伪火花放电开关电压跌落过程实验研究

 设计了典型参数下的伪火花放电开关，进行了空气介质下的电压特性实验，给出了伪火花开关放电电压与气压变化的关系曲线；测量了产生伪火花放电的气压范围（1~29Pa）和单间隙伪火花放电开关耐受电压的最大值(40kV)，测得了伪火花放电与辉光放电的转折点气压(29Pa)，并对实验结果进行了理论分析。研究了伪火花放电开关电压跌落时间与放电电压的关系，首次将开关电压跌落过程分为暂态阶段和稳态阶段，讨论了放电电路参数，气体压力，开关结构和放电电压对电压跌落时间的影响。实验表明，在气压和开关结构不变的条件下，暂态过程时间由放电电压决定，电压越高，则所需时间就越短；稳态过程时间由放电电路参数决定，不受放电电压影响。     

聚四氟乙烯沿面闪络电压规律

由于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)具有优良的绝缘性、化学稳定性，因此常被用于航天器线缆制作。为了研究聚四氟乙烯材料沿面闪络特性，实验在正常大气压下对聚四氟乙烯材料两端施加直流高压，得到放电电压值以及电压、电流波形。通过整理、对比发现:随着闪络次数的增加，材料放电电压呈先增大后稳定的规律，闪络平均场强呈降低趋势。对实验结果进行分析，认为介质表面粗糙程度的改变、材料表面化学变化是影响聚四氟乙烯沿面闪络电压的重要原因。根据闪络次数对电压的影响提出了较为准确描述PTFE闪络电压的方法。     

高压耦合高功率脉冲磁控溅射的增强放电效应

等离子体源离子注入与沉积技术作为一种可生产高结合力、高致密度涂层的真空镀膜技术,具有广阔的应用前景,尤其适用于高载荷工况下服役的功能涂层制备.该技术中金属等离子体源是关键,而现有的脉冲阴极弧源结构复杂,且由于伴随"金属液滴"而需要增加过滤装置.本文研究了另一种简单结构的金属等离子体源备选一高功率脉冲磁控溅射源(HPPMS)的放电特性,采用等离子体发射光谱仪探索了不同的耦合高压对HPPMS放电靶电流特性和等离子体特性的作用.发现耦合高压对HPPMS放电有明显的促进作用,相同靶电压下的放电强度大幅增加,相对于金属放电,耦合高压对气体放电的促进作用更加明显,但在自溅射为主的高压放电阶段对金属放电的促进作用明显增强.讨论了耦合高压对HPPMS放电的增强机制,发现耦合高压自辉光放电、耦合高压和HPPMS电压构成双向负压形成的空心阴极效应,以及耦合高压鞘层改善的双极扩散效应都对HPPMS放电的增强有明显作用.     

纳秒脉冲空气辉光放电等离子体及应用

采用基于半导体断路开关的纳秒脉冲高压电源,在两个金属电极之间产生放电区间为1 600mm×100 mm×25 mm的常压辉光空气等离子体。等离子体发生器采用负高压针电极阵列与平板阳极结构,针电极的直径为1 mm,长度为20 mm,针电极之间的间隔为20 mm,针电极与平板零电位之间的距离为25mm,在每个负高压针电极末端周围同时形成圆锥形辉光放电,在平板地电极则形成大面积辉光放电。采用电压探针测量了该新型等离子体的放电特性,结果表明:放电脉冲的上升时间为26 ns,最高脉冲输出峰值电压为27 kV;利用该辉光等离子体对幅宽为1 000 mm聚四氟乙烯薄膜进行了表面改性处理,处理后其表面接触角由原来的124°降到69°,亲水性能大为提高。     

多通道表面放电光泵浦源触发特性研究

 介绍了多通道表面放电光泵浦源的设计,理论分析了触发电压幅值及上升时间、绝缘基板厚度等参数对所设计光泵浦源触发特性的影响。分析表明：在触发电压作用下,通道两电极处电场出现强烈畸变,而通道中间电场基本为零。采用高速相机拍摄泵浦源的放电图像以及电流线圈测量各通道的放电电流这两种方法实验研究了泵浦源的同步性及放电均匀性。当氮氩混合气体总气压为0.1 MPa (氮氩体积比为3∶7),充电电压20 kV,触发电压30 kV,前沿约10 ns时,成功实现了10通道均匀放电,抖动约20 ns。实验结果表明：在保证放电装置绝缘良好的情况下,若充电电压和触发电压越高,触发电压上升时间越短,触发电极至通道的有效距离越短,则多通道放电的抖动就越小,放电均匀性越好。     

纳秒脉冲表面介质阻挡放电特性实验研究

在常规大气环境条件下,基于单极性纳秒脉冲电源对表面介质阻挡放电特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:纳秒脉冲表面介质阻挡放电的本质是丝状放电,放电集中在电压脉冲的上升沿;激励电压和脉冲重复频率越大,放电越强烈,越接近均匀放电,但电压的作用更侧重于均匀性,而频率的作用则侧重于放电的强度;电极间隙的优化可以使表面介质阻挡放电特性最好;玻璃作为阻挡介质时容易发生沿面闪络。     

真空中电子辐照下聚四氟乙烯沿面闪络电压特性

为了研究聚四氟乙烯材料(PTFE)在空间粒子环境中放电规律及其影响因素,通过实验获得了高真空低能电子辐照下PTFE高压直流沿面闪络电压,并采用等温电位衰减法测试了PTEE在辐照前及辐照后的陷阱密度,分析了影响PTEE沿面闪络电压的因素。研究结果表明:相比于无辐照时PTFE沿面闪络电压,当辐照电子能量为19~25 keV时,闪络电压明显更高;在电子束流密度不变的情况下,电子能量越高,材料表面正电荷密度越小,陷阱密度与电导率越大,电场畸形程度越小,因此闪络电压升高;当电子能量一定时,束流密度越高,初始电子数量和二次电子数量越多,因此闪络电压降低。     

Experimental study on characteristics of nanosecond-pulse surface dielectric barrier discharge

在常规大气环境条件下,基于单极性纳秒脉冲电源对表面介质阻挡放电特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:纳秒脉冲表而介质阻挡放电的本质是丝状放电,放电集中在电压脉冲的上升沿;激励电压和脉冲重复频率越大,放电越强烈,越接近均匀放电,但电压的作用更侧重于均匀性,而频率的作用则侧重于放电的强度;电极间隙的优化可以使表面介质阻挡放电特性最好;玻璃作为阻挡介质时容易发生沿面闪络.     

LaB6在低压强氮气和氦气中的放电特性

研究了LaB6在1~10 Pa氮气和氦气中的直流和脉冲放电特性以及放电过程对电极的影响。结果表明，电极直径为5 mm的LaB6氦气放电管在脉冲工作状态下可以长期稳定放电。在脉冲电压为2.2 kV、脉冲宽度10 ms、频率13.3 Hz下，脉冲峰值放电电流超过120 A。氦气放电管在放电过程中，阴极表面有离子的清洗和活化作用，可以使电极的表面逸出功降低，提高放电管的发射能力和稳定性。LaB6作为气体放电电极具有寿命长、延迟时间短、放电电流大等优点，可用于重复强流脉冲气体放电的高压高速开关器件。     

横向表面放电光泵浦源特性研究

 介绍了一种用以泵浦XeF(C-A)激光的横向表面放电辐射源,比较详细地研究了这种泵浦源的放电击穿特性、放电电流与充电电压及不同气体介质的关系、表面放电均匀性以及不同气体成分对表面放电辐射特性的影响。得到了放电击穿时间、放电峰值电流随充电电压、不同气体介质变化的曲线;分析了提高放电均匀性的途径,在电极长50cm、间距6cm、充电电压25kV条件下获得了均匀放电。获得了各种实验条件下放电辐射的光谱曲线;通过对辐射光谱的分析,研究了有利于光解离XeF₂的最佳实验条件,当p_Ar:p_N2=1:1时,放电在远紫外波段产生的辐射最强。     

Experimental study on electrostatic removal of high-carbon particle in high temperature coal pyrolysis gas

A high-temperature electrostatic precipitator (ESP) presents a good solution for hot gas cleaning, which can remove fly ash from pyrolysis gas at temperatures higher than the tar dew point. In this paper, the characteristics of negative DC corona discharge in air and simulated coal pyrolysis gas were studied. The removal of coal pyrolysis furnace fly ash (ash A) was investigated and compared with that of coal-fired power plant fly ash (ash B) in ESP with a temperature ranging from 300?K to 900?K. The current density of simulated gas was higher than that of air under the same discharge voltage and at different temperatures. The simulated gas also had a higher spark voltage and a lower onset voltage compared with air. The fractional collection efficiency of ash A was lower for particles with diameters of larger than 0.1?µm at high temperature, compared with ash B. A lower collection efficiency in simulated gas was obtained for particles with diameters of less than 0.1?µm compared with air. The collection efficiency of submicron particles in simulated gas was usually higher than it in air, especially for particles with diameters of less than 0.04?µm. In simulated gas, the overall collection efficiency of ash A was obviously lower than that of ash B, especially at high temperature. From 300?K to 700?K, the collection efficiencies of both ash samples were as high as above 93%, but the collection efficiency of ash A in simulated gas decreased to 78.7% at 900?K.     

Laboratory studies of back-discharge in fly ash

The back-discharge is a type of discharge that takes place in the presence of corona discharge and occurs at an electrode covered with a dielectric layer of resistivity higher than about 10⁸ Ω m. Back-discharge can be observed in electrostatic precipitators when dust covering the collection electrode has low conductivity. In this paper, the studies of back-discharge generated in ambient air, in point-to-plane geometry with the plate electrode covered with fly ash are presented. The discharge is characterised in terms of its visual forms, current–voltage characteristics, and light emission spectra. Three forms of back-discharge were investigated: glow discharge, streamers, and low-current back-arc discharge. The current of the back-arc discharge was only a few milliamps. The discharge was stabilised by a high series resistance. It was noted that the voltage of ignition of the back-discharge for negative polarity is lower than for a positive one. Spectroscopic measurements of emission spectra provided information on elements present in the discharge column. The elements present in the fly ash, including toxic metals, can be re-entrained into the gas as particles or can be emitted as ions or neutrals during the discharge, and can decrease the collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitators. These elements were detected in the emission spectra. The effect of the discharge on the fly ash layer was also discussed. It was observed that sinter-like leftovers remain in the dust layer after a back-arc discharge.     

Optical emission spectroscopy of point-plane corona and back-corona discharges in air

Results of spectroscopic investigations and current-voltage characteristics of corona discharge and back discharge on fly-ash layer, generated in point-plane electrode geometry in air at atmospheric pressure are presented in the paper. The characteristics of both discharges are similar but differ in the current and voltage ranges of all the discharge forms distinguished during the experiments. Three forms of back discharge, for positive and negative polarity, were investigated: glow, streamer and low-current back-arc. In order to characterize ionisation and excitation processes in back discharge, the emission spectra were measured and compared with those obtained for normal corona discharge generated in the same electrode configuration but with fly ash layer removed. The emission spectra were measured in two discharge zones: near the tip of needle electrode and near the plate. Visual forms of the discharge were recorded with digital camera and referred to current-voltage characteristics and emission spectra. The measurements have shown that spectral lines emitted by back discharge depend on the form of discharge and the discharge current. From the comparison of the spectral lines of back and normal discharges an effect of fly ash layer on the discharge morphology can be determined. The recorded emission spectra formed by ionised gas and plasma near the needle electrode and fly ash layer are different. It should be noted that in back arc emission, spectral lines of fly ash layer components can be distinguished. On the other hand, in needle zone, the emission of high intensity N₂ second positive system and NO _γ lines can be noticed. Regardless of these gaseous lines, also atomic lines of dust layer were present in the spectrum. The differences in spectra of back discharge for positive and negative polarities of the needle electrode have been explained by considering the kind of ions generated in the crater in fly ash layer. The aim of these studies is to better understand the discharge processes encountered in electrostatic precipitators.     

减少二氧化碳对LIBS检测飞灰中未燃碳含量影响的研究

通常热力发电厂将飞灰中未燃碳的含量作为评价锅炉燃烧效率的重要指标,通过测量飞灰中未燃碳的含量来评价煤粉燃烧的充分程度,进而实现优化燃烧、提高机组效率。基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)无接触、快速响应、高灵敏度、可以在线测量等特点,备用来测量飞灰中未燃碳的含量。由于烟气中CO₂气体的存在,碳谱线强度会随CO₂浓度的变化而改变。为了减少CO₂气体对飞灰未燃碳测量结果的影响,提出并设计了具有二级旋风分离器的LIBS测量飞灰未燃碳含量实验系统,飞灰从给粉机流出后通过二级旋风分离器进入测量腔体,脉冲激光经过透镜作用于飞灰样品进而产生等离子体。LIBS系统采用双中心波长光谱仪,可测得飞灰中C,Si,Mg,Fe,Ca和Al等主要元素谱线,同时高分辨率通道可分辨出相邻C和Fe的元素谱线,可以在获得充分的飞灰光谱信息的同时保证了测量的精度。实验结果表明该系统可有效分离和收集飞灰颗粒,减少CO₂气体对测量结果的干扰,为LIBS技术的工程应用提供了更准确的依据。     

Corona and back discharges in flue-gas simulating mixture

Results of spectroscopic investigations and current–voltage characteristics of electrical discharges between a needle and plate electrodes in a gas mixture simulating flue gases from coal fired power plants at atmospheric pressure are presented in the paper. In these investigations, back discharge was generated at the plate electrode covered with fly ash layer in order to simulate the conditions similar to those in electrostatic precipitators. To characterize the physical processes in back discharges, the emission spectra were measured and compared with those obtained for normal corona discharge generated in the same electrode configuration but with fly ash removed from the electrode. The emission spectra provide information on elemental and molecular composition of the layer. It was also shown that discharge characteristics in flue gas are quite different from those occurring in ambient air.     

Influences of water vapor and fly ash addition on NO and SO2 gas conversion efficiencies enhanced by pulsed corona discharge

The NO and SO₂ gas conversion processes in a pulsed corona discharge field have been studied. The experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of water vapor and fly ash addition on the conversion efficiencies of NO and SO₂. Experimental results show that positive pulsed corona discharge can facilitate NO and SO₂ conversion processes, and the conversion efficiencies of NO and SO₂ are primarily dependent on the radicals OH, O and the active species O₃, HO₂, H₂O₂, etc. With water vapor addition, SO₂ conversion efficiency is improved, but NO conversion process is restrained. Low fly ash concentration helps to enhance the conversion of NO and SO₂; however, the conversion efficiencies of NO and SO₂ are drastically degraded by high fly ash concentration addition. The synergistic effects of water vapor and fly ash addition strengthen the chemical adsorption ability of the fly ash surface, which results in a considerable improvement in the conversion of NO and SO₂. Furthermore, the specific input energy plays an important role in NO and SO₂ conversion efficiencies. Measured conversion efficiencies of NO and SO₂ reach about 60% and 90%, respectively, under the conditions tested.     

燃煤飞灰物理化学特性及其润湿机理研究

以小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰及其不同粒径范围的分级灰为对象,采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、离子色谱、Zeta电位、扫描电镜等实验方法研究了飞灰的物理化学特征.同时采用沉降实验、表面张力实验研究了三种不同润湿剂对飞灰的润湿性能.研究发现,溶液对飞灰的润湿能力不仅取决于其气液界面张力,还与飞灰的组成、表面电位以及形貌特征密切相关.亲水性物质含量的增加,颗粒表面电荷与润湿剂分子间的静电吸引,颗粒表面的棱角孔隙等均可以促进其润湿;温度越高飞灰润湿性能越好,且温度对飞灰润湿过程影响较大,温度较高(60℃)时润湿剂种类及浓度对飞灰润湿过程的影响不明显.     

ICP-OES分析低钙粉煤灰在NaOH溶液中离子浸出规律

低钙粉煤灰潜在的火山灰活性释放缓慢限制了其大规模利用,通过碱激发提高粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+等离子浸出率对于加快低钙粉煤灰活性释放具有积极作用。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分别测试和分析了5种浓度NaOH溶液对低钙粉煤灰激发过程中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+的浸出规律、化学基团变化、水化产物生成及微观形貌演化。结果表明：碱激发作用显著提高了低钙粉煤灰中Si4+,Al3+和Ca2+浸出率,三种离子浸出率大小为：Si4+＞Al3+＞Ca2+,其中Si4+和Al3+浸出率随NaOH浓度增加而增加,随浸出时间延长呈对数规律升高;Ca2+由于在NaOH溶液中生成Ca(OH)₂沉淀,其浸出率大小表现为在水中高,在NaOH溶液中低。红外光谱清晰地表征出低钙粉煤灰受碱激发作用后化学基团在指纹区(波数1 300 cm-1以下)的变化,且随碱激发时间的延长和碱浓度的增加变化愈加明显。水化产物和微观形貌的结果显示出粉煤灰颗粒表面受到碱侵蚀发生解聚,在OH-催化下,硅铝单体分子重新排列形成硅酸盐和铝酸盐低聚络合物,通过亲核取代反应形成铝硅酸盐的低聚态溶胶,并进一步与碱金属阳离子通过配位键或静电键的作用缩聚形成水化凝胶类产物。采用ICP-OES测试粉煤灰中离子浸出率可作为评价粉煤灰火山灰活性的一种快速和准确的方法。     

Back discharge in multipoint-plane geometry in flue gases

The paper presents investigations of back discharge occurring in air and flue gases produced by the process of burning of liquefied petroleum gas or charcoal. The discharge was generated between a multineedle electrode and plate covered with fly ash layer. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of back discharge in multineedle-to-plate electrode configuration on the fly ash layer covering the plate electrode. Level of NO_x and CO emission was also measured. It was found that the chemical composition of flue gas can be changed in the domains where the back discharge occurs, for example, additional amounts of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂) are produced and also carbon oxide (CO) was produced at higher discharge current.     

The correlation between corona current distribution and collection of fine particles in a laboratory-scale electrostatic precipitator

An analysis of the electrostatic gas cleaning fundamental phenomenon shows an essential influence of discharge electrode construction on the gas cleaning process efficiency.In the physical model tests there were used rigid discharge electrodes with corona emitting elements of various geometries. Different constructions of discharge electrode were tested in the aspect of discharge current uniform distribution on collecting electrode surfaces. Measurements of discharge current distribution has been carried out for discharge electrodes with different spike shapes and in different electric field geometry. The research aim was to determine the optimal discharge electrode construction ensuring high collection efficiency of fine particles. Collection efficiency measurements of selected fly ash samples (from coal fired boilers) were carried out on a laboratory testing bench in a horizontal electrostatic precipitator model.