交联氮气泡沫压裂液的携砂性能研究

在大型高压泡沫压裂液实验回路上,对交联氮气泡沫压裂液的携砂性能进行了实验研究.分析了携砂泡沫压裂液流动时临界携砂流速的产生原因,并根据实验结果分析了温度,压力、泡沫质量及支撑剂浓度对临界携砂流速的影响.临界携砂流速随温度的升高而增大,随压力、泡沫质量和支撑剂体积浓度的增大而减小,研究发现当支撑剂浓度大于0.17时,开始...     

改良干法压裂液摩擦阻力特性实验研究

对改良的干法压裂液这种非牛顿流体的摩擦阻力特性的正确认识,关系着干法压裂技术的有效实施.为此,本文在大型高压泡沫压裂液实验回路上,考察了在模拟实际施工条件下的改良干法压裂的摩擦阻力特性.实验表明:改良后的干法压裂液摩擦阻力系数随压力、温度的升高和泡沫质量的增加而增大,随流速的增加而减小.在实验范围内,温度对摩擦阻力系数的影响不大.实验得到了改良的干法压裂液摩擦阻力系数与广义雷诺数的关联式,平均计算误差为9.19%.     

压裂液返排冲刷支撑剂颗粒的DEM-CFD模拟研究

支撑剂回流是压裂液返排过程中重点问题之一。目前普遍认为压裂液返排流速对于支撑剂颗粒堆的稳定性具有重要影响,并有研究明确了压裂液返排的临界流速条件。本文通过计算流体力学和离散颗粒元(CFD-DEM)的耦合仿真,对目前已有的支撑剂回流临界返排流速计算模型进行验证,研究了支撑剂颗粒参数(粒径和密度)和流道次缝对于临界返排流速的影响并揭示了相应的流动机理。研究结果可为优化压裂液返排流程提供理论指导。     

竖管中CO2泡沫压裂液的管流阻力特性

CO2泡沫压裂液具有非牛顿流体性质,其在实际施工条件下的油管流动特性直接影响到对井底射孔处的压力确定,从而对进行准确的裂缝预测、压裂效果评估具有重要的意义。对垂直下降管中CO2泡沫压裂液的管流阻力特性进行了实验研究,二氧化碳泡沫压裂液的摩擦阻力随着流速的增大而增大,随着温度和压力的增大而减小;并通过实验研究得出了泡沫压裂液在垂直下降管中流动时的摩擦阻力系数的计算关联式,其在本文实验工况下的平均计算误差为14.8％。     

液滴在管间气流作用下的偏移特性

为研究蒸发器内液滴的偏移特性,采用理论分析和实验参数结合的方法推导新的关系式。计算了不同液滴直径或喷淋密度下,对应不同蒸汽流速时液滴液柱的偏移距离。给出了不同工况下能保证液滴下落到下一根管上的临界蒸汽流速。计算结果表明觉随蒸汽流速的增大,偏移距离逐渐增加;临界流速随液滴直径的增大而增加,但其随饱和温度的升高而降低。     

砂粒与复杂流体压裂液在裂缝中的流动特性研究

在矩形裂缝通道中,应用高速摄像技术,研究了复杂流体压裂液水平流动过程中砂粒的沉降速度,测试了复杂流体的流变学特性,分析了复杂流体的水平流动如何影响砂粒的沉降.研究结果表明,流性指数不等于1的复杂流体,其水平流速影响砂粒的沉降规律,砂粒在裂缝中水平流动过程的沉降速度不仅随复杂流体表观粘度的减小而增大,同时随复杂流体水平流速的增大而增大,是静止沉降速度的数倍至十数倍.     

亚临界压力区垂直上升管内传热特性实验研究

本文开展了亚临界压力下垂直上升内螺纹管中水的传热特性的实验研究,并与对应条件下光管内水的传热特性进行了对比、分析.结果发现:内螺纹管和光管中两相饱和流动沸腾换热随热流密度的增加或压力的升高而增大,基本不随质量流速的变化而变化;相同工况下内螺纹管的饱和沸腾换热系数大约为光管的1.1～1.2倍。内螺纹管和光管的过冷沸腾起始干度都随质量流速的减小或者压力的升高或者热流密度的增大而增大;在相同工况下本文实验内螺纹管中的过冷沸腾起始干度比光管中的要小至少0.2。光管中主要发生偏离核态沸腾(DNB),临界干度随热流密度的减小或质量流速的增加或压力的降低而增大;内螺纹管中主要发生烧干,运行参数对临界干度的影响不大。     

温度和雷诺数对表面活性剂溶液传热的影响

对不同温度和雷诺数下阳性离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)溶液在循环回路中的传热特性进行了实验研究。在水中加入表面活性剂后溶液的传热特性明显降低,在不同的温度工况下均存在一个临界雷诺数,随着溶液温度的改变而发生变化。在不同的实验浓度条件下均存在一个临界温度,在临界温度以下时,临界雷诺数随温度升高而增加;在临界温度以上时,临界雷诺数随温度升高而急剧下降。分析该表面活性剂溶液阻力减小和传热性能降低之间的关系,提出了通过对溶液温度的控制来改变减阻流体传热特性的方法。     

微槽道纳米流体饱和沸腾CHF特性研究

以水和三种不同质量分数(0.2%、0.5%和1.0%)的Al2O3纳米流体作为实验工质,在三种不同尺寸微槽道中进行饱和沸腾传热实验,研究沸腾传热过程中临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)的变化特性。主要分析了微通道水力半径、纳米流体浓度、进口过冷度和临界热力学干度等因素对CHF的影响。实验结果发现:在水力半径较小的槽道内CHF发生得比较早;CHF随纳米流体浓度的增大而增大;CHF随进口过冷度增大有细微增大的趋势;CHF随临界热力学干度的增大而减小。文中还将实验结果与现有的、工况条件与本实验相近的理论模型进行了拟合比较,发现理论模型能较好预测本实验。     

水平管降膜蒸发器传热特性研究

建立了水平管降膜蒸发和管内凝结传热实验台,通过对实验结果的归纳,获得了水平管降膜蒸发器总传热系数随喷淋密度、蒸发温度、传热温差和蒸汽入口流速的变化规律,以及管间距对传热特性的影响。结果表明,总传热系数随喷淋密度、蒸发温度的增大而增大,随传热温差的增大而减小,而蒸汽流速对传热系数影响较小;在本文研究的管间距范围内,当管间距为46.7 mm时,总传热系数最高。     

Peculiarities of the hydraulic fracture propagation caused by pumping of proppant-fluid slurry

A new numerical model for hydraulic fracturing has been developed. This model takes into account several simultaneous processes: pumping of proppant-laden slurry and its flow through the fracture, fracture growth with variable height and length, proppant settling, forming of proppant packing, and fluid filtration through this packing. Simulation experiments demonstrated that proppant particle diameter has significant influence on forming the proppant packing, fluid filtration through the packing, and, finally, on the fracture length and ultimate distribution of fracture width.     

Detonation of explosive Proppant: RDX-containing water-saturated sand

The results of experimental investigations and thermodynamic calculations of the detonation of explosive proppant, an RDX-containing water-saturating sand, are reported. The material studied is of interest for use as an explosive additive to propping material injected into hydraulic fractures of oil-bearing beds. The tests were conducted in duralumin casings with cylindrical or planar inner channels. The dependences of the detonation velocity on the RDX content in the mixture in the range of 14 to 74 wt %, RDX and sand particle size, and initial temperature are examined. The critical detonation diameter of the charge decreases with increasing content RDX in the mixture, being only several millimeters at RDX contents of 30 wt % and above. Polydisperse RDX provides a high detonability of such mixtures; use of narrow particle size RDX fractions, especially coarse (0.4–0.7 mm), significantly increases the critical detonation diameter. As the initial temperature of the mixture is increased from 20 to 90°C, the critical detonation width decreases severalfold. The detonation of mixtures in a convergent planar channel occurs at a constant rate, which differs little from the detonation velocity measured in a cylindrical channel. Reaching the place where the opening of the channel is less than the critical width, detonation fails abruptly. Thermodynamic calculations of the detonation characteristics of the explosive proppant are performed using the BKWS equation of state under the assumption that the sand component behaves as an inert additive, being in mechanical equilibrium with the detonation products of the RDX-water mixture. A satisfactory agreement with the experimental data on the detonation velocity and its dependence on the RDX content is demonstrated. This makes it possible to conclude that RDX mixed with water-saturated sand detonates within a narrow reaction zone without significant convective heat transfer to the inert additive.     

等轴晶在过热溶液落管中的下落熔化特性研究

研究了NH4Cl等轴晶在过热NH4Cl-70 wt％H2O溶液落管内熔化中的形貌演化过程,并分析了溶液过热度及等轴晶初始尺寸对其下落速度和熔化速率的影响规律和机理.结果表明:等轴晶在过热溶液中下落时,若不发生旋转,其形貌由准轴对称形貌演变成非轴对称准三角形貌;若发生旋转,则有助于保持其准轴对称形貌.通过分析不同条件下等轴晶下落时的阻力系数,认为提高溶液过热度可获得更为光顺的等轴晶外形,增大其下落速度.等轴晶初始尺寸越大,其形貌复杂性提升及下落速度增大,会导致熔化速率加快.在等轴晶下落熔化的过程中,逐渐减小的下落速度减弱了界面前沿对流传质条件,使得单个等轴晶的熔化速率基本保持恒定.     

矩形管内临界爆轰动力学数值分析

 对矩形管内临界爆轰动力学特征进行了数值分析。采用基元反应描述爆轰化学反应过程,采用二阶附加半隐的龙格-库塔法和5阶WENO格式求解二维反应欧拉方程。对于25%氩稀释化学计量比的氢氧预混气体,当管道宽度为30 mm、初温为300 K时,产生临界爆轰的预混气体初压为3.5 kPa。在此临界条件下,获得了临界爆轰胞格结构、沿壁面的速度和峰值压力曲线及流场波系演变特征。着重对比分析了矩形管内临界爆轰与普通爆轰在爆轰波速度、平均速度、胞格宽长比、横波结构、未反应气囊及旋涡结构之间的差异,深入认识了临界爆轰的不稳定性和化学反应动力学特征。     

Absolute stability of the solidification interface in a laser resolidified Zn--2wt.%Cu hypoperitectic alloy

This paper reports on laser surface remelting experiments performed on a Zn--2wt.%}Cu hypoperitectic alloy by employing a 5kW CW CO₂ laser at scanning velocities between 6 and 1207mm/s. The growth velocities of the microstructures in the laser molten pool were accurately measured. The planar interface structure caused by the high velocity absolute stability was achieved at a growth velocity of 210~mm/s. An implicit expression of the critical solidification velocity for the cellular--planar transition was carried out by nonlinear stability analyses of the planar interface. The results showed a better agreement with the measured critical velocity than that predicted by M--S theory. Cell-free structures were observed throughout the whole molten pool at a scanning velocity of 652~mm/s and the calculated minimum temperature gradient in this molten pool was very close to the critical temperature gradient for high gradient absolute stability (HGAS) of the \eta phase. This indicates that HGAS was successfully achieved in the present experiments.     

聚氨酯泡沫反向阴燃的数值模拟

本文根据两步反应机理,建立了2维非稳态燃料阴燃的数学模型.该模型考虑了气体在多孔介质内扩散系数的变化.应用该模型模拟了来流速度对阴燃速度及平均最高温度的影响,结果表明;首先阴燃传播速度随着来流速度的增大而增大,当风速为0.2 cm/s时,阴燃速度达到最大值0.0093 cm/s,而后随着风速的增大阴燃速度逐渐降低直至熄灭;来流速度对阴燃最高温度影响不大.同时还模拟了氧气浓度的影响、燃料阴燃中气体组分和固体成分的变化以及温度分布情况.     

Settling velocity of equiaxed dendrites in a tube

The settling velocity of equiaxed dendrites can cause macrosegregation and influence the structure of the equiaxed zone during the casting solidification process. So an understanding of the settling characteristics is needed to predict the structure and segregation in castings. The settling velocity of NH4Cl equiaxed dendrites of non-spherical geometry was studied experimentally in an NH4Cl-70wt.%H2O solution. A calculation formula was proposed to calculate the settling velocity of sediment equiaxed dendrites in a tube filled with saturated solution at a moderate Reynolds number region. The retardation effects of the wall and morphology of the equiaxed dendrite on the settling velocity were taken into account in the development of the calculation formula, and the correction function B of the drag coefficient with consideration of the retardation effects of the wall and morphology of the equiaxed dendrite on the settling velocity of the equiaxed dendrite was calibrated according to the experimental results. A comparison showed that the formula has a good accordance with the experimental results.     

Effect of gas temperature on critical velocity and deposition characteristics in kinetic spraying

This study evaluated the effects of particle temperature and substrate material on critical velocity and deposition efficiency in kinetic spraying. A wide range of process gas pressures and temperatures was used in this experiment to vary both particle velocity and temperature. A bronze (Cu-Sn alloy) feedstock was deposited onto aluminum, mild steel and bronze substrates. The experimental results showed that the critical velocity was strongly dependent on the combinations of particle/substrate and particle temperature. The decreasing critical velocity could be obtained at the same particle velocity, due to an increasing particle temperature. In our experiments, the critical velocity decreased by 50 m/s when the process gas temperature increased by 100 °C. When process conditions are optimized to have good bond strength and deposition efficiency, two critical velocities must be considered; one is that of the particle deposition onto the substrate (Vcr1) and the other is that of particle-particle bonding (Vcr2).     

Influence of Vertical Foam Flow Liquid Drainage on Tube Bundle Heat Transfer Intensity

The results of an experimental investigation of staggered tube bundle heat transfer to upward and downward moving vertical foam flow are presented in this article. It was determined that a dependency exists between tube bundle heat transfer intensity on foam volumetric void fraction, foam flow velocity and direction, and liquid drainage from foam. In addition to this, the influence of tube position of the bundle on heat transfer was investigated. Experimental results were summarized by criterion equations, which can be applied in the design of foam type heat exchangers.