Bounds for the Elastic Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon

The elastic properties of heterogeneous materials without defects depend on both the constitutive properties of the constituents and the microstructural characteristics. In this paper the first-order bounds of aggregates of domains with hexagonal material symmetry are determined in terms of tensorial texture coefficients. The predictive capability of these bounds is compared to higher-order bounds for pyrolytic carbon. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Carbon/Epoxy Composites

Open-hole tension tests are a part of the qualification process for composite parts that need to be joined to other parts in aircraft structures [1]. With each new material, a new set of tests is required. To reduce costs, it is desirable to develop analysis tools for the prediction of damage and failure in such tests, so that the amount of testing can be reduced and predictions can be made about material behaviour early in the design process. In this paper, an experimental and numerical study is presented on the notched (open-hole) strength of high-strength carbon/epoxy composites (HTA/6376). Open-hole tension tests have been performed on specimens with three different lay-ups — quasi-isotropic, zero-dominated, and cross-ply — in accordance with procedures in available standards. The data observed are being used to develop several methods for predicting the notched strength, and results from one such method using a progressive damage analysis are presented with comparisons with experiments. The predictions of specimen stiffness and failure load were found to agree well with experiments. To gain insight into the failure process, damage progression maps are shown.     

Influence of Modifiers on the Physicomechanical Properties of Sawdust-Polyethylene Composites

Polymer-wood composites based on recycled polyethylene (RPE) are investigated. Dispersed alder sawdust was utilized as a filler. To improve the compatibility between the nonpolar matrix and the polar wood fibers as a reinforcement, two types of modifiers were used, which differed in their chemical nature and mechanical interaction with the constituents of the composites. The modifiers of the first type (paraffin and OP) improved the dispersibility of sawdust (SD), and those of the second type (Exxelor 1015 and OREVAC) contained groups of maleic anhydride, which interacted with the OH-groups of SD. The effect of the modifiers on the moisture sorption by SD, the dispersibility of the filler in the matrix, and the strength characteristics (ultimate strengths and moduli in tension and bending) of dry and moist RPE–SD composites and on their moisture sorption is estimated. The best results were obtained for the composites modified with paraffin, which is due to the more efficient employment of the strength and rigidity of well-dispersed SD fibers. In their strength characteristics, the RPE-based composites investigated are comparable to composites based on low-density polyethylene.     

Incremental Scheme to Homogenize Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Multi-Phase Composites

An incremental homogenization scheme for the prediction of elastic properties of composites is reviewed. Similar to the differential scheme, the inclusions are included step-by-step. This approach accounts for high volume fractions of inclusion of different shape and elastic properties. A numerical example for a composite consisting of a polymeric matrix, glass fibers and voids is shown. The fiber distribution is chosen equivalently to a distribution in an injection molded short-fiber reinforced composite. The volume fraction of the voids is varied. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Homogenization of Elastic Properties of Short Fiber Reinforced Composites Based on Discrete Microstructure Data

Since the microstructure of short fiber reinforced composites is inhomogeneous, the application of micromechanical models is useful, that take into account their characteristics like the fiber orientation and the aspect ratio of fibers. Two different methods are considered in this work: A two-step approach is utilized to get approximately the upper and lower bounds of the elastic properties. Furthermore, an approximation for the elastic properties is calculated by the self-consistence method. Both methods use discretely microstructural information including the length, the diameter and the orientation of each single fiber. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Effect of the Size of Carbon Fibers on the Physicomechanical Properties of Fluvis Composites

The effect of the size of carbon fibers on the thermophysical and strength characteristics of a Fluvis antifrictional composite, which is based on PTFE and modified Viscum fibers, is studied. It is found that, at a carbon-fiber length of about 100 m, a jump in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion occurs in all temperature ranges. An increase in the fiber length leads to a decrease in the density, resistivity, and compression strength of the composite.     

A Technique for Determining the Elastic and Dissipative Properties of Orthotropic Composites in Shear

A new method is presented for the characterization of three principal complex shear moduli of linear viscoelastic orthotropic materials, which is based on the measurement of complex torsional vibration frequencies of three rods of rectangular cross section. The rod-type test specimens are cut out from a composite plate along the principal material axes in the reinforcement plane. It is shown that the torsional stiffness of an elastic rod can be calculated not only by means of the Saint-Venant torsion theory, but also using a relationship obtained from the Reissner-Mindlin theory of plates. The transfer to a viscoelastic model of the material with complex moduli is realized with the help of the correspondence principle. By applying a numerical sensitivity analysis of natural frequencies to the shear moduli, the advisable width-to-thickness ratios of the specimens are found. As an illustration of data processing, the dynamic shear moduli and the loss factors for a GFRP fabric with an epoxy matrix are calculated. A comparison of the method offered with some known static and dynamic methods for determining the shear moduli of orthotropic materials is given.     

Predicting the Elastic Properties of 3D N-Directional Braided Composites Via a Theoretical Method

Mechanics of Composite Materials - The microstructure of 3D n-directional braided composites is established in this study. A theoretical method that considers 3D braided composites as assemblages...     

磁场、多孔性和各向异性动脉壁有多处狭窄段时对血液流动的影响

建立一个血液流动的数学模型:多孔介质在磁场作用下,血液流过一段有多处狭窄段的弹性动脉;用一个各向异性的弹性圆柱形管道模拟动脉,用粘性不可压缩的导电流体表示血液,动脉有轻微的局部性狭窄,形成一段内腔局部变窄的动脉,并完成该模型的数学分析．详细阐述了血管壁参数对血液流动的影响,参数包括纵向和圆周向的粘弹性应力分量Tt和Tθ、血管壁的各向异性度γ、血管及其周边结缔组织的总质量M、完全栓管中粘性约束的贡献C和弹性约束的贡献K,并用图形表示壁面剪切应力的分布、径向和轴向的速度等．还研究了狭窄形状参数m、渗透率常数κ、Hartmann数Ha和血管狭窄区的最大高度δ,对血液流动特征的影响．研究表明,流动受到周边结缔组织（动脉壁运动）的影响式微,血管壁的各向异性度,是确定动脉材料的一个重要指标．进一步发现壁剪切力分布,随着Tt和γ的增加而增加,随着Tθ,M,C和K的增加而减少．壁面剪切应力分布的传播,以及壁面处阻力阻抗的传播,栓管与自由管相比要低得多;狭窄段咽喉处的剪切应力分布特性,完全栓管和自由管正相反．靠近中心线的俘获区大小,随着渗透率κ的增加而增大;随着Hartmann数Ha的增加而减小．最后,狭窄段非对称时,逐渐形成俘获区;狭窄段对称时,不出现俘获区,各向同性自由管（无初始应力）中俘获区的大小,比完全栓管中的小得多．     

Numerical Estimation of the Elastic Properties of Thin-Walled Structures Manufactured from Short-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics

A model which allows us to estimate the elastic properties of thin-walled structures manufactured by injection molding is presented. The starting step is the numerical prediction of the microstructure of a short-fiber-reinforced composite developed during the filling stage of the manufacturing process. For this purpose, the Moldflow Plastic Insight^® commercial program is used. As a result of simulating the filling process, a second-rank orientation tensor characterizing the microstructure of the material is obtained. The elastic properties of the prepared material locally depend on the orientational distribution of fibers. The constitutive equation is formulated by means of orientational averaging for a given orientation tensor. The tensor of elastic material properties is computed and translated into the format for a stress-strain analysis based on the ANSYSÒ finite-element code. The numerical procedure and the convergence of results are discussed for a thin strip, a rectangular plate, and a shell of revolution. The influence of manufacturing conditions on the stress-strain state of statically loaded thin-walled elements is illustrated.     

预测纳米纤维复合材料有效弹性性能的界面模型和界面相模型北大核心CSCD

基于广义自洽法,同时采用Gurtin-Murdoch界面模型和界面相模型研究了纳米纤维复合材料的有效弹性性能,获得了两种模型下有效体积模量的封闭解析解和计算有效面内剪切模量数值解的全部公式.基于界面模型的解答,讨论了有效体积模量和有效面内剪切模量的界面效应.证明了界面模型的解答可由界面相模型的解答退化得到,其中有效体积模量可以实现解析退化,有效面内剪切模量则可以数值退化.以含纳米孔洞的金属铝为例,比较了两种模型计算结果的差异.结果表明,当纳米孔洞半径较小时,两个模型的结果存在很大差异,而当半径较大时两个模型的结果差别不大.     

Numerical Prediction of Macroscopic Material Failure

The aim of this contribution is the numerical determination of macroscopic material properties based on constitutive relationships characterising the microscale. A macroscopic failure criterion is computed using a three dimensional finite element formulation. The proposed finite element model implements the Strong Discontinuity Approach (SDA) in order to include the localised, fully nonlinear kinematics associated with the failure on the microscale. This numerical application exploits further the Enhanced–Assumed–Strain (EAS) concept to decompose additively the deformation gradient into a conforming part corresponding to a smooth deformation mapping and an enhanced part reflecting the final failure kinematics of the microscale. This finite element formulation is then used for the modelling of the microscale and for the discretisation of a representative volume element (RVE). The macroscopic material behaviour results from numerical computations of the RVE. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Effect of Carbon Fibers Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Polyamide Composites for Automobile Applications

Mechanics of Composite Materials - Carbon fiber (CF)/ polyamide (PA6) composites are one of the most promising thermoplastic materials for automobile applications. However, the interfacial...     

含非均匀界面相碳／碳纤维复合材料等效热传导性质的研究

本文研究含非均匀界面相碳／碳纤维复合材料的热传导性质．将非均匀界面相近似模拟为由许多性质均匀的薄层构成的层状结构，并应用Mori-Tanaka平均场概念得到了该复合材料等效热传导系数封闭形式的解析解．     

Influence of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles on Formation of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Microfibrillar Composites

Mechanics of Composite Materials - The effect of nanosize alumina (Al2O3) concentration on the morphology and mechanical properties of microfibrillar composites obtained by processing the...