Frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser ablation in laser structuring process

With the increasing demand for finer lines/spaces on PCB boards, a new technology—laser structuring—has emerged in recent years. In this research, the frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser is selected as the laser source in laser structuring; this laser is often used in miniaturization machining. This paper describes in detail the processing parameters’ influences, such as laser power, numbers of repetition, repetition rate and bite size, on laser structuring results. From the research results, it can be concluded that the line width and depth are increased with increases in the laser power and numbers of repetition. Repetition rate, bite size and velocity are related to one another. When the bite size is fixed, the velocity increases with the repetition rate and the depth of the line is decreased at the same time. When the repetition rate is fixed, velocity increases with the bite size.     

High power Nd:YAG slab laser sidepumped by diode laser array

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Experimental study of electro-optical Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser

We report the specification of a compact and stable side diode-pumped Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser. We experimentally study and compare the performance of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the free-running and Q-switched modes at different pulse repetition rates from 1 Hz to 100 Hz. The laser output energy is stabilized by using a special configuration of the optical resonator. In this laser, an unsymmetrical concave-concave resonator is used and this structure helps the mode volume to be nearly fixed when the pulse repetition rate is increased. According to the experimental results in the Q-switched operation, the laser output energy is nearly constant around 70 mJ with an FWHM pulse width of 7 ns at 100 Hz. The optical-to-optical conversion efficiency in the Q-switched regime is 17.5%.     

1 319和1 338 nm双波长Nd:YAG脉冲激光输出实验研究

 根据计算得到的双波长激光振荡的阈值条件,激光实验中对全反镜镀制1 319和1 338 nm的全反膜（其反射率大于99.73%,而对1 064 nm激光的反射率约为7%）;输出镜采用对1 064 nm强谱线95%的高透过率,而对1 319和1 338 nm谱线的透过率分别为34.7%,32.5%,有效抑制了强线1 064 nm振荡,成功实现了1 319和1 338 nm Nd:YAG同时双波长激光脉冲输出。当输入能量为125 J时,1 319和1 338 nm脉冲双波长激光的单脉冲总输出能量为0.89 J,电-光转换效率为0.71%,斜率效率为0.89%。输出的双波长激光的中心波长分别在1 318.8和1 338.2 nm处,谱线宽度（FWHM）分别为0.35和0.48 nm,强度之比为36:44。     

脉冲Nd:YAG激光熔覆修复塑料模具工艺参数的优化

 激光器的电压、电流、脉冲宽度、脉冲频率与激光的扫描速度、光斑直径等工艺参数直接影响着脉冲Nd:YAG激光熔覆质量。为了简化工艺调整过程，提出了重叠率的概念，并进行了理论推导，建立了重叠率与脉冲频率、激光扫描速度、激光光斑直径相互关系的方程式。利用预置法在低碳钢基体上熔覆Ni基合金粉末,获得了2组最佳工艺参数，即单脉冲能量、重叠率分别为6.7 J,97.4%和21 J,69.4%。研究表明：在单脉冲能量和重叠率一定的条件下，改变电流、脉宽、脉冲频率及熔覆速度不会影响熔覆质量。     

A short pulse, free running, Nd : YAG laser for the cleaning of stone cultural heritage

This paper presents a Nd : YAG laser operating in free running (FR) regime, with a pulse duration (20 μs) shorter than conventional systems (>200 μs), mainly developed for applications in laser cleaning of stones, especially for the restoration of cultural heritage. The system was also optimized to achieve high energy and low divergence, for easy coupling with optical fibers. The unusual pulse temporal regime induces a spiky behavior of the laser output which could also help in the application. Details on the technologies for the flashlamps power supplies, including the discharge circuits needed to achieve the short pulses, are given. Application trials on artworks and artificial samples are also discussed. Results show that the intermediate pulse duration avoids the mechanical damage induced by the photomechanical effect of Q-switch lasers and the thermal damage, as superficial melting, usually induced by long pulse FR lasers.     

A parametric study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser micro-drilling of gamma-titanium aluminide

In the present research, Nd:YAG laser micro-drilling of gamma-titanium aluminide, a new material which has performed well in laboratory tests as well as in different fields of engineering, is studied. The effect of different process parameters in the optimization of the process is investigated. The aspects considered are the hole circularity at exit and the hole taper of the drilled hole. Lamp current, pulse frequency, air pressure and thickness of the job are selected as independent process variables. The central composite design (CCD) technique based on response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to plan the experiments to achieve optimum responses with a reduced number of experiments.     

Laser induced copper electroless plating on polyimide with Q-switch Nd:YAG laser

The results of laser induced deposition of copper on polyimide substrate from copper electrolyte solution are reported. Unlike most work reported in the literatures where CW Ar⁺ lasers were used, a second harmonic (532 nm wavelength) Q-switch Nd:YAG laser was used for our experiments. The deposition process was conducted by laser-catalyzing of the polyimide surface and subsequent photothermal-accelerated reduction of copper-complex ions in an alkaline reducing environment. The characteristics of the deposited copper line were investigated in terms of laser beam scanning speed, and the number of scans. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposited copper were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX). The optimum processing conditions have been identified. The copper deposit was found to adhere well to the substrate.     

高平均功率六棒串接脉冲Nd:YAG激光器

报道了一种腔内六棒串接的脉冲Nd:YAG激光器。采用44矩阵对晶体棒失调角度对谐振腔光轴的影响进行了理论分析,给出了六棒串接脉冲激光器中晶体棒失调角度的允许范围。在串接实验中,谐振腔采用对称平平腔结构,通过调整每根晶体棒的失调角度到允许范围内,实现了六棒串接脉冲Nd:YAG激光器。在输入电功率86 kW,占空比17%时,获得了平均功率3 018 W的脉冲激光输出,峰值功率17.75 kW,最高单脉冲能量为66 J,光束参数乘积为26.3 mmmrad,电光转换效率3.5%,长时间工作不稳定性小于2%。     

Potential of Nd:YAG pulsed laser deposition method for coated conductor production

A Nd:YAG laser is environmentally safe and economical with no poisonous or hazardous gases and no expensive gases. We prepared Y123 films by using the fourth harmonic Nd:YAG pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method and optimized the deposition conditions on MgO single crystalline substrates and IBAD-MgO substrates for Y123 coated conductor. We found that the optimal deposition conditions acquired bi-axially aligned Y123 films on both substrates with T_c ∼ 90 K and J_c > 1 MA/cm² at 77 K in self-field. For obtaining high I_c, we fabricated thick Y123 films on both substrates and the maximum I_c per 1 cm in width reached 186 A/cm-width on the IBAD-MgO substrate. Interestingly, there were no a-axis oriented grains within the films up to 1.8 μm thick. This might be an especial feature of the Nd:YAG-PLD method. We believe that the Nd:YAG-PLD method is promising method for RE123 coated conductor production.     

A new proposal of high repetitive Nd:YAG laser power supply adopted the sequential charge and discharge circuit

The pulsed Nd:YAG laser is the most commonly used type of solid-state laser in many fields. In material processing, the power density control of a laser beam has been considered to be significant, which depends on the flashlamp current pulse width and pulse repetition rate.In this study, we have proposed a new method of sequential charge and discharge circuit (SCADC) to control the laser power density. The power supply of SCADC is composed of low frequency capacitors instead of very expensive high frequency capacitors. We could find the stability of laser output as well as the flashlamp current up to the pulse repetition rate of 150 pps. As increasing a repetition rate from 30 to 150 pps by the step of 30 pps, it is known that the laser outputs increased by 10 W.     

Optimization of Nd:YAG laser welding onto magnesium alloy via Taguchi analysis

The use of an Nd:YAG laser for thin plate magnesium alloy butt welding was optimized using the Taguchi analytical methodology. The welding parameters governing the laser beam in thin plate butt welding were evaluated by measuring of the ultimate tension stress. The effectiveness of the Taguchi method lies in clarifying the factor that dominates complex interactions in laser welding. The factors can be the shielding gas, laser energy, convey speed of workpiece, point at which the laser is focused, pulse frequency, and pulse shape. Furthermore, 18 combinations of these six essential welding parameters were set and Taguchi's method followed exactly. The optimal result was confirmed with a superior ultimate tension stress of 169 MPa, 2.5 times larger to that from original set for laser welding.     

Laser welding of glasses using a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser

This work reports on laser welding of two 1 mm thickness borosilicate glasses through the irradiation with a nanosecond pulsed laser, as a novel alternative to the use of ultrashort pulsed lasers for welding of transparent materials. Two different methodologies were investigated and compared in terms of interface quality. In a first approach, the glasses were joined without any absorbing intermediate layer. However, the bond interface possesses defects. To improve the resulting bond interface, the use of a titanium ultrathin intermediate layer was proposed to weld the glasses substrates, acting as a sealant between them. The laser parameters were optimized to achieve the best joining conditions of the Ti film. The use of the Ti layer gives rise to a bond interface more homogeneous and free of damages. As a further step, thin glasses of 86 µm thickness, of great technological value, were joined through the Ti film as well. The joined interfaces were inspected through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while the bond quality was evaluated by Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM).     

透明Nd:YAG激光陶瓷的研究与应用进展

综述了近年来,特别是近两年来国内外透明Nd:YAG激光陶瓷的研究与应用情况,重点对我国的透明Nd:YAG激光陶瓷研究近况进行了分析,指出了透明Nd:YAG激光陶瓷是目前陶瓷研究的热点。提出了透明Nd:YAG激光陶瓷研究中尚存在的问题和我国在此领域中与国外研究的巨大差距。分析指出:我国研究透明Nd:YAG激光陶瓷的各个院所之间,应该强强联合,优势互补,对该领域的理论和制备工艺进行更为深入的研究。     

Nd：YAG激光器中的自锁模

本文报道在Nd:YAG激光器中首次获得的自锁模脉冲序列.自锁模是由于Nd:YAG棒中的自相位调制引起的.在主被动对撞锁模运转情况下,自锁模对脉冲波形有较大的影响.     

Compact 600 mW blue laser with a composite Nd:YAG

A compact and simple design for an LDA-end-pumped intracavity doubling high-power blue laser with a composite Nd:YAG laser on the ⁴F_3/2 to ⁴I_9/2 laser transition in a flat-curved cavity is demonstrated. The nonlinear crystal used in the experiment is an LBO crystal cut for phase-matching type I. Through the thermo-lensing effect of the laser crystal at high-pumped power, the optimum mode-matched and efficient intracavity doubling are realized at the same time. The maximum output power at 473 nm was 600 mW when the absorbed, pumped power of 15 W, and the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is 4%. The stability of blue output power is 3.2% within 2 h.     

Cr,Nd:YAG self-Q-switched laser with high efficiency output

The high efficient laser performance of self-Q-switched laser in the co-doped Cr⁴⁺,Nd³⁺:YAG microchip with 1.8 mm thickness was demonstrated. The slope efficiency is varied with the reflectivity of output coupler at 1064 nm, and the highest slope efficiency of 26% was obtained for 95% reflectivity of output coupler at 1064 nm. The pulse width, the single pulse energy and the pulse repetition rate for different reflectivity of the output couplers were measured, and the experimental results agree with the numerical calculations of the passively Q-switched rate equations. This can lead to develop the diode laser pumped monolithic self-Q-switched solid-state microchip lasers, especially for the intracavity frequency-doubled solid-state microchip lasers.     

Investigation of Cr:YAG passive mode-locking in a pulsed Nd:YAG laser

Passive mode-locking of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser using a Cr⁴⁺:YAG saturable absorber was realized for the first time in a nearly critical stable resonator containing an antiresonant ring structure. The output energy and pulse duration are 13.5 mJ and 180 ps, respectively. The recovery time and saturable intensity for excited-state absorption of Cr⁴⁺:YAG under the action of strong laser pulses were calculated from rate equations.     

高平均功率调Q准连续Nd:YAG激光器

通过选用低掺杂浓度的Nd:YAG晶体棒、热近非稳腔优化设计、双棒串接热致双折射补偿技术以及双Q开关正交放置结构，在LD抽运功率1116W时，实现调Q准连续全固态Nd:YAG激光器1064nm输出，平均功率达258W，光束质量M²～15.5，重复频率为10kHz，脉冲宽度为64ns，峰值功率达0.4GW，光光转换效率达23.1%. 关键词： Nd:YAG激光器 准连续波 激光二极管抽运 固体激光器     

1.15 kW连续波全固态Nd:YAG激光器

研制了五组双线二极管列阵侧面泵浦Nd: YAG棒的高效率、高功率激光头。将一块90° 石英旋光片插入两个这样的激光头中间并置入热近非稳对称平平腔，产生了1157 W高光束质量（M2 ~ 39）1064 nm连续波输出，据我们所知，这是侧面泵浦双棒Nd: YAG激光器产生的最高功率。