黎开管中热声拍振现象及其主动控制

黎开管中燃烧振荡现象的实验研究发现,在不稳定发生的极限工况附近可能存在幅值周期性变化的振荡现象,也即拍振,其拍频可低于l Hz。本文比较了铁丝网和穿孔陶瓷两种稳焰体对拍振发生的影响;通过时频分析揭示了拍振的声压脉动的主频随时间周期性变化的特征。采用基于数字信号处理器的控制系统,研究了对极限环和拍振的主动控制效果,实验结果表明,黎开管系统中导致拍振的非线性可能使得采用常规主动控制方法难以取得满意的控制效果。     

黎开管非线热声效应的研究

基于能量守恒原理对Rijke管热声效应展开了理论分析,采用内外流场耦合法数值模拟了Rijke管自激励起振和饱和过程的声场特性,并开展了相应的实验研究.推导了Rijke管起振、饱和及高次谐波产生过程中的能量变化,分析了Rijke管非线性效应包括高次谐波和波形畸变的影响因素,提出了改变管口声阻抗可弱化非线性效应的方法.结果...     

Rijke管热声振荡的稳定性切换行为研究

采用数值方法模拟了强弱两种阻尼条件下传热迟滞时间对一维Rijke管热声系统稳定性的影响,发现Rijke管系统存在稳定性切换现象.在推导了无量纲形式的管内声波动量方程和能量方程之后,利用Galerkin方法对控制方程进行展开并在时间域内数值求解.分析了强阻尼和弱阻尼条件下,给定热源的Rijke管热声振荡的稳定性与传热迟滞时间的关系.结果显示:在两类阻尼条件下,持续增大传热与速度的迟滞时间,系统均呈现出稳定性切换现象,即系统在稳定和不稳定两个状态间持续转变;但弱阻尼系统的不稳定区域宽于强阻尼系统的不稳定区域,系统最大振幅相对增大,且系统热声振荡的主模态在不同模态之间发生转换.最后,通过求解系统各阶模态极限环幅值随传热迟滞时间的变化,发现Rijke管热声振荡稳定性切换现象与迟滞时间存在近似周期性关系.     

热声热机和斯特林热机振荡现象的网络描述

热力学循环的实质是一种非等熵的循环 ,热声热机和斯特林热机振荡现象在满足热力学循环一般规律的同时 ,而各有其特殊性 ,故其各自的振荡本质是有差异的 ,用于描述两者的网络模型也必然有差异。     

热声波数值模拟的虚假振荡研究

采用可压缩流动的SIMPLE算法对一维封闭空腔内由边界突然加热所引起的非稳态热声波进行了数值模拟,对流-扩散项采用了中心差分、一阶迎风差分、QUICK、及MIJSCL等不同格式。计算表明各种格式均存在不同程度的虚假振荡现象,其大小与热声波的强度及离散格式的形式等多种因素有关。这些结果对热声波的进一步研究及高效可靠的对流差分格式的开发具有重要意义。     

谐振腔形式爆震管的冷态特性研究

为研究谐振腔形式爆震管的冷态特性,基于模块化设计的谐振腔,开展了相关实验。采用模块化设计,可方便地实现谐振腔长度、供给位置和供给方向的调整。结果表明,供给频率改变时,谐振腔内的压力振荡亦随之变化,压力振幅在谐振频率附近达到最大。改变供给位置和进气方向不会对谐振频率造成实质性影响,但会使其轻微浮动;谐振频率随谐振腔长度线性变化。冷态实验为预估热态谐振频率奠定了基础,并为热声耦合的实现指明了方向。     

喘振主动控制模式的研究

本文采用线性控制理论，对实际喘振主动控制所涉及的理想传递函数、状态空间描述、状态反馈形式和离散化处理等概念进行了阐述。依据实际测量的动态输入、输出数据，对实际压缩系统的主动控制模式实施了离线动态辨识。     

低速热射流剪切层光学性质主动控制研究

分别对稳定、基波和亚谐波周期扰动入口边界条件的二维欧拉方程进行了数值模拟,得出了射流剪切层中大涡结构的空间演化特征,计算了不同入口边界条件时的流向斯特列尔比,从而提出了对流场进行主动控制的光学意义。     

热声驱动系统中的压力测量

介绍了自制的用于热声驱动脉管制冷装置的计算机压力波数据采集系统。该系统由硅压电压力传感器、数据采集卡、PC机和基于 Labview软件的图形化用户界面 GUI( Graphical User In-terface)组成。试验证明 ,它具有结构简单、高效精确、操作简便等特点 ,在捕捉被测系统内的动态压力变化方面具有优势 ,不但能很好地满足热声驱动器的压力测量要求 ,而且亦可移植到任何类似的测量气体压力的场合     

热声系统中振荡滞后特性的试验研究

针对热声热机中存在着强烈的非线性热声自激振荡现象,在自行研制的"驻波型热声发动机试验平台"上,对采用He/Ar混合工质的驻波热声发动机系统的起振与消振过程的动态特性进行了详细的试验研究.试验结果表明:对于混合工质热声发动机系统同样存在热声自激振荡的滞后现象和振荡滞后回路;并且在一定的氦氩配比下,发现了"二次起振"的现象,更进一步验证了热声自激振荡的复杂性.     

Reduced-order modelling of thermoacoustic instabilities in a two-heater Rijke tube

The topic of thermoacoustic instabilities in combustors is well-investigated, as it is important in the field of combustion, primarily in gas-turbine engines. In recent years, much attention has been focused on monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and control of high-amplitude pressure oscillations in confined combustion chambers. The Rijke tube is one of the most simple, yet very commonly used, laboratory apparatuses for emulation of thermoacoustic instabilities, which is also capable of capturing the physics of the thermally driven acoustics. A Rijke tube apparatus can be constructed with an electrical heater acting as the heat source, thus making it more flexible to operate and safer to handle than a fuel-burning Rijke tube or a fuel-fired combustor. Augmentation of the heat source of the Rijke tube with a secondary heater at a downstream location facilitates better control of thermoacoustic instabilities. Along this line, much work has been reported on the investigation of thermoacoustics by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling as well as reduced-order modelling for both single-heater and two-heater Rijke tube systems. However, since reduced-order models are often designed and built upon certain empirical relations, they may not account for the dynamic behaviour of the heater itself, which is a critical factor in the analysis and synthesis of real-time robust control systems. This issue is addressed in the current paper, where modifications have been made to existing models by incorporating heater dynamics. The model results are systematically validated with experimental data, generated from an in-house (electrically heated) Rijke tube apparatus.     

热声驱动脉管制冷机系统的效率评价

采用热声压缩机驱动脉管制冷机将完全消除系统的机械运动部件 ,大大提高了运行的可靠性。随着热声驱动脉管制冷机研究的不断深入 ,人们迫切需要能真实反映系统效率的评价标准 ,文中给出三种评价方法 :(1 )系统的总效率 ;(2 )系统的相对卡诺效率 ;(3)系统的火用效率。建议采用火用效率对系统效率进行综合评价 ,这对系统的性能改善以及实用化研究具有一定的参考价值     

低温制冷机和热声机中直流问题的研究

脉管制冷机中的直流流动和热声机械中的直流流动都是当前研究领域的热点问题 ,消除或积极利用直流流动是提高脉管制冷性能和热声机械效率的有效途径之一。文中介绍了几种主要的直流类型 ,并从实验和理论两方面揭示了直流现象产生的原因及其抑制、消除或积极利用的方法。     

非线性热声理论的研究进展

主要总结了热声系统中的非线性热声现象,指出了线性热声理论的不足,回顾了近十年来国内外热声工作者为解释这些非线性现象所做的理论探索,对其发展方向进行了展望.     

Thermoacoustic assessment of hematocrit changes in human forearms

Abnormal hematocrit(Hct) is associated with an increased risk of pre-hypertension and all-cause death in general population, and people with a high Hct value are susceptible to arterial cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism.In this study, we report for the first time on the ability of thermoacoustic imaging(TAI) for in vivo evaluating Hct changes in human forearms. In vitro blood samples with different Hct values from healthy volunteers(n = 3) were prepared after centrifugation. TAI was performed using these samples in comparison with the direct measurements of conductivity. In vivo TAI was conducted in the forearm of healthy volunteers(n = 7) where Hct changes were produced through a vascular occlusion stimulation over a period of time. The results of in vitro blood samples obtained from the 3 healthy subjects show that the thermoacoustic(TA) signals changes due to the variation of blood conductivity are closely related to the changes in Hct. In addition, the in vivo TA signals obtained from the 7 healthy subjects consistently increase in the artery/muscle and decrease in the vein during venous or arterial occlusion because of the changed Hct value in their forearms. These findings suggest that TAI has the potential to become a new tool for monitoring Hct changes for a variety of pre-clinical and clinical applications.     

气体工质对气液热声发动机性能的影响

本文针对一台气液耦合振动热声发动机,以1．5kg的水作为液柱,以氮气、氦气、氩气和二氧化碳分别作为气体工质,在2．0MPa平均工作压力下,实验对比了不同气体工质对谐振频率、压力振幅和板叠热端温度等系统性能参数的影响。实验结果表明,在相同加热功率下,采用氩气的系统获得的压力振幅最大;而在相同板叠热端温度下,以二氧化碳为气...     

热声交变流动中浮力效应理论分析

热声交变流动是热声热机的工作基础,研究交变流动机理有助于人们认识热声热机的工作过程。鉴于前人的理论分析一般没有考虑浮力效应的影响,本文从流体热动力学的角度研究了浮力对流与热声交变流动的耦合规律。基于线性理论方法,给出了考虑浮力项和热对流Rayleigh数的热声线性理论模型,分析了浮力效应对平行交变流动的影响,发现热对流...     

Constrained Active Fault Tolerant Control Based on Active Fault Diagnosis and Interpolation Optimization

A new active fault tolerant control scheme based on active fault diagnosis is proposed to address the component/actuator faults for systems with state and input constraints. Firstly, the active fault diagnosis is composed of diagnostic observers, constant auxiliary signals, and separation hyperplanes, all of which are designed offline. In online applications, only a single diagnostic observer is activated to achieve fault detection and isolation. Compared with the traditional multi-observer parallel diagnosis methods, such a design is beneficial to improve the diagnostic efficiency. Secondly, the active fault tolerant control is composed of outer fault tolerant control, inner fault tolerant control and a linear-programming-based interpolation control algorithm. The inner fault tolerant control is determined offline and satisfies the prescribed optimal control performance requirement. The outer fault tolerant control is used to enlarge the feasible region, and it needs to be determined online together with the interpolation optimization. In online applications, the updated state estimates trigger the adjustment of the interpolation algorithm, which in turn enables control reconfiguration by implicitly optimizing the dynamic convex combination of outer fault tolerant control and inner fault tolerant control. This control scheme contributes to further reducing the computational effort of traditional constrained predictive fault tolerant control methods. In addition, each pair of inner fault tolerant control and diagnostic observer is designed integratedly to suppress the robust interaction influences between estimation error and control error. The soft constraint method is further integrated to handle some cases that lead to constraint violations. The effectiveness of these designs is finally validated by a case study of a wastewater treatment plant model.     

液体工质对气液热声发动机性能影响的实验研究

采用气液耦合振动是降低热声发动机谐振频率和提升其压力振幅的一种有效途径。为了研究液体工质对于气液热声发动机性能的影响,本文针对水、室温离子液体[EMIM][BF₄]、20%氯化钾溶液、40%和50%甲酸钾溶液五种液体工质进行了实验研究和分析。实验数据显示,在相同加热功率下,采用50%甲酸钾溶液时系统谐振频率最低,而水工质对应的谐振频率最高;40%甲酸钾溶液的压力振幅最大,而采用离子液体[EMIM][BF4]时系统压力振幅最小。研究结果表明:采用密度较大的液体工质可获得较低的谐振频率,而密度大、黏度小的液体工质则有利于获得更大的压力振幅。