of our developed solutions are investigated through graphical analysis of density, radial/tangential pressure, energy conditions, and causality criterion. It is found that both solutions are stable and satisfy all the physical requirements for the feasible choice of the model parameters.     

On the Road Map of Vogel’s Plane

We define “population” of Vogel’s plane as points for which universal character of adjoint representation is regular in the finite plane of its argument. It is shown that they are given exactly by all solutions of seven Diophantine equations of third order on three variables. We find all their solutions: classical series of simple Lie algebras (including an “odd symplectic” one), \({D_{2,1,\lambda}}\) superalgebra, the line of sl(2) algebras, and a number of isolated solutions, including exceptional simple Lie algebras. One of these Diophantine equations, namely \({knm=4k+4n+2m+12,}\) contains all simple Lie algebras, except so\({(2N+1).}\) Among isolated solutions are, besides exceptional simple Lie algebras, so called \({\mathfrak{e}_{7\frac{1}{2}}}\) algebra and also two other similar unidentified objects with positive dimensions. In addition, there are 47 isolated solutions in “unphysical semiplane” with negative dimensions. Isolated solutions mainly belong to the few lines in Vogel plane, including some rows of Freudenthal magic square. Universal dimension formulae have an integer values on all these solutions at least for first three symmetric powers of adjoint representation.     

Multi-cut solutions of Laplacian growth

A new class of solutions to Laplacian growth (LG) with zero surface tension is presented and shown to contain all other known solutions as special or limiting cases. These solutions, which are time-dependent conformal maps with branch cuts inside the unit circle, are governed by a nonlinear integral equation and describe oil fjords with non-parallel walls in viscous fingering experiments in Hele-Shaw cells. Integrals of motion for the multi-cut LG solutions in terms of singularities of the Schwarz function are found, and the dynamics of densities (jumps) on the cuts are derived. The subclass of these solutions with linear Cauchy densities on the cuts of the Schwarz function is of particular interest, because in this case the integral equation for the conformal map becomes linear. These solutions can also be of physical importance by representing oil/air interfaces, which form oil fjords with a constant opening angle, in accordance with recent experiments in a Hele-shaw cell.     

On spectral methods for solving nonlinear acoustics equations

Two very efficient methods for obtaining approximate solutions to nonlinear acoustics equations are discussed. I proposed these methods earlier, but they are still little known. The first method is based on expanding an unknown function into a Taylor series with respect to the coordinate (evolution variable) and on approximate summation of the terms of this series in all orders up to the infinite order. This series can be summed completely only in particular cases, e.g., for a simple wave. It has been noted that the partial summation technique is implemented more easily if all the terms of the series are represented as corresponding topological diagrams. The second method is based on introducing a “nonlinear” phase delay (proportional to the wave amplitude) for the temporal variable in linear solutions of the problem. The application technique of these methods is illustrated by obtaining approximate solutions of the Burgers equation.