利用发光细菌及PbO2电化学传感器对氰化物和毒鼠强污染的毒性评估

本文利用发光细菌及PbO₂电化学传感器对KCN及毒鼠强污染的毒性进行了评估。青海弧菌是发光细菌的一种，在正常条件下能够发出可见光，在毒性物质存在下细菌的活性受到抑制，其发光强度相应地发生降低，因此可以用来对毒性物质如KCN和毒鼠强进行毒性评估。KCN和毒鼠强的毒性测定结果以细菌与毒物作用10min后发光强度被抑制50％所需的毒性物质浓度，即10min-EC50来表示。同时，本文还研制了一种纳米PbO₂修饰电极，该修饰电极上的电流响应与大肠杆菌的数目呈良好的线性关系。由于电流响应随着毒性物质的加入而降低，因此也可以用来进行毒性评估。本文对上述两种方法毒性评估的机理进行了初步的探讨，并根据实验结果进行了比较。纳米PbO₂修饰电极具有高的灵敏度、低的检出限以及操作简便等优点，因此在食品、环境以及安全保障等方面都具有广阔的应用前景。     

过氧化氢分解动力学法考察钛白粉颜料的紫外屏蔽性能

基于过氧化氢的光分解反应,探索了一种新的分析工业金红石型钛白粉颜料紫外屏蔽性能的方法。 在主波长为365 nm的紫外光源下,钛白粉颜料水悬浮体系中,通过氧气生成动力学可以有效地反映不同钛白粉紫外屏蔽性能差异。 该方法具有简单快捷、重现性好等优点。     

不同波长紫外光照下纳米TiO2薄膜的光致亲水性与循环伏安行为

通过溶胶-凝胶方法分别在ITO和玻璃表面制备了纳米TiO_2薄膜，研究了纳米 TiO_2薄膜在254及365nm的紫外光照射下的循环伏安行为和光致超亲水性。在紫外 光的照射下，TiO_2薄膜电极可表现出两个光电化学过程，纳米TiO_2薄膜的光致超 亲水性转变及两个光电化学过程的速率均取决于紫外光的波长，原因在于纳米 TiO_2薄膜对两种波长的光的吸收率和光子的能量不同。提出了光电化学过程的机 理，认为紫外光照射下纳米TiO_2薄膜的超亲水性变化与产生Ti~(3+)的过程引起的 表面微观结构变化存在的一定的内在联系。     

不同分子尺寸溶解性有机物的光解行为研究

研究了三个分子量区间(0.45μm~100kDa,100~5kDa和5kDa)的溶解性有机物(DOM)在不同光源辐照下的光解行为。溶解有机碳(DOC)和UV254的测试结果表明,光解可以有效地减少所有分子量区间的DOM总量,而且UVC光源的存在可以进一步促进DOM的降解。三维荧光光谱测定结合平行因子分析,识别出3个腐殖质类荧光组分(C1:UVA+UVC,C2:UVA+UVB,C3:UVC)。在光解过程中,较大分子腐殖质类(5kDa)的荧光强度相对较稳定,甚至增强;而小分子腐殖质类(5kDa)的荧光组分C1和C2具有显著的光解行为,UVC的存在可以促进两种荧光组分的光解。所有分子量区间的C3组分都发生了光生成现象。     

五种壳聚糖席夫碱的制备及紫外特性研究

合成了壳聚糖茴香醛﹑肉桂醛、柠檬醛、苯乙醛、香草醛5种席夫碱,并用红外光谱对产物结构进行了表征.在稀乙酸溶剂体系中,探讨了5种产物的紫外吸收特性.实验结果表明,温度、pH对紫外吸收几乎无影响.柠檬醛、苯乙醛席夫碱在UVC区有吸收,肉桂醛、香草醛和茴香醛席夫碱在UVC区和UVB区都有强吸收,壳聚糖肉桂醛席夫碱可以作为未来的紫外线吸收剂.     

真空离子溅射法制备TiO2:Au复合纳米纤维新型光催化剂及其降解乙醛性能研究

采用静电纺丝技术与真空离子溅射相结合的方法制备了TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维,并采用SEM和X射线电子能谱仪对其进行了表征.结果表明TiO2∶Au纳米纤维的表面形态能通过Au沉积时间得到很好的控制.同时在紫外光照射下采用乙醛体系考察了TiO2纳米纤维和TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维催化剂降解乙醛性能,结果证明TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维具有更好的催化效率,紫外光照射70min后乙醛被完全降解.     

可制备透明紫外阻隔膜的可聚合木质素的研究

作为制浆造纸业的副产物,由于溶解性太差,工业木质素在大规模、增值利用方面一直面临巨大挑战。本文中,通过10-十一碳烯酰氯（11ene）与脱碱木质素（DAL）的羟基进行酯化反应,合成了三种具有不同取代度的可聚合物木质素（DAL-11ene-1、DAL-11ene-2和DAL-11ene-3）。通过1H NMR、FTIR和UV-vis吸收光谱对其结构进行了表征。通过31P NMR测定了羟基取代度。研究发现,引入取代基后三种目标产物在商用丙烯酸酯单体HDDA中的溶解性均获得不同程度的改善,其中取代度最高的DAL-11ene-3在HDDA中的添加量可以达到10 wt%。将DAL-11ene-3以1–5 wt%的比例掺入预聚物配方中,经光固化制备了五种聚合物薄膜（DLE1–DLE5）,对其紫外阻隔性能、光稳定性、热稳定性、表明形貌进行了研究。结果表明,五种薄膜均表现出优异的紫外阻隔性能,能阻挡所有UVC和UVB光以及大部分UVA光,其中掺入量最高的DLE5膜的紫外阻隔效果最好,可以阻挡超过95%的UVA光并且具有较好的光稳定性。此外,五种薄膜在可见光区具有很高的透过率。进一步地,将预聚物键合到烷基化的玻璃基底上,制备了五种相应的玻璃涂层（DLE1-DALE5）,并对其表面润湿性和机械性能进行了评价。玻璃基底上的聚合物涂层表现出更高的硬度和模量以及更疏水的性能。这项工作提出了一种可行的方案来实现木质素的增值利用并有望应用于生活中的各类防紫外薄膜或涂层。     

纳米氧化锌光催化降解有机染料性能的研究

用自制的纳米ZnO在室外阴天、太阳光照射、室内紫外灯照射等条件下对不同有机染料的降解性能作了系统的研究。结果表明纳米ZnO在太阳光照射条件下对弱碱性有机染料溶液的降解效果较好。本文还比较了自制纳米ZnO与纳米TiO2对有机染料的降解性能，结果表明ZnO的降解效果优于TiO2。     

真空离子溅射法制备TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维新型光催化剂及其 降解乙醛性能研究

采用静电纺丝技术与真空离子溅射相结合的方法制备了TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维, 并采用SEM和X射线电子能谱仪对其进行了表征. 结果表明TiO2∶Au纳米纤维的表面形态能通过Au沉积时间得到很好的控制. 同时在紫外光照射下采用乙醛体系考察了TiO2纳米纤维和TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维催化剂降解乙醛性能, 结果证明TiO2∶Au复合纳米纤维具有更好的催化效率, 紫外光照射70 min后乙醛被完全降解.     

电缆护套光屏蔽自愈合涂料的制备及性能

以环糊精修饰的二氧化钛纳米粒子作为光屏蔽剂，利用环糊精与金刚烷的包合作用作为自修复作用力制备了一种具有自愈合性能的光屏蔽涂料，并研究了其光屏蔽性能和自愈合性能.研究结果表明，该涂料能够与电缆护套软质基材牢固结合，具有较好的疏水性和较低的吸湿率（在相对湿度75%的环境中放置48 h后水接触角>90°；在相对湿度54%的环境中吸湿率<2%）；该材料对紫外光具有较好的光屏蔽性能（紫外光屏蔽率>90%），并表现出良好的自愈合性能，在遭受损伤时，裂痕能反复多次恢复，拉伸性能可恢复80%以上.     

Effect of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers on apoptosis induced by different wavelengths of UV.

Ultraviolet radiation within three different wavelength ranges, UVA (340-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm) or UVC (200-290 nm), was shown to induce apoptosis in OCP13 cells, derived from the medaka fish. Morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and a decrease in the number of nucleoli appeared 4 h after UVA, UVB or UVC irradiation, although with different relative efficiencies. Doses required to induce apoptosis with similar efficiencies were about 2500-fold higher for UVA and 10-fold higher for UVB than for UVC. The following phenomena occurred after UVA irradiation but not after UVB or UVC irradiation. (1) Ultraviolet-A-induced cell detachment occurred with or without cycloheximide pretreatment. (2) Cells attached to plastic showed morphological changes such as rounding up of nuclei without a change in the cell distribution. (3) Morphological changes after UVA irradiation could not be evaded by photorepair treatment. (4) Morphological changes did not occur in cells attached to glass coverslips but only those in plastic dishes. (5) Apoptosis occurred without detectable increase of caspase-3-like activity. (6) Morphological changes were inhibited by N-acetylcysteine, a scavenger of active oxygen species. These results suggest the existence of two different pathways leading to apoptosis, one for long- (UVA) and the other for short- (UVB or UVC) wavelength radiation.     

Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage distribution: involvement of direct or indirect mechanisms and possible artefacts.

DNA damage profiles have been established in plasmid DNA using purified DNA repair enzymes and a plasmid relaxation assay, following exposure to UVC, UVB, UVA or simulated sunlight (SSL). Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are revealed as T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites, oxidation products at purine and pyrimidine as Fpg- and Nth-sensitive sites, and abasic sites are detected by Nfo protein from Escherichia coli. CPDs are readily detected after UVA exposure, though produced 10(3) and 10(5) times less efficiently than by UVB or UVC, respectively. We demonstrate that CPDs are induced by UVA radiation and not by contaminating UVB wavelengths. Furthermore, they are produced at doses compatible with human exposure and are likely to contribute to the mutagenic specificity of UVA [E. Sage et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 176-180]. Oxidative damage is induced with a linear dose dependence, for each region of the solar spectrum, with the exception of oxidized pyrimidine and abasic sites, which are not detectable after UVB irradiation. The distribution of the different classes of photolesions varies markedly, depending on wavelengths. However, the unexpectedly high yield of oxidative lesions, as compared to CPDs, by UVA and SSL led us to investigate their production mechanism. An artificial formation of hydroxyl radicals is observed, which depends on the material of the sample holder used for UVA irradiation and is specific for long UV wavelengths. Our study sheds light on a possible artefact in the production of oxidative damage by UVA radiation. Meanwhile, after eliminating some potential sources of the artefact ratios of CPDs to oxidized purine of three and five upon irradiation with UVA and SSL, respectively, are still observed, whereas these ratios are about 140 and 200 after UVC and UVB irradiation.     

INDUCTION OF phr GENE EXPRESSION BY PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN Escherichia coli

The photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) is concerned with mainly two kinds of light wavelength. The PRE splits UVC (254 nm)-induced pyrimidine dimer by absorbing UVA (320–380 nm) or visible light in its chromophore. The present paper demonstrates that the phr gene expression was efficiently induced in an excision defective strain (uvrA∼) after irradiation by UVC and UVB (290-320 nm), but not by UVA and visible light. In addition, the induced activity was significantly depressed by irradiation with UVA and visible light. Therefore we conclude that the phr gene expression can be induced by pyrimidine dimers.     

REASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET AND IONIZING RADIATION ON HIV PROMOTER: THE USE OF CELL SURVIVAL AS THE BASIS FOR COMPARISONS

Abstract: Effects of different radiation treatments on the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) promoter were reassessed for exposures comparable to those encountered in clinical or cosmetic practice, using survival of the host cell as a basis for comparisons. The exposures were performed with two ultraviolet radiation sources commonly used as medical or cosmetic devices (UVASUN 2000 and FS20 lamps), a germicidal (G15T8) lamp and an X-ray machine. The UVC component of the FS20 lamp was filtered out. The emission spectra of the lamps were determined. The characteristics of these sources allowed us to discriminate among effects of UVA1 (340–400 nm), UVB + UVA2 (280–340 nm) and UVC (254 nm) radiations. Effects of irradiation were ascertained using cultures of HeLa cells stably transfected with the HIV promoter linked to a reporter—chloramphenicol acetyl transferase—gene. The exposures used caused at least two logs of cell killing. In this cytotoxicity range, UVA1 or X radiations had no effect on the HIV promoter, whereas UVB + UVA2 or UVC radiations activated the HIV promoter in a fluence-dependent manner. Survivals following exposure to UVB + UVA2 or UVC radiation were (1) at the lowest measurable HIV promoter activation, 30 and 20%, respectively, (2) at one-half maximal activation, 6 and 3%, respectively and (3) at the maximal activation, 0.5 and 0.2%, respectively. The results suggest that, among the radiations studied, UVB is the most important modality from the viewpoint of its potential effects on HIV-infected individuals, since (1) UVA1 or X radiations have no effects on the HIV promoter, (2) human exposure to UVC radiation is infrequent and (3) human UVB exposure is very common.     

Oxidation of guanine in cellular DNA by solar UV radiation: biological role.

The formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary cells upon exposure to either UVC, UVB, UVA or simulated sunlight (SSL). Two cell lines were used, namely AT3-2 and UVL9, the latter being deficient in nucleotide excision repair and consequently UV sensitive. For all types of radiation, including UVA, CPD were found to be the predominant lesions quantitatively. At the biologically relevant doses used, UVC, UVB and SSL irradiation yielded 8-oxodGuo at a rather low level, whereas UVA radiation produced relatively higher amounts. The formation of CPD was 10(2) and 10(5) more effective upon UVC than UVB and UVA exposure. These yields of formation followed DNA absorption, even in the UVA range. The calculated relative spectral effectiveness in the production of the two lesions showed that efficient induction of 8-oxodGuo upon UVA irradiation was shifted toward longer wavelengths, in comparison with those for CPD formation, in agreement with a photosensitization mechanism. In addition, after exposure to SSL, about 19% and 20% of 8-oxodGuo were produced between 290-320 nm and 320-340 nm, respectively, whereas CPD were essentially (90%) induced in the UVB region. However, the ratio of CPD to 8-oxodGuo greatly differed from one source of light to the other: it was over 100 for UVB but only a few units for UVA source. The extent of 8-oxodGuo and CPD was also compared to the lethality for the different types of radiation. The involvement of 8-oxodGuo in cell killing by solar UV radiation was clearly ruled out. In addition, our previously reported mutation spectra demonstrated that the contribution of 8-oxodGuo in the overall solar UV mutagenic process is very minor.     

Photoprotective and Antigenotoxic Effects of the Flavonoids Apigenin,Naringenin and Pinocembrin

This work evaluated the photoprotective and antigenotoxic effects against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation of flavonoid compounds apigenin, naringenin and pinocembrin. The photoprotective efficacy of these compounds was estimated using in vitro photoprotection indices, and the antigenotoxicity against UVB radiation was evaluated using the SOS chromotest and an enzymatic (proteinase K/T4 endonuclease V enzyme) comet assay in UV‐treated Escherichia coli and human (HEK‐293) cells, respectively. Naringenin and pinocembrin showed maximum UV‐absorption peak in UVC and UVB zones, while apigenin showed UV‐absorption capability from UVC to UVA range. These compounds acted as UV filters reducing UV‐induced genotoxicity, both in bacteria and in human cells. The enzymatic comet assay resulted highly sensitive for detection of UVB‐induced DNA damage in HEK‐293 cells. In this work, the photoprotective potential of these flavonoids was widely discussed.     

Simultaneous Irradiation with Different Wavelengths of Ultraviolet Light has Synergistic Bactericidal Effect on Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is an increasingly used method of water disinfection. UV rays can be classified by wavelength into UVA (320–400 nm), UVB (280‐320 nm), and UVC (<280 nm). We previously developed UVA sterilization equipment with a UVA light‐emitting diode (LED). The aim of this study was to establish a new water disinfection procedure using the combined irradiation of the UVA‐LED and another UV wavelength. An oxidative DNA product, 8‐hydroxy‐2’‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), increased after irradiation by UVA‐LED alone, and the level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) was increased by UVC alone in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Although sequential irradiation of UVA‐LED and UVC‐induced additional bactericidal effects, simultaneous irradiation with UVA‐LED and UVC‐induced bactericidal synergistic effects. The 8‐OHdG and CPDs production showed no differences between sequential and simultaneous irradiation. Interestingly, the recovery of CPDs was delayed by simultaneous irradiation. The synergistic effect was absent in SOS response‐deficient mutants, such as the recA and lexA strains. Because recA‐ and lexA‐mediated SOS responses have crucial roles in a DNA repair pathway, the synergistic bactericidal effect produced by the simultaneous irradiation could depend on the suppression of the CPDs repair. The simultaneous irradiation of UVA‐LED and UVC is a candidate new procedure for effective water disinfection.     

LONG-WAVELENGTH UVA RADIATION INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS,CYTOSKELETAL DAMAGE and HEMOLYSIS*

Abstract— We investigated the ability of the different wavelength regions of UV radiation, UVA(320–400 nm), UVB(290–320 nm) and UVC(200–290 nm), to induce hemolysis. Sheep erythrocytes were exposed to radiation from either a UVA1 (>340 nm) sunlamp, a UVB sunlamp, or a UVC germicidal lamp. The doses used for the three wavelength regions were approximately equilethal to the survival of L5178Y murine lymphoma cells. Following exposure, negligible hemolysis was observed in the UVB- and UVC-irradiated erythrocytes, whereas a decrease in the relative cell number (RCN), indicative of hemolysis, was observed in the UVA 1-exposed samples. The decrease in RCN was dependent on dose(0–1625 kj/m²), time(0–78 h postirradiation) and cell density (10⁶-10⁷ cells/mL). Hemolysis decreased with increasing concentration of glutathione, hemoglobin or cell number, while the presence of pyruvate drastically enhanced it. Because scanning spectroscopy(200–700 nm) showed that hemoproteins and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides were oxidized, cytoplasmic oxidative stress was implicated in the lytic mechanism. Further evidence of oxidation was obtained from electron micrographs, which revealed the formation of Heinz bodies near the plasma membrane. The data demonstrate that exposure of erythrocytes to UVA1, but not UVB or UVC, radiation causes oxidation of cytoplasmic components, which results in cytoskeletal damage and hemolysis.     

Cell Cycle Kinetics Following UVA Irradiation in Comparison to UVB and UVC Irradiation

Abstract— There is limited information about the carcinogenic effect of longwave ultraviolet radiation (UVA: 315-400 nm). In particular very little is known about the relevant genotoxic damage caused by physiological doses of UVA radiation. A general response of cells to DNA damage is a delay or arrest of the cell cycle. Conversely, such cellular responses after UVA irradiation would indicate significant genotoxic damage. The aim of this study is to compare cell cycle kinetics of human fibroblasts after UVC (190-280 nm radiation), UVB (280-315 nm radiation) and UVA irradiation. Changes in the cell cycle kinetics were assessed by bivariate flow cytometric analysis of DNA synthesis and of DNA content. After UVC, UVB or UVA irradiation of human fibroblasts a suppression was seen of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation at all stages of S phase. The magnitude of this suppression appeared dose dependent. Maximum suppression was reached at 5-7 h after UVB exposure and directly after UVA exposure, and normal levels were reached 25 h after UVB and 7 h after UVA exposure. The lowered BrdU uptake corresponded with a lengthening of the S phase. No dramatic changes in percentages of cells in G₁, S and G₂/M were seen after the various UV irradiations. Apparently, UVA irradiation, like UVB and UVC irradiation, can temporarily inhibit DNA synthesis, which is indicative of genotoxic damage.     

ACTIVATION OF NF-KB IN HUMAN SKIN FIBROBLASTS BY THE OXIDATIVE STRESS GENERATED BY UVA RADIATION

We have examined the role of the nucleus and the membrane in the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-KB by oxidant stress generated via the UVA (320–380nm) component of solar radiation. Nuclear extracts from human skin fibroblasts that had been irradiated with UVA at doses that caused little DNA damage contained activated NF-KB that bound to its recognition sequence in DNA. The UVA radiation-dependent activation of NF-KB in enucleated cells confirmed that the nucleus was not involved. On the other hand, UVA radiation-dependent activation of NF-KB appeared to be correlated with membrane damage, and activation could be prevented by a-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytol-uene, agents that inhibited UVA radiation-dependent peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. The activation of NF-KB by the DNA damaging agents UVC (200–290nm) and UVB (290–320nm) radiation also only occurred at doses where significant membrane damage was induced, and, overall, activation was not correlated with the relative levels of DNA damage induced by UVC/UVB and UVA radiations. We conclude that the oxidative modification of membrane components may be an important factor to consider in the UV radiation-dependent activation of NF-KB over all wavelength ranges examined.