Saturation of the filament density of ultrashort intense laser pulses in air

We experimentally and numerically characterize multiple filamentation of laser pulses with incident intensities of a few TW/cm². Propagating 100 TW laser pulses over 42 m in air, we observe a new propagation regime where the filament density saturates. As also evidenced by numerical simulations in the same intensity range, the total number of filaments is governed by geometric constraints and mutual interactions among filaments rather than by the available power in the beam.     

Cross-relaxation in multiple pulse NQR spin-locking

The experimental and theoretical NQR multiple-pulse spin locking study of cross-relaxation process in solids containing nuclei of two different sorts I?>?1/2 and S?=?1/2 coupled by the dipole–dipole interactions and influenced by an external magnetic field. Two coupled equations for the inverse spin temperatures of the both spin systems describing the mutual spin lattice relaxation and the cross-relaxation were obtained using the method of the nonequilibrium state operator. It is shown that the relaxation process is realized with non-exponential time dependence describing by a sum of two exponents. The cross relaxation time is calculated as a function of the multiple-pulse field parameters which agree with the experimental data. The calculated magnetization cross relaxation time vs the strength of the applied magnetic field agrees well with the obtained experimental data.     

Short-range fundamental forces

We consider theoretical motivations to search for extra short-range fundamental forces as well as experiments constraining their parameters. The forces could be of two types: 1) spin-independent forces; 2) spin-dependent axion-like forces. Different experimental techniques are sensitive in respective ranges of characteristic distances. The techniques include measurements of gravity at short distances, searches for extra interactions on top of the Casimir force, precision atomic and neutron experiments. We focus on neutron constraints, thus the range of characteristic distances considered here corresponds to the range accessible for neutron experiments.     

Mutual injection locking and coherent combining of three individual fiber lasers

Mutual injection locking and coherent combining of three individual erbium-doped fiber lasers are reported. Theoretical model of the three fiber lasers under mutual injection is also analyzed. Under free running state, the far field beam profile is a simple intensity superposition as three incoherent beams. Under mutual injection locking, interference lobes with high contrast ratio are obtained in the far field of three fiber lasers, which shows that the three fiber lasers have good interference characteristic under mutual injection. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results. According to this method, we can also realize coherent beam combining in more fiber lasers.     

Microscopic Description of g Factors and M1 Properties in Platinum Isotopes

Starting from the shell model configurations, valence nucleon effective interactions and fermion M1 transition current density operator, the counterparts in the proton-neutron interacting boson model (sdIBM-2) of the fermion Hamiltonian and M1 transition current density operator are derived microscopically with the help of Dyson expansion technique. The boson g factors are abstracted from the boson M1 transition current density operator. Spectra, g factors of 2₁⁺, 2₂⁺, 4₁⁺ states and M1 matrix elements between 2₂⁺ and 2₁⁺ are calculated for the even ^192-198Pt isotopes in the sdIBM-2. The theoretical results fit experimental data quite well.     

Charge exchange in collisions of H+2 with H-

The process of mutual neutralization in slow H+2+H- collisions is considered within the multi-channel Landau-Zener model. The calculated total mutual neutralization cross section is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data available in the CM energy range 20～2000 eV.     

内耗的热力学研究(Ⅰ)

甄纳等对线型内耗的计算曾作了一系列的研究。但是其所考虑的内容缺乏系统性。特别,当有着数个因素交互作用时,所得的结果是不够普遍的。本文试用一般的热力学不可逆的线型理论,应用了玻耳兹曼叠加原理,整理出一个较全面的有系统的普遍线型内耗理论。一般地,所得结果和普通的理论是相符合的,但是在交互作用问题上就有着差异。最近的内耗的研究上又逐步地进入反常内耗的研究。因此研究交互作用成为必要的了。可以指出,利用类似的理论和方法,有可能创造出反常效应及振幅效应的非线性的一般的内耗理论,为分析这些实验数据的工具。     

Test of three-body contact Skyrme forces with spin excitations in deformed nuclei

Experimental data on spin M1 strength distributions in even-even rare-earth nuclei are compared to theoretical results of selfconsistent HF+RPA calculations with separable spin-spin residual interactions derived from the two alternative versions (two-body density-dependent and three-body contact terms) of the Skyrme force Sk3. It is shown that the two versions produce quite different spin M1 strength distributions, though they generate the same HF mean field. The experimental data favour the two-body over the three-body version of the Skyrme interactions Sk1–Sk6.     

2 + 1 dimensional gravity as an exactly soluble system

By disentangling the hamiltonian constraint equations, 2 + 1 dimensional gravity (with or without a cosmological constant) is shown to be exactly soluble at the classical and quantum levels. Indeed, it is closely related to Yang-Mills theory with purely the Chern-Simons action, which recently has turned out to define a soluble quantum field theory. 2 + 1 dimensional gravity has a straightforward renormalized perturbation expansion, with vanishing beta function. 2 + 1 dimensional quantum gravity may provide a testing ground for understanding the role of classical singularities in quantum mechanics, may be related to the discrete series of Virasoro representations in 1 + 1 dimensions, and may be a useful tool in studying three-dimensional geometry.     

Interaction of two-dimensional spatial incoherent solitons in photorefractive medium

We present a review of our recent theoretical and experimental results on the interaction of incoherent two-dimensional solitary beams in PR SBN crystals. We show that the inherent anisotropy of PR nonlinearity strongly affects the interaction between solitons. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that solitons interacting in a plane perpendicular to the direction of external biasing field always attract, whereas those colliding in a plane of the field exhibit anomalous behaviour. They may experience both attractive and repulsive forces, depending on their mutual separation. We also show that this anisotropy results in the complicated topology of soliton trajectories, featuring periodic collisions, prolonged mutual spiraling and collapse, depending on the initial conditions. Received: 16 November 1998 / Revised version: 12 February 1999 / Published online: 12 April 1999     

Interaction second virial co-efficient of polar-quadrupolar gas mixtures

The interaction second virial coefficient of a binary polar-quadrupolar gas mixtures of non-spherical molecules of arbitrary symmetry has been calculated for a set of unlike force parameters which is obtained from the force parameters for like interactions by using empirical combination rules. In the calculation the influence of anisotropic interactions has been considered. The relative contribution of each branch of interactions has been evaluated as a function of temperature. The theoretical results have been compared with the experimental data of CH₃F + N₂, CH₃F + CO₂ and CH₃Cl + CS₂. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory.     

Tensor force effect on single-proton energy levels of oxygen isotopes

In the framework of the Hartree-Fock approach the proton spin-orbital splittings of the 1p orbits and the shell gaps in the oxygen isotopes are investigated with the interactions SLy5+T,SLy5+Tw,SGII+Te1,SGII+Te2,SGII+Te3 and many sets of the TIJ interactions.All of the interactions are the Skyrme interactions and contain a tensor component(tensor force).It is shown that the evolution of the single-proton levels for the oxygen isotopes is sensitive to a parameterβTwhich is associated with the tensor force strength of the Skyrme interactions.To understand this phenomenon,we systematically analyze the dependence of the spin-orbit splittings and shell gaps on the parameterβTin terms of the spin-orbit potential and the corresponding wave function.We find that the Skyrme interactions can be classified into two groups:(a)T21,T32,T43,T54,SLy5+T,SLy5+Tw,SGII+Te1 and SGII+Te2,which can roughly reproduce the experimental shell gaps of the oxygen isotopes;(b)T1J and SGII+Te3,which can not reproduce the experimental shell gaps.     

Collisions between (2+1)D rotating propeller solitons

We study theoretically the collisions between (2+1)D rotating-dipole-type bimodal solitons and find that such interactions exhibit many interesting exchanges of angular momentum.     

Dilaton-Maxwell Gravity with Matter Near Two Dimensions

Unlike Einstein gravity, dilaton-Maxwell gravity with matter is renormalizable in 2 + e dimensions and has a smooth ϵ → 0 limit. By performing a renormalization-group study of this last theory we show that the gravitational coupling constant G has a non-trivial, ultraviolet stable fixed point (asymptotic freedom) and that the dilatonic coupling functions (including the dilatonic potential) exhibit also a real, non-trivial fixed point. At such point the theory represents a standard charged string-inspired model. Stability and gauge dependence of the fixed-point solution is discussed. It is shown that all these properties remain valid in a dilatonic-Yang-Mills theory with n scalars and m spinors, that has the UF stable fixed point G* = 3ϵ(48 + 12N – m – 2n)⁻¹. In addition, it is seen that by increasing N (number of gauge fields) the matter central charge C = n + m/2(0 < C < 24 + 6N) can be increased correspondingly (in pure dilatonic gravity 0 < C < 24).     

Theoretical Study of the Collision-Induced Double Transition CO(2) (nu(3) = 1) + N(2) (nu(1) = 1) <-- CO(2) (nu(3) = 0) + N(2) (nu(1) = 0) at 296 K

A procedure is presented for the calculation of the double vibrational collision-induced absorption CO(2) (nu(3) = 1) + N(2) (nu(1) = 1) <-- CO(2) (nu(3) = 0) + N(2) (nu(1) = 0) on the basis of quantum lineshapes computed using an isotropic potential and dipole-induced dipole functions. The linestrengths and energies of the vibration-rotation transitions are treated explicitly for N(2), utilizing the HITRAN database for CO(2). The theoretical absorption profile is compared to recent experimental results. By narrowing the width of the individual lines contributing to the overall absorption profile relative to their values determined for N(2)-N(2) collision-induced absorption, excellent agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

声波在纤维性吸声材料中的传播

本文对纤维性吸声材料中声音的传播理论作了推广.文中根据纤维无规分布的假定,从微观的纤维散射过程出发,借助严格的统计力学方法,导出诸如有效密度、有效压缩模量等宏观量的理论公式。对实验研究作了简要讨论,理论结果与实验数据良好相符,不需引入任何待定的经验常数。     

Semi-flexible polymers with attractive interactions

The delocalization and unbinding transitions of two semi-flexible polymers which experience attractive interactions are studied by a variety of theoretical methods. In two-dimensional systems, one has to distinguish four different universality classes for the interaction potentials. In particular, the delocalization transitions from a potential well and the unbinding transitions from such a well in the presence of a hard wall exhibit distinct critical behavior governed by different critical exponents. In three-dimensional systems, we predict first-order transitions with a jump in the energy density but with critical or self-similar fluctuations leading to distribution functions with power law tails. The predicted critical behavior is confirmed numerically by transfer matrix calculations in two dimensions and by Monte Carlo simulations in three dimensions. This behavior should be accessible to experiments on biopolymers such as actin filaments or microtubuli. Received 15 December 1999 and Received in final form 19 May 2000     

Shape of a ponytail and the statistical physics of hair fiber bundles

A general continuum theory for the distribution of hairs in a bundle is developed, treating individual fibers as elastic filaments with random intrinsic curvatures. Applying this formalism to the iconic problem of the ponytail, the combined effects of bending elasticity, gravity, and orientational disorder are recast as a differential equation for the envelope of the bundle, in which the compressibility enters through an "equation of state." From this, we identify the balance of forces in various regions of the ponytail, extract a remarkably simple equation of state from laboratory measurements of human ponytails, and relate the pressure to the measured random curvatures of individual hairs.     

Renormalized energy-momentum tensor of λ Φ<Superscript>4</Superscript> theory in curved space-time

Divergenceless expression for the energy-momentum tensor of scalar field is obtained using the momentum cut-off regularization technique. We consider a scalar field with quartic self-coupling in a spatially flat (3+1)-dimensional Robertson-Walker space-time, having arbitrary mass and coupled to gravity. As special cases, energy-momentum tensor for conformal and minimal coupling are also obtained. The energy-momentum tensor is observed to exhibit trace anomaly in curved space-time     

Quantum geometry from 2 + 1 AdS quantum gravity on the torus

Wilson observables for 2 + 1 quantum gravity with negative cosmological constant, when the spatial manifold is a torus, exhibit several novel features: signed area phases relate the observables assigned to homotopic loops, and their commutators describe loop intersections, with properties that are not yet fully understood. We describe progress in our study of this bracket, which can be interpreted as a q-deformed Goldman bracket, and provide a geometrical interpretation in terms of a quantum version of Pick’s formula for the area of a polygon with integer vertices.